Download 03 APUSH (06-10) (1754-1800) (Checklist)

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03 Unit AP Outline (6-10) Checklist
I.
I.
II.
III.
Period 3: 1754-1800
Read the 03 Bailey Outline (Day 1)
Bailey Outline
France Finds a Foothold in Canada
A.
France got a late start in colonizing America (like England and Holland).
1.
French were tardy due because during the 16th century they suffered foreign
wars and issues at home.
a.
To help ease Catholic-Protestant feuding, the Edict of Nantes (1598)
was issued. It granted religious toleration to theHuguenots (French
Protestants).
2.
King Louis XIV took an active interest in France’s lands overseas—he wanted
more.
3.
So, the French landed in the St. Lawrence River in what is today’s Quebec.
a.
Samuel de Champlain was the leader of the expedition and “Father of
New France.”
b.
Champlain was on good terms with the local Huron Indians. He helped
the Huron defeat their enemy, the Iroquois.
c.
His alliance with the Huron would become a problem later with the
British in the French and Indian War.
4.
New France didn’t have loads of immigrants (as did New England).
a.
The French peasants were too poor to get themselves across the ocean.
b.
The Huguenots were not permitted to emigrate.
New France Fans Out
A.
New France was built on the beaver skin trade.
1.
Young beaver trappers (coureurs de bois or “runners of the woods”) paddled
canoes into trapping lands, worked with the Indians, and hauled out their beaver
skins for sale.
a.
They were also known as voyageurs.
b.
Place-names were left behind like Baton Rouge (red stick), Terre Haute
(high land), Des Moines (the monks), and Grand Teton (big breast).
c.
Their Indian friends were decimated by the whites’ diseases.
d.
The beaver population eventually began to run thin.
B.
Catholic missionaries tried to convert Indians to Christianity.
C.
New France grew.
1.
Detroit (the “City of Straits”) was founded in 1701 by Antoine Cadillac to help
fend off the English from moving into the Ohio Valley.
2.
Louisiana was founded by Robert de La Salle in 1682. It reached from the
headwaters of the Mississippi River down to the Gulf of Mexico.
3.
The fertile lands of Illinois were New France’s breadbasket. There they had forts
and trading posts at Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes.
The Clash of Empires
A.
England got into some mini-wars in the 1700s with various other nations. Bottom line: it
was England vs. France/Spain; England won.
1.
King William’s War and Queen Anne’s War
a.
The French coureurs de bois and the British colonists. Both sides
recruited Indian allies.
b.
Both sides agreed that America wasn't worth risking regular troops.
c.
Pro-France Indians ransacked Schenectady, New York, and Deerfield,
Mass.
d.
The British failed to take Quebec and Montreal, but did temporarily
seize Port Royal.
e.
The English won the war and a peace treaty was signed at
Utrecht (1713)
1.
It gave the British Acadia (renamed as Nova Scotia),
Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay.
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03 Unit AP Outline (6-10) Checklist
Period 3: 1754-1800
2.
IV.
V.
VI.
It pinned the French down to the settlements along the St.
Lawrence River.
3.
It gave the British trading rights with Spanish Florida.
2.
The War of Jenkins’s Ear
a.
A Spanish commander cut off an English Captain Jenkins' ear.
b.
The war was small and played out in the Caribbean and the buffer
colony of Georgia.
c.
It merged with the larger War of Austrian Succession and became
known as King George's War.
d.
The British invaded Ft. Louisbourg (guarding the entrance to New
France) and took it.
e.
The peace treaty gave Louisbourg back to the French. The English
were outraged.
George Washington Inaugurates War with France
A.
The British, French, and Spanish were in mini-wars, on and off. The Ohio Valley would
be the battleground (and prize) for the decisive war (the French and Indian War).
1.
The land was sandwiched between British and French colonies. Where's the
border? was the question.
2.
The land was very fertile and therefore very valuable.
B.
The French set out to lay claim to the Ohio Valley by building Ft. Duqeusne (at today's
Pittsburgh).
1.
In response to the fort, the British sent 21 year old Major George
Washington and troops.
2.
Washington got into a skirmish, built Ft. Necessity, fought guerilla-style, and
was forced to surrender after 10 hours.
3.
Back in Nova Scotia, the British evicted the French Acadians. They migrated as
far south as New Orleans and became known as the "Cajuns."
4.
After a wrist-slapping, he was allowed to march away. But, the French and
Indian War had begun.
Global War and Colonial Disunity
A.
Though the players were the same, the French and Indian War was different from the
others—it'd begun in America.
B.
The French and Indian War was called the Seven Years' War back in Europe.
1.
In America, it was England/American colonists/some Indian tribes vs.
France/French colonists/more Indian tribes.
2.
The belligerents were England/America/Prussia vs.
France/Spain/Austria/Russia.
3.
Frederick the Great of Prussia (Germany), though outnumbered, held off the
French, Austrian, and Russian armies.
C.
Many Americans sought strength in unity. To unite or not was a hot topic however.
1.
7 of the 13 colonies met (1754) at the Albany Congress in Albany, NY.
2.
There, Ben Franklin led the delegates toward unity.
a.
His famous "Join or Die" cartoon of a disjointed snake (symbolizing
the colonies) illustrated his point.
b.
His plan eventually failed though, because the colonies were reluctant
to give up their sovereignty or power. Still, it was a big step toward
unity—one that'd be repeated later on.
Braddock's Blundering and Its Aftermath
A.
After Washington's failure, the British sent Gen. Edward Braddock to roust out the
French at Ft. Duquesne.
1.
Braddock's men were ambushed en route to the battle and nearly wiped out.
Braddock himself was killed. Only Washington's men using "Indian tactics"
(guerilla fighting) prevented a total catastrophe.
2.
Clearly, a new style of fighting was needed in America (not the European style
of fighting in an open field with lines of troops).
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03 Unit AP Outline (6-10) Checklist
B.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
Period 3: 1754-1800
A rash of Indian uprisings spread across America from frontier Pennsylvania to North
Carolina. Rewards were offered to whites for Indian scalps.
C.
British defeats mounted as they tried unsuccessfully to take wilderness posts.
Pitt’s Palms of Victory This content copyright © 2010 by WikiNotes.wikidot.com
A.
Just as things were going terribly for the British, a strong leader stepped up in William
Pitt, the "Great Commoner" who became the "Organizer of Victory."
B.
Pitt made some changes in the war…
1.
He took the focus off of the French West Indies (this sapped British resources).
2.
He put the focus on Quebec and Montreal (since they controlled the supply
routes into New France).
3.
He replaced old, cautious officers with young, daring officers.
C.
Pitt's plan worked.
1.
Ft. Louisbourg fell in 1758. This was like cutting the root and letting the vine
wither because all French supplies funneled past Louisbourg.
2.
James Wolfe, handsome at 32 years old, scored a major victory at the Battle of
Quebec.
a.
Quebec was considered impenetrable with its bluffs. But, Wolfe's men
snuck up the cliffs, then surprised and defeated the French on
the Plains of Abraham. Both Wolfe and his French
counterpart Marquis de Montcalm were killed in the battle.
b.
The Battle of Quebec was a red letter event in British and American
history.
c.
After Montreal fell to the British in 1760, it was all but over.
D.
The Treaty of Paris, 1763 was a crushing defeat for France and victory for Britain.
1.
France was kicked out of North America completely. This meant Britain got
Canada and the land all the way to the Mississippi River.
2.
France was allowed to keep sugar plantations in the West Indies and 2 islands in
the St. Lawrence for fishing purposes.
3.
France was forced to give the Louisiana (including New Orleans) territory to
Spain.
Restless Colonists
A.
These wars and victories had effects…
1.
The British & colonists were confident after their victories.
2.
The notion that British regulars were invincible was shattered (Ie. Braddock's
loss).
3.
Friction emerged between the uppity British and colonial "boors." This
foreshadowed trouble.
a.
The British wouldn't recognize any American above the rank of
captain.
b.
Americans thought of themselves as equals to British.
4.
The Brits distrusted the Americans. Some Americans had traded with enemy
ports in the West Indies; this had prompted Britain to forbid New England
exports.
5.
Other Americans didn't want to fight, but wanted full British privileges. They
only fought when Pitt offered reimbursement.
6.
One major benefit of the war was the realization of much in common. The
colonies had been reluctant to unite, but now were surprise to realize that they
shared things: language, traditions, and ideals. The colonies were bonding.
War’s Fateful Aftermath
A.
With the war over, American colonists roamed free—without worry of France, and to a
large degree, of England.
1.
The French took solace in their loss by figuring, "If we lost a great empire,
maybe England will one day lose theirs."
2.
Spain was also crippled. Florida had been a headache because of Indian troubles
and runaway slaves, but Spain had been defeated. England was now in control.
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03 Unit AP Outline (6-10) Checklist
Period 3: 1754-1800
B.
X.
The Indians recognized their weakened position.
1.
Ottawa chief Pontiac led a violent uprising in the Ohio valley.
2.
He had some success initially, but the British were ruthless and destroyed his
people. One infamous tactic was to give the Indians blankets laced with
smallpox.
3.
This opened the trans-Appalachians to the English. Daniel Boone trekked across
the mountains and led settlers into Tennessee and Kentucky.
4.
London suddenly issued the Proclamation Line of 1763.
a.
This line was the Appalachian Mountains.
b.
It said whites were not permitted to cross and settle west of the
Appalachian Mountains; that was Indian land.
c.
The purpose of the proclamation was to resolve the Indian issue with
the "out-of-bounds" line. But, the colonists cried foul asking, "Didn't
we just fight a war to win this land?!"
d.
In 1765, 1,000 wagons left Salisbury, NC to head "up west" despite the
proclamation.
5.
The British, puffed up with victory, were becoming annoyed at the unruly and
unappreciative Americans. Trouble was brewing.
Makers of America: The French
A.
King Louis XIV dreamed of a French Empire in North America. Losses in 1713 and
especially in 1763 ended that dream.
B.
The Acadians were some of the first French to be rooted out of their homes.
1.
These folks were from Acadia, the place that was changed to Nova Scotia.
2.
The British had demanded allegiance to Britain, or leave. The Acadians left.
