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Art of Political Leaders and Rulers Historical artistic devices often used to glorify a ruler’s image: -The Idealized Image – the ruler’s face or body are depicted without flaw and often with a youthful vigor; an image may include a dignified demeanor. - Symbols – detailed symbolism which could indicate omnipotence (infinite in power) or authority; many heads of state through history have considered themselves to heaven-sent or as a member of a divine family; exquisite objects made from gold, precious gems, feathers, claws, beads, shells and animal pelts were considered sacred and a way to connect to the gods, so only royalty could wear them. - Compositional Devices – ruler’s often occupy the center of the imagery and may be shown to be larger in scale from other figures or attendants; the ruler’s clothing may attract attention. Imagery helped rulers to spread and communicate their ideas. Iconic Portraiture of Leaders Early Rulers Head of an Akkadian ruler from Nineveb 2200 BCE Prince of the Lilies Knossos Palace Minoan 1550 BCE Egyptian Rulers Huni Reign 2637 – 2613 BCE Djoser Reign 2668 – 2649 BCE Egyptian Rulers Sahure Reign 2490 - 2477 BCE Amenhotep III (Grandfather of Tutankhamen) Reign 1391 – 1353 BCE 18th dynasty of Egypt Egyptian Ruler Tutankhamen Funerary coffinette 1325 BCE Tutankhamen Throne of Tutankhamen & Funerary mask 1325 BCE Queen Ankhesenamun reign 1333 – 1324 BCE Chinese Rulers Yan Liben Portraits of Thirteen Emperors 650-673 BCE 20” l x 206” w ink on silk scroll Read scroll right to left Emperor Zhao of Han reign 87-74 BCE; Emperor Guangwu of Han reign 25-57 CE; Emperor Wen of Chen reign 559-566 CE; Emperor Yang of Sui reign 604-618 CE Roman Rulers Emperors / Caesars Bust of Caesar Caligula Reign 37-41 CE Bust of Caesar Claudius 41-54 CE Bust of Caesar Hadrian 117-138 CE Bust of Emperor Maximinus I 235-238 CE American Leader The Mall – Washington, D.C. designed by Pierre l’Efant styled after the plazas in Paris and Greek & Roman Architecture George Washington & Washington Monument American Leader Lincoln Memorial Washington, D.C. 1922 Henry Bacon, architect Daniel Chester French, sculptor Art to demonstrate Absolute Power Egyptian Ruler Akhenaten as a Sphinx Amarna moved the capital from Thebes to Amarna Queen Tiye of Egypt 1355 BCE 18th Dynasty Egyptian Queen Hetepheres chair 4th Dynasty (2613 to 2494 BCE) Obelisk of Thutmose I (reign 1506-1493 BCE) Karnak 65’ h, 143 tons Maya Ruler Itzamnaaj B'alam II Shield Jaguar and Lady Xoc Reign 681 – 792 CE Yaxchilan (Chiapas,Mexico) Maya Ruler Altar Q, Copán, Honduras depicting 18 rulers from 416 – 775 CE Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil 18 Rabbit Reign 695 – 738 CE Copán, Honduras stelae Religious Portraits Diego Velázquez Pope Inocencio X El Greco 1650 Saint James (an apostle of Christ) 1606 George Gower Elizabeth I (Armada Portrait) 1588 European Ruler Hyacinthe Rigaud Louis XVI of France 1701 European Ruler Rulers – early 19th Century Jacques-Louis David The Coronation of Napoleon I and Empress Josephine Reign 1805 - 1814 Jean-Auguste-Dominque Ingres Napoleon on His Imperial Throne 1806 Kehinde Wiley Ice T 2005 Art as Societal Control Roman Rulers Emperors / Caesars Colossal Head of Constantine the Great Augustus First Roman Emperor Reign 27 BCE – 14 CE Reign 306 – 337 CE head 8’H Christian Ruler Emperor Justinian and His Attendants reign 527 – 565 CE Byzantine Church of San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy mosaic 547 CE Chinese Ruler Chairman Mao Zedong Modern Representations of Leaders In modern times with newspapers, television and multimedia, leaders are fundamentally different from those of the past. - Almost no modern leader openly consider themselves to be of divine descent, although some believe to be sent by a god. - Images of leaders today can have a great difference between perception and reality. Imagery can be used as propaganda in negative and positive ways. - Some artists seek cultural identity through social and political leaders in contemporary times. Rulers – late 19th Century James Ensor Doctrinal Nourishment 1889 (King Leopold II of Belgium with clergy, government & military) Modern Leaders – late 20th Century V. Lawrence Peddling Prosperity 1993 Cover to Paul Krugman’s book- Peddling Prosperity Modern Leaders – early 21st Century Unknown Simon Perkins George Bush Photomosaic 2004 Casualties from the Iraqi invasion Modern Leaders – 20th Century Pop Art Robert Rauschenberg Retroactive Andy Warhol 1964 oil & silkscreen on canvas Sixteen Jackies 7’ x 5’ 1964 silkscreen 20th Century Photography Margaret Bourke-White Mahatma Gandhi 1946 Samuel Fosso Self-Portrait series 2008 Reviving 1960s cultural leaders in the 21st Century 21st Century Statements Samuel Fosso The Chief: He Who Sold Africa to the Colonists from Self-Portraits I-V 1997