3.
The scattered but largely went down to the bayous around New Orleans. They
brought/developed a unique culture that came to be called the "Cajuns"…
a.
They brought Roman Catholicism with them.
b.
They raised sugar cane and sweet potatoes.
c.
They spoke a French dialect.
d.
They began to intermarry with the Spanish, French, and Germans.
e.
The Cajun culture is a mix of a lot of cultures thrown together in a
mixing pot and stirred together.
f.
The Cajuns were very isolated until the 1930s. Gov. Huey Long started
building bridges that linked up the bayous and the people.
C.
After the French and Indian War (1763) Quebec citizens began emigrating to New
England. Their motivation was lack of food in Quebec.
1.
These folks hoped to return to Canada.
2.
They kept their religion (Catholicism) and their language (French).
3.
Even still, English is spoken today by the Cajuns and French-Canadians in
America.
D.
Quebec remains today as the strongest testament of France in North America.
1.
The French language is on road signs, in classrooms, courts, and markets.
(07) The Road to Revolution
XI.
The Deep Roots of Revolution
A.
It could be said that the American Revolution started long before 1775—back to when
colonists first came to America. They essentially revolted from England and moved to
America.
B.
And, those American colonists were growing independent.
1.
Crossing the ocean took 6 to 8 weeks, one way.
2.
The Americans felt separated from England; they felt as though they were the
cutting edge of the British Empire.
3.
The Americans were developing their own brand of politics.
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03 Unit AP Outline (6-10) Checklist
a.
XII.
XIII.
Period 3: 1754-1800
The Americans were embracing republicanism, that is a society where
citizens elect representatives to govern for them.
b.
The "radical Whigs" of England influenced American thinking. They
criticized how the king would appoint relatives to positions, accept
bribes, or such corruption. These were a threat to liberty.
Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances
A.
The British colonies began haphazardly by various groups. Only Georgia was started by
the British government.
B.
Still, Britain had an overall economic ideology in the form of mercantilism.
1.
In mercantilism, a nation's wealth and power is measured by its treasury of gold
or silver.
2.
Thus, gold was sought after either by (a) finding or digging it, (b) stealing or
winning it, or (c) earning it by exporting more than importing (by obtaining a
"favorable balance of trade").
a.
A favorable balance of trade was easier if a country had colonies. The
colonies supplied raw materials to the mother country and also buy the
finished products.
b.
This setup meant America was being used for England's benefit in the
form of ships, naval stores, lumber, tobacco, sugar, etc.
3.
Mercantilism placed restrictions on economic activity.
a.
The Navigation Laws, first passed in 1650, set rules to carry out
mercantilist ideas.
1.
These laws said American goods could only be shipped on
British ships (the Americans would rather go with
thecheapest shipper, like the Dutch).
2.
These laws said goods heading from Europe to America had to
stop in England first to pay duties. This jacked up the price for
the Americans.
3.
Enumerated goods could only be shipped to
England (Americans wanted to ship to the highest bidder).
b.
To ensure British monopoly in certain areas, Americans were restricted
in what they could produce (wool and beaver hats were off limits).
c.
The Americans' hard money was constantly being funneled to England.
Many turned to barter instead. Eventually the colonies printed paper
money which quickly became worthless.
d.
The Privy Council in Britain could void American laws. Although it
was ruled rather sparingly (only 469 times out of 8,563 laws), the
principle bothered the Americans.
The Merits and Menace of Mercantilism
A.
The merits of mercantilism…
1.
The Navigation Laws were despised by Americans but weren't enforced (until
1763). This non-enforcement was called "salutary neglect" and effectively let
the Americans do their own thing for a century.
a.
Salutary neglect was the result of wide geography, British apathy, and
American smuggling. John Hancock made a fortune and was called the
"King of Smugglers."
2.
Tobacco merchants were restricted to selling within the British Empire, but they
did have a monopoly there.
3.
The Americans enjoyed the free protection of the powerful British Army and
Navy.
B.
The menace of mercantilism…
1.
Mercantilism hindered America's economic growth. Worse, it was to keep
America in a state perpetually subordinate to England.
2.
The Americans felt exploited and humiliated by the system, unable to come of
age as a people.
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03 Unit AP Outline (6-10) Checklist
3.
XIV.
XV.
Period 3: 1754-1800
Teddy Roosevelt later commented that revolution broke out because Britain
failed to recognize an emerging nation when it saw one.
The Stamp Tax Uproar
A.
In 1763, with the Seven Years' War over (French and Indian War), Britain had the largest
debt in the world. 1/2 of the debt came via the wars in America.
B.
By 1763, the stage was set for a change in British—American relations. For America, the
good ol' days were over and a laundry-list of acts and events were to follow…
1.
Prime Minister George Grenville suggested enforcement of the much-ignored
Navigation Acts.
2.
Parliament passed the Sugar Act (1764), a tax on sugar. This was the first tax
on Americans for raising revenue. Americans protested, the tax was lowered,
and things calmed.
3.
The Quartering Act (1765) required colonists to provide food and quarter for
British troops. This law was detested.
4.
Also in 1765, the Stamp Act was passed. This caused something of a firestorm
of protest.
a.
The act's stated purpose was to raise money to support a new military
force to protect the colonies. Grenville considered the tax fair—
Americans would be paying for their own protection. Brits were paying
twice as much for a similar tax, the Americans could also ante up.
b.
This act required using either stamped paper or affixing a stamp that
showed payment of the tax.
1.
The stamp was required on nearly everything on paper, from
legal documents down to newspapers and playing cards.
2.
Many questioned why a large military was even needed since
the enemy (French) had just been ousted. Unless, of course,
the purpose of the military was to lord over the colonists.
3.
To a large degree, it was the principle of these acts that irked
the colonists, more so than the acts themselves.
a.
Local government/rule seemed under attack.
b.
The Sugar and Stamp Acts would be tried
in admiralty courts (courts set up and run by
England). In these courts, defendants
were guilty until proven innocent and there were no
trials by a jury of peers.
c.
The notion of "taxation without representation"
arose.
1.
Grenville dismissed "taxation without
representation" and said the colonists
actually were represented via "virtual
representation," figuring Parliament
represents the British Empire, to which
America is a member, and therefore
America is represented in Parliament.
2.
The Americans weren't convinced by this
"U-turn logic."
Forced Repeal the Stamp Act This content copyright © 2010 by WikiNotes.wikidot.com
A.
Protest against the Stamp Act got organized. A Stamp Act Congress was called and
convened in New York City to plan objection to the act.
1.
9 of the 13 colonies met. Americans were slowly uniting (only 7 of 13 colonies
had met at the Albany Congress during the French and Indian War).
2.
Protest could be divided into 2 types, informal and formal…
a.
Informal protest took place in the streets.
1.
Colonists boycotted British goods, either going without or
making their own.
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03 Unit AP Outline (6-10) Checklist
Period 3: 1754-1800
2.
XVI.
XVII.
The Sons and Daughters of Liberty showed their disapproval
of tax collectors by tarring-and-feathering them, riding them
out of town on a rail, stoning and burning effigies (dummies)
of the tax collectors, and sometimes ransacked officials'
homes.
b.
Formal protest was less dramatic and used pen-and-paper.
1.
Non-importation agreements were signed by many
Americans as pledges to boycott British goods.
2.
The Stamp Act Congress also wrote Parliament, listed a
"Declaration of Rights and Grievances" (foreshadowing the
Declaration of Independence), and called for repeal of the
Stamp Act.
3.
When the act was set to go into effect, there were no tax collectors to carry it
out. Americans never paid one cent under the Stamp Act.
B.
The opposition led Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act (1766).
1.
American colonists cheered; they even erected a leaden statue of George III in
New York City.
2.
But, Parliament also issued the Declatory Act (1766) declaring that
London still ruled over the American colonies and could "bind" the colonies "in
all cases whatsoever." This was foreshadowing more acts, and conflict, to come.
The Townshend Tea Tax and the Boston “Massacre”
A.
"Champagne Charley" Townshend initiated and got the passage of the Townshend
Acts (1767) which taxed paper, lead, paint, and tea.
B.
These were "indirect taxes", unlike the "direct" Stamp Act (meaning the tax was hidden
in the price of the good, not paid directly to the government).
C.
Despite being a hidden tax, it was the principle that bothered the colonists. They
protested again, but with less passion since (a) the tax was small, (b) it was indeed
hidden, and (c) smugglers found ways around it.
D.
A bit jumpy, the British took action against protest.
1.
In 1767, the New York legislature was suspended for failing to comply with the
Quartering Act.
2.
British troops were sent to Boston to keep order and enforce British laws.
a.
On March 5, 1770, the Boston Massacre occurred. A colonial crowd
of about 60 were milling about and taunting/threatening about 10
British redcoats. Things escalated until the British soldiers opened fire,
killing or wounding 11 Americans.
1.
Crispus Attucks was one of the first to die. He was a black
man and former slave. He became a symbol and rallying cry
for freedom (he'd risen from slave, to free man, to martyr who
stood up to Britain in the name of liberty).
2.
In the later trial, John Adams (future president) was the
defense attorney and 2 redcoats were found guilty
(manslaughter, released after a brand on the hand).
The Seditious Committees of Correspondence
A.
The status in the early 1770s was that the Townshend Acts had not produced revenue;
they had produced a near-rebellion.
B.
King George III was nonplussed over events. He was 32 years old, of good morals, but
power hungry and a poor ruler.
1.
Worse, he surrounded himself with "yes-men" and the manipulative prime
minister Lord North.
2.
Lord North eventually gave in to repeal of the Townshend duties, except for tea,
just to retain the point that Parliament had the right to tax.
C.
To Samuel Adams, this was not enough. The tea tax was the most disliked one, and
again, the principle (taxation without representation) was the problem.
1.
Sam Adams was a red-blooded patriot…passionate and hot-blooded.
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03 Unit AP Outline (6-10) Checklist
2.
3.
Period 3: 1754-1800
He used his "trained mob" as his muscle.
His main contribution was the establishment of the "committees of
correspondence". These committees were really nothing but a letter-writing
network with the goal of exchanging news/info and organizing and keeping
resistance.
a.
These committees started in Boston, but soon grew to all the colonies.
b.
They eventually would grow into the first American congresses (the
leaders were the men in the network).
XVIII. Tea Brewing in Boston
A.
The British East India Company was in financial trouble by 1773. It had 17 million
pounds of unsold tea.
B.
London decided to help the company by giving it monopoly rights to sell tea in America.
This would have actually lowered the price of tea.
C.
Still, the American colonists were not happy about the tea situation. They thought the
British were trying to sneak a tax in under a low price. It was the principle of taxation
without representation that was bothersome.
1.
The Boston Tea Party took place on December 16, 1773.
a.
Samuel Adams was the ringleader. After a "meeting" at the Green
Dragon Tavern, protesters dressed up like Indians, then went to the
harbor and threw 342 chests of tea overboard.
b.
Reactions to the tea party were mixed. Patriotic types cheered it as
standing up to the British in the name of freedom. Conservatives
criticized the actions as one step above lawlessness and anarchy.
XIX.
Parliament Passes the “Intolerable Acts”
A.
The British reaction was clear. in 1774, Parliament passed the Repressive Acts which
came to be called the Intolerable Acts in America. They were to punish America, Boston
especially.
1.
The Boston Port Act shut down Boston harbor. This was a huge financial blow
to the colonies.
2.
The Massachusetts charter was revoked.
3.
Other acts limited Americans right to assemble and rule themselves.
4.
Certain crimes by Brits in America were to be tried in England by English
jurors, not in America by American jurors.
B.
The Quebec Act was also passed in 1774. It was forward-thinking, but ill-timed.
1.
The act's goal was to benefit French-Canadians who now lived in British
America. Each part of the act had a reason the Americans disliked it.
2.
The French were guaranteed Catholicism as okay. (Americans saw this as a
threat to Protestantism and an extension of the pope's power).
3.
The French could have trials without juries as they were accustomed.
(Americans saw this as foreshadowing the removal of trials-by-jury altogether).
4.
The French were allowed to stay in the Ohio Valley. (Americans, despite
beating the French in the war, were not allowed to move there per the
Proclamation Line of 1763).
XX.
Bloodshed
A.
The First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia from September to October of
1774.
1.
12 of the 13 colonies were present (Georgia absent).
2.
The congress did not desire independence, but did (a) draw up a list of
grievances (which were ignored by London) and (b) wrote a Declaration of
Rights.
3.
Plans were made to convene again in 1775 if the situation didn't change.
B.
The "Shot Heard 'Round the World" in Lexington (April 1775) started the American
Revolution.
1.
British soldiers left Boston headed to Concord to capture weapons and
troublemakers John Hancock and Sam Adams.
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03 Unit AP Outline (6-10) Checklist
2.
Period 3: 1754-1800
Massachusetts "Minutemen" met the troops on the Lexington green where the
first shots were fired.
3.
After stopping the British at the North Bridge in Concord, the British turned
back. The minutemen struck at the British from behind rocks and trees (Indianstyle) the whole way back, killing 1/2 of the redcoats.
4.
With Lexington, the American Revolution had begun.
XXI.
Imperial Strength and Weaknesses
A.
Britain had great advantages.
1.
They had (a) 7.5 million people to America's 2 million, (b) a powerful navy, and
(c) wealth in hard money.
2.
With their money, they also hired Hessians (German mercenary soldiers). These
troops were added to about 50,000 British regulars who were well-trained, wellequipped. Also, there were an estimated 50,000 Loyalist Americans.
B.
Britain had a few disadvantages.
1.
There were international troubles: (a) problems in Ireland required the attention
of British troops and (b) France was just waiting for a chance to get back at
England.
2.
Many British didn't wish to fight and kill the Americans. William Pitt even
removed his son from the army on this point.
3.
British officers were not the best, the men were mistreated, the war was to be
fought an ocean away, and supplies would often run low.
XXII. American Pluses and Minuses
A.
The Americans had only a few advantages, but they proved to be worthy ones.
1.
Leadership for America was terrific with George Washington as general and
Ben Franklin as diplomat.
2.
France lent aid, secretly at first and then openly. Support came in the form of
money, guns, supplies, and then troops and a navy.
a.
Marquis de Lafayette, 19 years old, was the most famous of the
French officers.
3.
The Americans fought only on the defensive meaning they just had to hold the
land. The British had to actually conquer land.
4.
The typical American soldier was more accustomed to the country and straightshooting.
5.
They felt they were fighting for a cause—freedom. The British fought because
they were ordered to do so.
6.
Geography proved to be perhaps the largest advantage for the Americans. The
British were 3,000 miles away, had to conquer a vast country, and there was no
central capital in American on which to focus their attacks. The Americans
employed a "drawn game"—fight, backup, live to fight another day, and
therefore not lose!
B.
America had real disadvantages.
1.
The people were split into three groups: Patriots, moderates, and Loyalists
(AKA Tories).
2.
There were sectional rivalries evidenced by the appointment of military officers.
3.
The lack of money was a real problem. America printed "Continental" paper
money, which quickly became worthless.
4.
America's financial help would come from France, but they'd have to deal with
the powerful British naval blockade.
5.
America had essentially no navy at all.
6.
On paper, America should not win the war.
XXIII. A Thin Line of Heroes
A.
The American army struggled throughout the war in many respects…
1.
Supplies were scarce: clothing, wool, wagons, etc. And worse, money was
scarce meaning these things couldn't just be purchased.
2.
Training was quick, spotty, and often poor. Desertion was common.
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Period 3: 1754-1800
a.
B.
C.
Training was greatly improved by Baron von Steuben a Prussian
drillmaster who whipped the American soldiers into shape.
African-Americans also served and fought in the war.
1.
At the war's outset, blacks were sometimes barred from service. By the end of
the war, over 5,000 African-Americans served.
2.
Blacks also fought for the British. This was especially appealing because Lord
Dunmore (royal governor of Virginia) announced freedom for any slave that
agreed to fight for the British.
a.
1,400 blacks were relocated to either Jamaica, Nova Scotia, or England
after the war.
Apathy and division within America hurt the fight for the cause.
1.
Many people lived so remotely that they had no interest in a war with a nation
an ocean away. This seemed to have no bearing on a frontier farmer grubbing
stumps out of the forest and raising crops to feed himself.
2.
Merchants liked to sell to the British because the Brits paid in gold, not
worthless paper money.
3.
The American Revolution was a "minority war" in the sense that it was only
because a select few threw themselves into the cause with passion that the
Americans won.
(08) America Secedes from the Empire
XXIV. Congress Drafts George Washington
A.
20,000 fired-up militiamen swarmed the Boston area following the first shots at
Lexington and Concord. The British redcoats were outnumbered.
B.
Meanwhile, the Second Continental Congress met in May 1775 in Philadelphia to
address the worsening situation. As with the first Congress, calmer minds prevailed and
there was no vote (yet) for independence. The plan was to stay with the king (with some
changes). Leaving no stone unturned, their actions took the direction of both pursuing
peace and preparing for war. Their actions were to…
1.
Re-send a second list of grievances to the king. Hopes were that he'd have a
change of heart and change his ways.
2.
Took measures to raise money for an army and navy.
3.
Appointed George Washington as general of the continental army.
a.
Washington had never been promoted higher than a colonel, but he
looked the part and would instill confidence and boost morale.
b.
Washington was of the highest character: patient, courageous, selfdisciplined, fair, and religious.
c.
He accepted no pay but kept an expense account instead of over
$100,000.
XXV. Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings
A.
The war's early-going was contradictory. On one hand, the colonists were still pledging
loyalty to the king. On the other hand, they were taking up arms against the crown.
B.
The war's pace quickly stepped up.
1.
In May 1775 Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold led the Green Mountain
Boys of Vermont in surprise victories over the redcoats at Ft.
Ticonderoga and Crown Point.
a.
The importance of this raid lay in the fact that the colonists captured
much-needed cannons and gunpowder.
2.
In June 1775 the Americans too Bunker Hill in Boston. The British launched a
foolish frontal assault and eventually won a Pyrrhic victory, but the American
troops fought well and proved to themselves that they could go toe-to-toe with
British regulars.
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C.
Period 3: 1754-1800
Still, the Continental Congress sought peace and reconciliation with the king. They sent
the "Olive Branch Petition" to London. Itpledged loyalty and asked for peace. After
Bunker Hill, King George III had decided peace was out.
D.
George III took action by (a) formerly declaring the colonies in rebellion and (b) hiring
thousands of German soldiers (called "Hessians" by the Americans) to fight the war.
XXVI. The Abortive Conquest of Canada
A.
The redcoats burnt Falmouth (Portland), Maine (Oct. 1775).
B.
Meanwhile, the Americans decided to attack Canada. This proved to be a mistake
because…
1.
The Americans misjudged the French Canadians, thinking the French hated the
British and would revolt too.
2.
The Americans had argued they were only defending their land. In Canada, they
were trying to win colony #14.
3.
The Americans lost.
a.
Gen. Richard Montgomery marched north along the Lake Champlain
route toward Quebec, and was met by Benedict Arnold and men,
weary from the grueling trip. In the battle (Dec. 1775), Montgomery
would be killed, Arnold wounded, and their men scattered.
b.
Arnold and his men had to retreat up the St. Lawrence River. The
French-Canadians were in no mood to welcome the Americans.
C.
By 1776, Americans still held onto the desire to stay with England, but events began to
occur quickly…
1.
The English burnt Norfolk, VA (Jan. 1776).
2.
The British were forced out of Boston in March (it's still celebrated as
"Evacuation Day").
3.
The colonists won two southern battles: (a) Feb. at Moore's Creek Bridge in
North Carolina versus 1,500 loyalists and (b) June versus an attacking English
fleet at Charleston harbor.
XXVII. Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense
A.
The events of early 1776 were making Americans reconsider their loyalty to the king.
B.
Then came Thomas Paine's pamphlet Common Sense that urged American
independence.
1.
He argued that in the physical world, the smaller body never ruled the larger
one.
2.
He had no respect for the king and called him the "Royal Brute of Great
Britain."
3.
Paine wrote plainly and convincingly and said the time had come to break away,
it was just common sense.
XXVIII. Paine and the Idea of “Republicanism” This content copyright © 2010 by WikiNotes.wikidot.com
A.
Common Sense was radical in 2 ways: (a) it called for independence and (b) it called for
building a republic, something that'd never been done.
1.
A republic is a government where the people elect representatives to rule for
them. Power rests with the people (and their votes).
2.
The ancient Greeks and even the British had a form of a republic yet had
differences (Greek cities were small and Britain had a half republic with the
king). The American republic would be the largest ever, and therefore the first
for a nation.
3.
Paine's idea of a republic were well-liked by Americans.
a.
The prior acts by the king were certainly not popular—casting him off
their backs sounded great.
b.
The Americans, New Englanders especially, had long been practicing
some form of self-government.
B.
Some Americans were skeptical of turning power over to the people. They felt the people
were unable to rule and wanted a "natural aristocracy" to run the government. This group
was generally from the wealthier, more conservative classes.
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Period 3: 1754-1800
XXIX. Jefferson’s “Explanation” of Independence
A.
The 2nd Continental Congress decided on independence.
1.
Richard Henry Lee made a motion for independence on June 7, 1776. It passed
on July 2, 1776.
B.
A formal statement of America's independence was needed though.
1.
Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence.
a.
The declaration was written in a grand style.
b.
It could be broken down into four parts: (1) a preamble or introduction,
(2) a statement of rights, (3) a list of grievances, and (4) a statement of
separation.
c.
The "statement of rights" (based on John Locke's "natural rights")
might be the most important. It included "unalienable rights" (life,
liberty, and the pursuit of happiness) and that "all men are created
equal."
C.
The Declaration made things clear: (a) the Americans were no longer loyal to the king
but were rebels, (b) it opened the door for foreign help, and (c) the Americans had to win
the war else face punishment for treason (death).
XXX. Patriots and Loyalists
A.
Americans were not united in the revolution. Generally, there were 4 groups…
1.
Patriots (also called "Whigs") supported the war for independence.
2.
About 16% were Loyalists (also called "Tories") and supported the British.
3.
Moderates were in the middle and on the fence. These people might have
sympathies with the rebels but still hold hope that America could stay with
Britain without war. This group had been the largest, but dwindled as events
unfolded and Common Sense came out.
4.
The apathetic (or people that just didn't care) because they felt politics either
way had no bearing on their lives. Notably, there were also "profiteers"
who sold whatever they could to whomever they could just to make money.
B.
The British could only hold areas where they could maintain a massive military presence
(the coastline). The rebels did well on the interior or backwoods of the country. Rebels
also harassed the British with guerrilla tactics when the redcoats tried to march into the
frontier.
C.
A typical Loyalist (Tory)
1.
Loyalists were usually from conservative families. Families were split by the
war however, such as Ben Franklin opposing his illegitimate son William, New
Jersey's last royal governor.
2.
Loyalists were usually from richer, aristocratic families, such as in Charleston,
SC.
3.
Loyalists were strong in the areas that the Anglican Church was strong (the
South). They were weaker in areas that Congregationalism and Presbyterianism
was strong (New England).
D.
A typical Patriot
1.
Patriots were generally from the younger generation, such as ringleaders Samuel
Adams and Patrick Henry.
2.
Patriots largely lived in areas where the Anglican Church (Church of England)
was weak. The Patriots were Congregational, Presbyterian, Baptist, or
Methodist.
3.
Patriots, generally, were inland and away from the coast (since the coast and
harbors were the links back to England).
XXXI. The Loyalist Exodus
A.
Before the Declaration of Independence, harassment of the Loyalists was rather mild—
tarring-and-feathering and the like.
B.
After the Declaration, the Americans stepped up their efforts aimed at Loyalists who
were considered traitors.
1.
Loyalists were "roughed up," imprisoned, and a few were hanged.
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2.
Period 3: 1754-1800
Most Loyalists (about 80,000) got out of town. This meant leaving behind
everything they owned. Their lands were quickly confiscated by the Americans
and sold to raise money for the war.
C.
An estimated 50,000 Loyalists served the British in the war as soldiers. They also spied
and incited the Indians. Despite their contributions to the king's side, the British underused these Loyalists.
XXXII. General Washington at Bay
A.
After evacuating Boston, the British tuned to New York as their base of operations.
1.
A huge British fleet arrived at New York.
2.
Gen. Washington's 18,000 men were outnumbered and in trouble. Losses
followed in the summer of 1776…
a.
Washington and men were pushed off of Long Island (avoiding nearcapture when a fog bank rolled in).
b.
He lost in Brooklyn, Harlem Heights, and White Plains before turning
southward.
c.
He "set up camp" in Pennsylvania, along the Delaware River, for the
winter. Things looked grim.
3.
But, Washington had a couple of more tricks up his sleeve.
a.
On December 26, 1776, he crossed the icy Delaware River and
surprised the Hessian soldiers at Trenton.
1.
This was a key battle in that (a) it was America's first victory
and (b) it boosted morale.
b.
A second victory was scored one week later. Troops left their campfires
burning as a ruse and won at Princeton.
1.
Now, the Americans could settle in for the winter on a positive
note. Though the colonists were not doing great, the British
had not won.
XXXIII. Burgoyne’s Blundering Invasion
A.
During the winter, London came up with a second plan to defeat the colonists. It was a
more detailed plan. It's focus would be in New England and it's goal would be to divide
the colonies. The plan had 3 parts…
1.
Col. Barry St. Leger would move from Lake Erie eastward along the Mohawk
River.
2.
Gen. Burgoyne would descend from Montreal southward on Lake Champlain.
3.
Gen. Howe would drive men northward from New York up the Albany River.
They'd all 3 meet at Albany, NY.
B.
On paper, it was a good plan. In reality, it had problems.
1.
Benedict Arnold was the first problem. He and his men had lingered around
after their defeat in Quebec. The British tried to take Lake Champlain but
Arnold threw together a rag-tag flotilla. His flotilla was wiped out, but he
bought critical time by delaying the British attack to the following spring.
2.
The second problem was the terrain. Burgoyne could draw lines on a map easily,
but marching thousands of troops through upstate New York was not so easy.
His men bogged down and supplies ran low.
3.
The third problem was that St. Leger's detachment lost at Oriskany and was
turned back. One third of the plan was out right there.
4.
The final problem was that Gen. Howe had other plans. He decided to scratch
the master-plan and do his own thing. He headed south (not north) to engage
Gen. Washington in Philadelphia.
C.
Meanwhile, back in Pennsylvania…
1.
Howe beat Washington in battles at Brandywine Creek and at Germantown.
2.
Washington's troops camped for the winter at Valley Forge. Morale was very
low with bitter cold, low rations, and high desertion. On the plus side, Prussian
drillmaster Baron von Steuben whipped the troops into shape during that
winter. They were changing from rag-tag militia to professional soldiers.
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3.
Period 3: 1754-1800
Gen. Howe settled into Philadelphia for the winter with his mistress to enjoy the
city-life. Ben Franklin quipped that Howe hadn't captured Philadelphia, but that
Philadelphia had captured Howe.
D.
The Battle of Saratoga was perhaps the most critical battle of the war.
1.
Burgoyne's 7,000 troops arrived at the site of the planned battle tired and weary.
He was alone, the other 2/3 of the plan didn't arrive.
2.
He had no choice but to surrender on Oct. 17, 1777.
3.
Saratoga was the turning point in the war because (a) it was truly a major victory
in military terms, (b) it gave a huge boost to colonial morale, and (c) most
importantly, it convinced France that America might actually have a chance to
win and to openly aid America.
XXXIV. Revolution in Diplomacy?
A.
A political marriage was ripe—American needed help and France was eager to exact
revenge on Britain.
B.
The Continental Congress sent delegates to France. They were guided by a "Model
Treaty" that sought "1. No political connection…. 2. No military connection…. 3. Only a
commercial connection."
1.
Ben Franklin played the diplomacy game by wearing simple gray clothes and a
coonskin cap to supposedly exemplify a raw new America.
C.
After the surprising loss at Saratoga, the ballgame was different.
1.
London was in the giving mood. They offered to give the colonists everything
they desired, except independence.
2.
Paris was in a friendly mood. Ben Franklin played France's fears of the English,
hinting that America and England might actually get back together.
a.
Franklin got a deal done. In a Franco-American Treaty (1778)
(a) France formally joined America in the war and (b)recognized
American independence, but (c) also pledged to a military
alliance (going against the Model Treaty and something America would
come to regret).
b.
This was America's first example of idealistic principles being
overruled by practicalities of a situation.
XXXV. The Colonial War Becomes a Wider War
A.
Like a spider web, the war networked and grew, mostly aligned against England.
1.
In 1778, England and France went to war.
2.
In 1779, Holland and Spain joined the war against England. The French/Spanish
navy outnumbered the British.
3.
In 1780, Russia (led by Catherine the Great) formed the "Armed Neutrality"
which linked up the neutral nations in a grudge against England. Countries were
present from Russia, to South America, the Caribbean, and Asia.
B.
The Americans had managed to keep the war going up to 1778 and now England was
against the ropes. The struggle in America was becoming secondary.
C.
Strategy was also changed by France's joining the war.
1.
Perhaps the greatest military asset the French gave America was its navy.
2.
The British naval blockade was now not to be taken for granted. To shorten
supply lines, the British evacuated Philadelphia to focus on New York.
a.
The Battle of Monmouth in New Jersey took place as the redcoats left
Philly. It was scorching-hot (sunstroke was common), an indecisive
battle, and moved Gen. Washington's to New York as well.
XXXVI. Blow and Counterblow
A.
6,000 French soldiers arrived in Newport, RI under command of Comte de
Rochambeau. Though here on friendly terms, there were sometimes scuffles between
American and French soldiers. They eventually starting getting along.
B.
Morale took a big hit when Benedict Arnold traded sides to the British.
1.
Arnold felt underappreciated in America and sought a higher rank and money
from England.
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2.
C.
XXXVII.
A.
B.
C.
XXXVIII.
A.
B.
Period 3: 1754-1800
He planned to sell out the stronghold at West Point but the plan was foiled at the
last minute. Washington asked, "Whom can we trust now?"
Meanwhile, the British planned to attack the South.
1.
The Brits settled into Savannah, GA and Charleston, SC to prepare for the
battles.
2.
The war turned ugly here. The Americans fought guerilla style, thrashing at
British supply lines. The most famous wasFrancis Marion (the "Swamp Fox")
who'd attack then disappear with his men into the swamps.
a.
Neighbors on opposing sides fought each other as well in ruthless
engagements.
3.
Battles ran through the Carolinas. The redcoats won at Camden over Horatio
Gates (the American hero at Saratoga). Then the Americans won at King's
Mountain and at Cowpens.
a.
American Gen. Nathaneal Greene (the "Fighting Quaker") employed
a strategy of delay where he stood, fought, retreated, and kept
sucking Gen. Charles Cornwallis deeper into enemy territory. Greene
eventually exhausted Cornwallis' troops.
The Land Frontier and the Sea Frontier
1777 was called "the bloody year" on the frontier when the British paid Indians for
scalps.
1.
Indian tribes chose sides, the Oneida and Tuscarora with the Americans, but
most sided with the English.
2.
Chief Joseph Brant savagely attacked American settlements. He was a convert
to Anglicanism and struck at Pennsylvania and New York for two years until
stopped in 1779.
3.
In 1779, the 4 pro-British tribes of the Iroquois were forced to sign the Treaty
of Ft. Stanwix. This was the first American—Indian treaty, and in it, the Indians
forfeited most of their land.
The American west was busy during the war.
1.
People still moved there. Kentucky towns were named after the revolution:
Lexington (after the battle) and Louisville (after the French king).
2.
Frontiersman George Rogers Clark decided to surprise attack the British forts
scattered throughout the west.
a.
He floated down the Ohio River and quickly took forts at Kaskaskia,
Cahokia, and Vincennes.
b.
Many believe that Clark's actions helped win land all the way west to
the Mississippi River (instead of just to the Appalachian Mtns.).
The fight on water took two forms…
1.
The upstart American navy was laying its own foundation. It never really
competed with the British navy, but harassed their shipping lines. John Paul
Jones was the most well-known naval leader.
2.
Privateers were essentially legal pirates and made an even larger dent in the
British navy. These were privately owned boats/ships that fought for hire. Their
motives were patriotism and profit. They would capture British ships and pirate
whatever they could take.
Yorktown and the Final Curtain
Just before the decisive victory of the war, America was struggling.
1.
Inflation ran rampant and it was announced that debts would only
be partially repaid at the rate of 2.5 cents on the dollar.
2.
Morale sunk and any notion of unity sunk.
Meanwhile, things were pointing to the Chesapeake Bay.
1.
Cornwallis moved his men there to get more supplies via the British navy.
2.
The French navy however, moved in and sealed off the Bay.
3.
Gen. Washington and Rochambeau saw the chance and moved their troops in to
seal off the peninsula.
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a.
Period 3: 1754-1800
At Yorktown, Cornwallis was trapped and surrendered. This was the
final major battle.
C.
Lord North exclaimed "Oh God! It's all over! It's all over!" when he heard the news.
D.
But, fighting still trickled on for over a year.
XXXIX. Peace at Paris
A.
The English had been fighting and taking losses in India, the West Indies, the island of
Minorca in the Mediterranean Sea, and the Rock of Gibraltar, and America, of course.
They were tired of war.
B.
The Americans sent a peace-seeking delegation to Paris in Ben Franklin, John Adams,
and John Jay.
1.
The three were told to not make a separate peace with England but to always
consult first with France. John Jay was suspicious of France however.
a.
France wanted America independent, but also weak, ideally cooped up
east of the Allegheny Mountains.
b.
Jay secretly contacted London to seek peace. The British quickly
worked out a deal behind France's back.
C.
The Treaty of Paris, 1783 ended the American Revolution. Its terms were…
1.
England recognized American independence all the way to the Mississippi
River.
2.
America retained some fishing rights in Newfoundland.
3.
The American Loyalists were to be treated fairly and Congress was to
recommend to the states that the land that had been taken from the Loyalists was
to be returned. (The lands never did return to the Loyalists though).
XL.
A New Nation Legitimized
A.
America did better than might be expected in the outcome of the war.
1.
Even though George Rogers Clark had won victories west of the Appalachians,
they were somewhat small victories. Still, Britain was trying to woo America
away from France. For this reason, Britain ceded a considerable quantity of
land.
2.
Also, it happened that the pro-American Whigs were in control of Parliament at
the time of the treaty.
B.
France cautiously gave their approval to the treaty.
C.
Without question, the stars were shining of America.
XLI.
Makers of America: The Loyalists
A.
The American Loyalists normally came from well-educated, conservative stock. They
worried that a clean break from England would cause America to spiral into anarchy or
mob-rule.
1.
Many Loyalists were Brits who'd settled in America just after the Seven Years'
War. They weren't ready to completely toss their home country away.
B.
There were thousands of black Loyalists.
1.
Many signed on with the British army in hopes of gaining freedom.
2.
Some were betrayed by this promise. In one instance, Cornwallis left 4,000
slaves in Virginia. In a worse instance, a shipload of blacks expecting to sail to
freedom instead sailed back into slavery.
3.
Other blacks moved to England but they often struggled to fit in and gain
acceptance.
C.
The American view of the Loyalists was not flattering.
1.
Loyalists were viewed as traitors to America (just as the Americans were viewed
as traitors to the crown).
a.
They were arrested, exiled, their property confiscated, and rights taken
away. Some 80,000 Loyalists simply left America.
2.
There were "success stories."
a.
Hugh Gaine, a New York printer, re-established his business and
eventually won government printing contracts.
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b.
Period 3: 1754-1800
Most Loyalists simply readjusted themselves and survived. They
usually became supporters of the Federalist party that wished for a
stronger central government. This was their transition from English to
American.
(09) The Confederation and the Constitution
XLII.
XLIII.
The Pursuit of Equality
A.
American Revolution was not a sudden radical change. Rather it was an accelerated
evolution.
B.
Separation of church and state began. The "high-church" Anglican Church was
disestablished (it stopped receiving tax money) although the Congregational Church
continued is established status. The Anglican Church also became known as
the Episcopal Church in order to distance itself from its English roots.
1.
To a large degree, life went on as usual—work, church, play.
2.
A change occurred in that with 80,000 Loyalists gone, a large chunk of the
conservative wing was absent.
C.
"Equality" was the buzzword of the day.
1.
With many conservatives gone, the door was opened for more equality-minded
folks to rule.
2.
Commoners wanted to be called "Mr." and "Mrs.", titles once reserved for the
elite.
3.
Slavery and equality were obviously at odds with one another. The beginnings
of the anti-slavery movement were gaining steam.
a.
The Continental Congress of 1774 had called for the abolition of
slavery.
b.
The Quakers founded the first abolition society in 1775, the world's
first.
c.
Caught up in the equality movement, some slave owners were moved
to free their slaves.
4.
Women gained little by the equality movement. There were small steps
however…
a.
A few women served in the war disguised as men.
b.
The New Jersey constitution permitted women to vote for a while.
c.
The notion of "republican motherhood" developed and gave the
ladies a great deal of importance. The idea went thatthe women raised
the children and therefore held great power and responsibility with the
future of the republic in their hands.
Constitution Making in the States
A.
The 1776 Continental Congress called for each colony to write their own constitution and
thus move from colony to state.
B.
Massachusetts gave America a "Constitutional Convention." It was a special meeting
where the constitution was written, sent to the people for ratification (vote of approval),
and could then only be changed by another Constitutional Convention.
C.
Many of the new constitutions shared similarities…
1.
They were written documents and thus unchanging without a formal process.
Being written, they were not based on a king's whims or on court decisions and
common law which may change with the current winds.
2.
They reflected fundamental law. That is to say, they often dealt more in
generalities and less in specifics which could be handled by specific laws passed
by a state legislature.
3.
Many had a bill of rights.
4.
Many specified annual elections of legislators (this was out of the desire to keep
power with the people and from the fear that rulers in power too long grow
comfortable and corrupted).
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5.
Period 3: 1754-1800
They established weak executive and judicial branches. Again, this was out of
the desire to keep power with the people, not with a governor or judges. Thomas
Jefferson had warned that "173 despots [in a legislature] would surely be as
oppressive as one (a despot is a dictator)."
a.
The legislative branch was often given nearly all of the power.
D.
New state capitals emerged. Many of these new capitals moved westward, or inland,
following the westward migration of people. Examples are Manchester, NH; Albany,
NY; Charlottesville, VA; Raleigh, NC; Columbia, SC; and Atlanta, GA.
XLIV. Economic Crosscurrents
A.
Economic changes occurred after the war, but not to a revolutionary degree.
B.
Much of the Loyalist land had been seized and wound up in the hands of the poor. The
Loyalists didn't see themselves beheaded however, as happened a few years later in the
French Revolution.
C.
The myriad of goods and trade that used to come from England stopped. This both hurt
and helped America. It hurt in the short run since England was America's top trade
partner. It helped in the long run by forcing American industry to get started.
1.
This beginning of industry is not to be over-stated however. Americans were
still by a large margin of around 90%, mostly farmers.
2.
Another benefit of losing trade with England was that America was now open to
trade with any other country she wished.
a.
Trade began with the Baltic region of Northern Europe and with China,
led by the Empress of China hauling the herb ginseng.
D.
Despite the good, the infant America had serious economic troubles.
1.
A haughty crowd of war profiteers had been established which wasn't good for
"economic morale."
2.
The war had run up a large debt and inflation.
3.
There was a large class of poor, the stability of the Loyalist class had been
shaken, and the new rich were flashy and not trusted.
XLV. A Shaky Start Toward Union This content copyright © 2010 by WikiNotes.wikidot.com
A.
There were obstacles to building the nation.
1.
Tearing down a nation was easy; but to build a new one and run it was much
more difficult.
2.
Unity existed largely only on paper. There was a deep desire by many states to
keep to themselves rather than join a union that would rule over them.
3.
The spirits of patriotism, freedom, and independence all worked against unity
rather than for it.
B.
England waged something of an economic war.
1.
The Brits began to flood the American market with goods at slashed prices.
2.
This struck hard at the infantile American industries that couldn't compete pricewise.
C.
America did have a few things going for it in terms of unity.
1.
The 13 colonies did share roughly the same type of state governments and a rich
and similar political tradition.
2.
America was blessed with leaders of the highest quality like Washington,
Adams, Madison, Jefferson, and Hamilton.
XLVI. Creating a Confederation
A.
The new states chose a confederation as their first government—a loose union of states
where a federal and state level exist, yet the state level retains the most sovereignty to
rule as they saw fit.
1.
As an example, many states minted their own money and set up their own taxes
on imports. (These differences later proved to be problematic).
B.
The Articles of Confederation (1777) became the United States' first government. All
13 states needed to approve the articles for them to begin.
C.
A snag in the approval process came up with the western lands and the question of who
owned them.
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1.
Period 3: 1754-1800
Virginia and New York (and others) had large claims from earlier years over the
lands west of the Appalachians.
2.
To make matters worse, many of these claims overlapped one another. Which
state would own the land?
3.
Maryland had no land west of the mountains and thought it unfair that some
states would get the new lands and be able to profit from them. Hadn't Maryland
fought the war just as Virginia had? they reasoned. Maryland withheld their
vote.
D.
The compromise that came about said no state would own the land but the new U.S.
would.
1.
Eventually, New York backed off on its claim and Virginia did too.
a.
Congress promised to use the western lands for the good of the
"common benefit." Eventually, this would become theNorthwest
Ordinance where these lands were divided and sold cheaply.
2.
All 13 states had ratified it by 1781 when Maryland did so and it went into
effect.
3.
This situation also became an important bond of unity for the infant nation.
XLVII. The Articles of the Confederation: America’s First Constitution
A.
The main thing to know regarding the Articles is that it set up a very weak government.
This was not by accident, but by plan. The reason a weak government was desired was
simply to avoid a strong national government that would take away unalienable rights or
abuse its power (i.e. England). The weaknesses included…
1.
There was no executive branch (this would be too much like a king).
2.
Congress was weak. Its members were elected annually, a 2/3 vote was
needed on important issues, a unanimous vote was needed for
amendments (these meant Congress members couldn't get comfortable in office
and would have a hard time passing laws).
3.
Congress had restrictions. It couldn't raise a military. It couldn't levy taxes.
It couldn't regulate commerce.
a.
The inability to regulate taxes and commerce led states to form their
own tax laws and print their own money. This situation became
crippling to the nation as a whole.
B.
The Articles of Confederation did provide some benefits…
1.
It did take the next step toward national unity and a step toward forming the
U.S. Constitution. Oddly, it did this by being so weak and showing what was
needed in the new constitution.
2.
They were a necessary intermediary between complete state independence and
the U.S. Constitution. With the Articles in the middle, many states would never
have made that jump.
XLVIII. Landmarks in Land Laws
A.
The Land Ordinance of 1785 answered the question, "How will the new lands in the
Ohio Valley be divided up?"
1.
This law surveyed the lands and divided it into squares to be sold.
a.
A section was 1 mile by 1 mile (1 sq. mile, or 640 acres).
A township was 6 miles by 6 miles (36 sq. miles, or 36 sections). Each
section was numbered and could be sub-divided for sale.
b.
Section #16 was reserved for a school. Either the school was built there
or its proceeds went to pay for the school. This measure was a
landmark for public education in the U.S.
2.
The standard going-price for land was $1 per acre.
B.
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 answered the question, “How will new states be
made once people move out there?”
1.
This law said the territory-to-statehood process would go through stages…
a.
Stage 1 — the land was a territory meaning it was simply land owned
by the U.S.
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Period 3: 1754-1800
Stage 2 — call it "application status". Once a territory got 60,000
inhabitants they could write a state constitution then send it to Congress
for approval.
c.
Stage 3 — statehood (if Congress approved the constitution).
2.
This process laid out by the Northwest Ordinance worked very well for many
years and for many states to join the nation.
XLIX. The World’s Ugly Duckling
A.
As a new nation, America struggled in its relations with other countries.
B.
Relations with England had several issues…
1.
There was no trade with England. The British would not repeal the Navigation
Laws with their restrictions believing America would crawl back to trade on
British terms anyway.
a.
The only British "trade" came via American smugglers who were up to
their old ways.
2.
The British were up to trickery along the American frontier.
a.
The British connived with disgruntled Ethan Allen and brothers
to possibly get Vermont back to England.
b.
Though they were supposed to leave, the British retained several trade
posts along the American frontier. They said this was to reclaim losses
to Loyalists, but…
c.
More likely, the posts were to be bases to stir up Indian
discontent against the Americans.
C.
There were issues with Spain…
1.
The Spanish closed off the mouth of the Mississippi River. This was a serious
threat to the trans-Appalachian states which needed the river to export goods.
2.
The Spanish laid claim to parts of Florida (today's Mississippi and Alabama).
3.
The Spanish also stirred up the Indians against the Americans.
D.
There were issues with France…
1.
The French were not as friendly now that England had been humbled. The
French wanted their debts paid by America.
E.
There were issues in North Africa…
1.
North African pirates, notably the Dey of Algiers, robbed American ships. The
British had paid tribute (or "bully money") and America had enjoyed that
coverage. On her own, America was too weak to fight and too poor to pay. This
was an embarrassment.
L.
The Horrid Specter of Anarchy
A.
In a confederation (like the Articles) states are free to do as they please. Things quickly
got out of hand.
1.
States feuded over boundaries.
2.
States taxed other states.
3.
States printed their own paper money.
B.
Shays' Rebellion (1786) rocked the nation with a wake-up call.
1.
Daniel Shays’ was disgruntled over difficulties involving farmland mortgages.
(Notably, the inability to get land is the same motivation for rebellion as
Bacon’s Rebellion back in 1676 in Virginia. And, the desire for land was also
the motivator of the Paxton Boys in Pennsylvania in 1764.)
2.
He and friends staged a take-over in parts of Massachusetts. He was stopped,
arrested, convicted, sentenced to death, but pardoned.
3.
The importance of Shays’ Rebellion can't be understated. It was that the fear of
such violence lived on and paranoia motivated folks to desire a stronger federal
government.
C.
The Articles themselves began to be questioned.
1.
The problems listed above were real and seemed in no hurry to leave.
b.
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2.
LI.
LII.
LIII.
Period 3: 1754-1800
The idea of republican democracy where the people select rulers came into
question. Could the common person really be responsible enough to rule? Or,
would things simply deteriorate into a "mobocracy" like Shays' Rebellion?
3.
Some people thought the Articles simply needed some strengthening to make
them work.
D.
The situation actually did begin to improve by 1787, especially in terms of increased
trade and states cutting back on printing paper money.
A Convention of “Demigods”
A.
A meeting was called in Annapolis, Maryland to strengthen the Articles.
1.
They wished to mainly address the issues of money, especially commerce.
2.
9 states were invited but only 5 states arrived which was not a quorum (enough
to hold a meeting). They did agree to meet again.
B.
The next meeting became known as the "Constitutional Convention" when the U.S.
Constitution was written.
1.
55 delegates met in Philadelphia in May of 1787. 12 of the 13 states were
represented (Rhode Island wanted no part of it).
2.
Their goal as laid out by Congress was "the sole and express purpose
of revising" the Articles, not to pitch it out and start over (which is what they
wound up doing).
3.
Attendance (and non-attendance) at the meeting was of such high quality
Jefferson called the delegates "demigods." They could be divided into three
categories…
a.
Demigods—George Washington (chairman), Ben Franklin, Alexander
Hamilton, James Madison.
b.
Revolutionaries overseas and absent from the meeting—Thomas
Jefferson (in France on business), John Adams (in England on
business), Thomas Paine (in Europe as well).
c.
Patriots who were absent—John Hancock, Samuel Adams, Patrick
Henry. These men, especially Adams and Henry, were independentminded and didn't like the idea of strengthening the government. Their
specialty was tearing down governments, not building them up.
Patriots in Philadelphia
A.
The men attending the Constitutional Convention were generally young, aristocratic, and
well-educated.
B.
These delegates recognized issues were at hand: the inability to maintain order, "runaway
democracy" in various states, and pressure/threats from foreign nations.
C.
Essentially, the problem was that the states had too much freedom or independence; the
solution was to strengthen the federal government.
Hammering Out a Bundle of Compromises
A.
Despite their plans for revision only, the Convention delegates tossed out the Articles and
began writing an entirely new Constitution.
B.
The most heated conflict was over the question, "How will representation in Congress be
decided?"
1.
The "Virginia Plan" (AKA "Large States Plan") proposed that representation
would be based on a state's population. They reasoned that the more people a
state has, the more representatives they should have in Congress.
2.
The "New Jersey Plan" (AKA "Small States Plan") objected to Virginia saying
that if Congress went solely by population, then the small states' votes wouldn't
matter since they'd simply be always out-voted. They reasoned that states are
equal to one another, regardless of the quantity of people living in them, and
therefore states should have an equal vote in Congress.
3.
After much debate and a standstill, the "Great Compromise" was offered. It
said that…
a.
Congress would be bicameral (have 2 houses).
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b.
LIV.
LV.
Period 3: 1754-1800
The House of Representatives would be based on state population,
following the Virginia Plan.
1.
Bills pertaining to taxation would begin in the House.
c.
The Senate would have 2 senators from each state making them equal,
following the New Jersey Plan.
1.
The Senate would approve/reject presidential treaties and
appointments.
4.
They agreed to have an executive branch (a president). The president would be
commander-in-chief of the military, could veto legislation. But, the president
(and the other branches) would be held in check through a system of checksand-balances on power.
5.
The president would be elected by an Electoral College (a group of official
presidential voters) rather than by the people. The people were viewed as being
too ignorant to elect a president. To be fair, at that time people were less
educated and news traveled slowly and without reliability so a voter likely might
be ill-informed.
6.
The Three-Fifths Compromise answered the question, "How will slaves be
counted when determining a state's population?"
a.
Southern states wanted slaves counted (to gain more votes in Congress)
and Northern states did not want to count slaves (to retain more votes in
Congress). The compromise agreed to count 3/5 of the slaves as part of
the state's population.
7.
The delegates agreed to allow states to halt slave importation after 1807. This
measure showed signs of the early anti-slavery movement. But, it was
something of a hollow measure—by this time, slavery had become selfsufficient and slave importation wasn't really needed anyway.
Safeguards for Conservatism
A.
The delegates all agreed that a system of checks-and-balances was needed to prevent any
one branch from hording too much power. Conservatives also wanted safeguards from
the "mobocracy" or mob rule. They put into place such things as…
1.
Federal chief justices were appointed for life, thus creating stability that
conservatives liked.
2.
The electoral college created a buffer between the people and the presidency.
3.
Senators were elected by state legislators who were supposedly educated, not by
the common people.
4.
Thus, after the American Revolution, the voters actually only voted for 1/2 of
1/3 of the government (only for representatives in the House).
B.
Still, at the base level, power wrested with the people.
C.
By the end of the Constitutional Convention in September of 1887, 42 of the 55 delegates
signed it. The others had left in protest or would not sign it.
The Clash of Federalists and Anti-federalists
A.
Once written, the Founding Fathers faced an even tougher task—to get the Constitution
ratified by the states. They knew that some states would reject it. They knew that most
state legislatures would reject it. So…
1.
The Constitution was sent out to the state conventions where it would be
evaluated and voted upon.
2.
At first, there was surprise because a brand new constitution had been written.
The people expected a fixed up Articles of Confederation; that was the purpose
of the meeting (the convention had been held in strict secrecy).
B.
Two camps emerged in the ratification debate, Federalists and Anti-Federalists.
1.
The Federalists wanted the Constitution ratified.
a.
They wanted a stronger central government to establish and maintain
order.
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b.
LVI.
LVII.
LVIII.
Period 3: 1754-1800
They generally came from the more well-to-do classes, were often
former Loyalists, were often property owners, typically lived in the
older or coastal areas, and were often Episcopalians.
2.
The Anti-Federalists did not want the Constitution ratified.
a.
They believed it gave too much power to the national government.
After all, wasn't that what the American Revolution had been fought
over?
b.
They were generally from the less-educated classes, were usually
farmers, were believers in states' rights, and normally lived in the
frontier areas. They were often Baptists or Methodists.
c.
At their root, the Anti-Federalists felt that the Constitution had been
written by and for the aristocratic folks and that it threatened people's
independence and freedoms.
1.
Their complaints along these lines were (a) a lack of a bill of
rights, (b) the riddance of annual elections, and (c) the
formation of a standing army. All of these things could be
used against the people.
The Great Debate in the States
A.
The conventions in each state needed delegates. Elections were held.
B.
Four states ratified the Constitution quickly.
C.
Massachusetts voted for the Constitution, but it was a tough race and a close vote. Folks
like Sam Adams campaigned against the Constitution thinking it gave too much power to
the federal government.
1.
Massachusetts ratified it with the promise that a Bill of Rights would
immediately be written and adopted.
2.
Massachusetts was a critical state, kind of a "tipping point." Had the
Constitution failed here, it likely would not have been ratified by the other
states.
D.
After three more states ratified it, it became active in June of 1788.
E.
The final hold-outs were Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island.
The Four Laggard States
A.
Four states had reservations about adopting the Constitution and held out. But they
eventually did ratify it mainly because after 9 states adopted it the Constitution took
affect. What would the 4 laggards do, become their own countries? It wasn't practical.
B.
Virginia ratified it in a close vote because New Hampshire was about to adopt the
Constitution as state number 9—the number needed to activate it.
C.
New York decided to go with the Constitution due to (a) The Federalist Papers of John
Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton and (b) the realization that a future on their
own was pointless.
D.
Finally, North Carolina and somewhat disgruntled Rhode Island ratified the Constitution
and made it unanimous. They were given considerable pressure to do so and also realized
to go-it-alone was not productive.
A Conservative Triumph
A.
Like winning the American Revolution where a few patriots had pulled off independence,
ratifying the Constitution was a minority victory. This time, the minority was the
conservatives.
1.
The patriots were a much more liberal, perhaps radical group. It was now time
for the conservatives to pull the pendulum back toward the center.
B.
To ratify the Constitution, an estimated 1/4 of the adult white male population had voted
for convention delegates. Most of those voters were landowners.
C.
The conservatives obtained certain measures that eased their minds…
1.
First, a stronger government that could deal with the "mobocracy" such as
Shays' Rebellion.
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03 Unit AP Outline (6-10) Checklist
2.
Period 3: 1754-1800
Secondly, the elite or aristocracy had built in certain safeguards to their rule
such as the electoral college, permanence of judges, and indirect elections of
senators. All of these things meant stability—the number 1 thing on their mind.
(10) Launching the New Ship of State
LIX.
LX.
LXI.
Growing Pains
A.
After 12 years of government-disabling, now America had to begin nation-building.
During the Revolutionary time period though, a strong distrust of government had been
instilled in people.
B.
The U.S. financial situation was grim.
1.
Revenue was very small yet the debt was mounting due to interest.
2.
Hard (metal) money was scarce and the paper money was worthless.
3.
The financial situation was the number 1 problem the new nation faced.
4.
Still, America was trying to create a democracy on a scale never been done
before and make it fly.
C.
The U.S. Constitution went into effect in 1789.
1.
The population was doubling every 20 years. The largest cities in the 1790
census (in order) were Philadelphia, New York, Boston, Charleston, and
Baltimore.
2.
90% of the people were rural. 5% lived west of the Appalachian Mountains.
These folks lived mostly in Kentucky, Tennessee and Ohio which soon became
new states. New Hampshire had already become state number 14.
D.
Foreigners thought the Americans were rough and crude people due to the primitive
pioneer lifestyle.
Washington for President
A.
George Washington was the choice for president.
1.
He was the war hero and the looked the part—6 foot 2 inches, 175 pounds,
broad shoulders.
2.
His top attribute was impeccable and highly respected character.
3.
He reluctantly accepted the call to the presidency and was unanimously elected
by the electoral college.
B.
Washington made something of a parade route from his Mt. Vernon Virginia home to
New York City (the temporary capital) to be sworn in.
1.
He was sworn in on April 30, 1789 on Wall Street.
C.
He quickly established a cabinet. It consisted of…
1.
Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson
2.
Secretary of the Treasury: Alexander Hamilton
3.
Secretary of War: Henry Knox
The Bill of Rights
A.
The Constitution lacked a Bill of Rights—this deeply bothered several states. They
ratified it on the promise that as soon as the new government began, they'd add a Bill of
Rights. The government kept its word.
B.
James Madison wrote the Bill of Rights then channeled them through 2/3 of Congress.
The next step was to get 3/4 of the states to adopt them. The required number of states
ratified the Bill of Rights in 1791.
C.
The Bill of Rights (for history purposes, Amendments 9 and especially 10 are the most
important)…
1.
Amendment 1 - Freedom of religion, speech, press, right to peaceful assemble
and petition.
2.
Amendment 2 - Right to bear arms.
3.
Amendment 3 - Protection from quartering soldiers in homes.
4.
Amendment 4 - Protection from searches or seizures without a warrant.
5.
Amendment 5 - Right to not testify against one's self and protection from double
jeopardy.
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6.
7.
8.
9.
Period 3: 1754-1800
Amendment 6 - Guarantee of a proper trial.
Amendment 7 - Guarantee of a jury trial.
Amendment 8 - Protection from excessive bail or fines.
Amendment 9 - Statement that people have rights that are not even listed here.
(The "People's Rights Amendment).
10.
Amendment 10 - Statement that any power not granted in the Constitution is
left to the states. (The "State's Rights Amendment).
D.
To complete the 3 branches of the government, Congress passed and Pres. Washington
signed the Judiciary Act of 1789 that set up the Supreme Court and the Federal Court
System.
1.
John Jay then became the first Supreme Court Chief Justice.
2.
With this law, the U.S. government was then fully complete and fully functional.
LXII. Hamilton Revives the Corpse of Public Credit
A.
Hamilton was a brilliant but arrogant fellow that many Americans didn't warm up to. He
was born in the British West Indies and loved British institutions, but said he loved
America more. Still, he was often accused of being more British than American.
B.
As Secretary of Treasury, Alexander Hamilton had to overcome America's top
problem…the money-problem (or lack-of-money problem). He'd eventually come up
with a 4-part plan to get America on its financial feet. The plan included…
1.
Paying off all debts in full.
2.
A tariff (tax on imports).
3.
A tax on whiskey.
4.
A National Bank.
C.
Paying off the debts…
1.
Hamilton insisted on paying debts in full or at 100% face value in what was
called Funding at Par.
a.
Hamilton insisted that Funding at Par was crucial, basically because it
would get respect. How could Americans respect their government if
they only paid half their debts? Or worse, how would other nations, like
France, view America if they paid only a bit?
2.
Hamilton also urged what he called Assumption. In Assumption, the federal
government would assume the states' debts, or in other words, the states would
simply give their debts over to the federal government. The reason for assuming
state debts was to tie the states together in a common endeavor—to jointly pay
off the debt.
a.
Massachusetts had a huge debt and liked the idea. Virginia didn't have
much of a debt and disliked the idea. A compromise had to be made.
b.
The bargain said that Massachusetts would get the Assumption clause
passed. Virginia would see the new national capital on the Potomac
River—the site of Washington D.C.
LXIII. Customs Duties and Excise Taxes
A.
Hamilton was determined to pay the full $75 million debt, plus interest. He felt the debt
was actually a good thing since it tied the states together.
B.
The question then became, "How would a poor country pay off the debt?" Hamilton
proposed that revenue be made through a tariff(tax on imports).
1.
Hamilton had the long-range vision to see that industry in America would
eventually boom. Along with it, trade would grow, and the tariff would earn
money.
C.
An excise tax on whiskey was imposed to raise a bit more money. This whiskey tax on 7
cents/gallon hit the whiskey-makers in the backwoods who often used whiskey as money.
LXIV. Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a Bank This content copyright © 2010 by WikiNotes.wikidot.com
A.
The last part of Hamilton's plan was to create a National Bank to stabilize the economy.
1.
It was modeled after the Bank of England and was to be a private institution but
with the government as the major stockholder.
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03 Unit AP Outline (6-10) Checklist
2.
Period 3: 1754-1800
Its purposes would be to (a) store government money, (b) lend to businesses,
and (c) print money and thus stabilize currency.
3.
The snag that was hit was the question, "Is this bank Constitutional?" since it
was not written into the Constitution. Thomas Jefferson argued against the bank
saying it was not.
B.
The National Bank debate…
1.
Thomas Jefferson's point-of-view…
a.
He felt that whatever is not permitted in the Constitution is prohibited.
A bank was not in the Constitution.
b.
The bank should be left to the states because that's what Amendment 10
said (any power not listed in the Constitution is reserved to the states).
c.
This point-of-view is called a strict interpretation of the Constitution
that said something must specifically be written into the Constitution in
black-and-white for it to be legal.
2.
Alexander Hamilton's point-of-view…
a.
he felt that whatever is not prohibited in the Constitution is permitted.
The bank wasn't specifically prohibited so it was okay.
b.
He brought up the "Elastic Clause" of Congress (AKA the "Necessary
and Proper" Clause) that said Congress has the power to do whatever
is necessary and proper to carry out its appointed duties. He reasoned
that Congress was given the duty of regulating commerce and collect
taxes; to properly do this, a national bank was necessary and proper.
c.
This reliance on the Elastic Clause was also called a "Loose
Interpretation" of the Constitution.
3.
In the end, Hamilton won the argument.
a.
The Bank of the United States was started in 1791 with a charter good
for 20 years.
b.
It was built in Philadelphia, was to have $10 million worth of capital,
and sold out its public stock in only two hours.
LXV. Mutinous Moonshiners in Pennsylvania
A.
The whiskey-makers of the frontier region were upset over Hamilton's tax on whiskey.
1.
They said they’d been unfairly singled out to be taxed.
2.
They cried “taxation without representation” since many were from Tennessee
and Kentucky which were not yet states and had no one in Congress.
B.
Things came to head in 1794 when violence broke into the Whiskey Rebellion frontier
Pennsylvania.
1.
The question now was, "Is the government strong enough to force someone to
obey laws, or can some people just pick and choose the laws they like?"
2.
Pres. Washington responded quickly. He sent 13,000 soldiers to quell the revolt
of a couple of hundred. A couple of people were killed but most just fled the
scene. The revolt was crushed.
a.
Washington actually got criticism from Anti-Federalists about
reacting too strongly. They said he'd used a sledgehammer to crush a
gnat.
C.
The lesson of the Whiskey Rebellion was that this new government was strong, unlike
the Articles that worried people over Shays' Rebellion.
LXVI. The Emergence of Political Parties
A.
Hamilton's policies had an unexpected side-effect—they created the two-political party
system.
B.
The two initial parties were sometimes called by their leaders'
names…the Hamiltonians and the Jeffersonians.
1.
From there, a long series of names and name-changing could roughly be
followed down to modern-day Republicans and Democrats.
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C.
Period 3: 1754-1800
The Founding Fathers hadn't anticipated multiple political parties. They'd had factions,
but those came over an issue, ran their course, then faded. Permanent political parties
were something new.
1.
Also, the consensus then was that political parties hurt the situation rather than
help because they create dissent, argument, and bog down the government.
2.
It seems however, that having two parties has helped our country simply by
always given voters a different choice. If a voter doesn't like the situation in
Washington currently, the other party will take opposing views and the voter can
vote the new party in. With only one party, there is no 2nd choice.
LXVII. The Impact of the French Revolution
A.
The American Revolution partially inspired the French Revolution as they figured, "If the
Americans can pull it off, why can't we?"
B.
The French Revolution of the 1780s and 90s started innocently enough then grew
complicated.
1.
Initially, Americans were very happy to hear of democracy over-throwing a
monarchy.
2.
A minority of conservatives were upset over the "mobocracy" and disorder.
3.
In 1792, the French Revolution became more of a world war. In a nutshell, the
French Revolution had two arenas: (a) it was a civil war of the French people vs.
the French upper classes, but also (b) the French nation vs. nearly every other
European nation (the other nations feared similar revolutions in their own
countries if the French people pulled it off).
4.
The Revolution went sour when the "Reign of Terror" got out the guillotine and
thousands of nobles had their heads chopped off.
C.
The question of how America would respond became a bit trickier. The two brand new
political parties had something else to disagree over…
1.
Conservatives (the Federalists) were thoroughly appalled at the treachery.
2.
Liberals like Thomas Jefferson (the Democratic-Republicans) felt that a few
nobles' heads were a small price to pay for freedom and democracy.
D.
When England joined the war vs. France, things got even trickier for Americans over two
questions…
1.
Whom would the U.S. support, France or England?
2.
How would this affect land holdings over on the North American side of the
Atlantic?
LXVIII. Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation
A.
The most pressing question was, "Which side would the U.S. support?"
B.
Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans said the U.S. should side with France.
1.
Looking at it from the State Dept. perspective, he said the U.S. should side with
France because of the Franco-American alliance of 1778. Jefferson said that
since France had helped in the American Revolution, it was time to repay the
favor.
C.
Hamilton's Federalists said the U.S. should side with England.
1.
Looking at it from the Treasury Dept. perspective, he said siding with the British
would be economically advantageous to the young American nation.
D.
Pres. Washington got to make the call. He sided with neither and said that America
would stay neutral. This decision well illustrates the emerging American policy of acting
in self-interest.
1.
He simply took a practical perspective—the U.S. was too young to get into a
huge war. It would be too destructive to a nation just getting its feet settled
underneath it.
2.
Washington gave his "Neutrality Proclamation" in 1793. It stated America's
neutral position and urged Americans to think and act that way.
a.
Though neutral, it was really a victory for
Hamilton/Federalists/England who all liked the decision.
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03 Unit AP Outline (6-10) Checklist
b.
Period 3: 1754-1800
France and the Democratic-Republicans were thoroughly upset and felt
the U.S. had betrayed the Franco-American treaty.
1.
An offshoot of the decision was the action of French Citizen
Edmond Genêt. He came to Charleston, SC and thought
Washington's decision didn't reflect the American people's
views. He foolishly thought the Americans would rise up and
somehow overturn the neutrality or government. Washington
had him replaced.
2.
France actually might've been helped by the neutrality since
that prevented a British naval blockade and enabled American
foodstuffs to go to France.
3.
And, technically speaking, America didn't have to honor the
Franco-American alliance because France didn't call upon it to
honor it.
LXIX. Embroilments with Britain
A.
A couple of issues with England weren't going away, but were actually growing…
B.
England still had several frontier posts in America to trade furs and create an Indian
buffer to the Americans. This bothered the Americans but they put up with it.
1.
A turning point came with Gen. "Mad" Anthony Wayne who led the Army in
defeat of the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in August of 1794.
a.
When the smoke cleared from the battlefield it became clear that the
Indians had been using English guns. This was too much.
b.
In 1795 the Indians signed (half signed, half forced-to-sign) the Treaty
of Grenville where the Indians surrendered much of the Ohio Valley.
C.
A second problem was occurring in the Caribbean with the British Navy.
1.
The British Navy was at war there with France, but also harassed American
ships. The Royal Navy seized about 300 U.S. ships and impressed (or
kidnapped) many U.S. sailors.
2.
Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans were furious. They wanted to either go to
war with England or at least halt trade with them. Calmer Hamiltonians
(Federalists) stayed the course of neutrality. War would do the infant U.S. no
good.
LXX. Jay’s Treaty and Washington’s Farewell
A.
Pres. Washington didn't want war and in 1794 he sent John Jay to England to smooth
things over.
1.
Strangely though, Alexander Hamilton had undermined Jay's mission. Hamilton
had given the British Jay's bargaining strategy so Jay was one step behind
already.
2.
The results of the "Jay's Treaty" were not the best for America…
a.
The U.S. would have to pay off its debts to England from preRevolution days.
b.
The British would leave the American frontier posts. (This was a
hollow promise since they'd already given that promise 20 years prior,
to John Jay none-the-less!).
c.
England said they'd pay for damages during impressment. (But they
said nothing about stopping future impressment. This was the number 1
complaint!).
d.
War was avoided. (This was the only good thing the U.S. got, was the
top goal at the meeting, and Jay returned to America feeling
successful).
B.
The reaction of Americans to Jay's Treaty was harsh.
1.
Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans especially hated the treaty. They felt that
the U.S. just laid down and surrendered to England.
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03 Unit AP Outline (6-10) Checklist
2.
Period 3: 1754-1800
They felt that southern farmers would have to pay the debt, but northern
merchants would collect the impressment payments. Jay’s effigy (a dummy
representing him) was burnt in the streets.
C.
The next year, a second treaty emerged that was good for the U.S.—the Pinckney
Treaty with Spain.
1.
Spain looked at the Jay's Treaty and thought the U.S. was "buddying up" to
England. So, Spain wished to give a little good will to America to keep relations
friendly.
2.
The Pinckney Treaty (1795) gave Americans (a) the right to travel down and out
the Mississippi River and (b) the disputed area of Florida.
D.
Pres. Washington could've run for a third term, but instead he stepped down saying two
terms was enough. He gave a Farewell Address and warned…
1.
America should avoid political parties (as he thought them to be divisive).
2.
America should avoid "permanent alliances" with other nations and simply
make decisions independently and in America's own best interest.
LXXI. John Adams Becomes President
A.
Even though George Washington warned of political parties, his policies and decisions
would've made him a Federalist. Alexander Hamilton, being the leader of the Federalists,
would seem to be the next-in-line. But, his policies and arrogance had made him too
many rivals. He was passed up for someone with fewer enemies.
B.
John Adams was nominated by the Federalists for president in 1796.
C.
The Democratic-Republicans (who were now going by just "Republicans") nominated
their leader, Thomas Jefferson.
D.
Adams won the electoral vote 71 to 68. Jefferson came in as runner-up and thus became
Vice-President (that was the system then).
E.
So, Adams became president in an uncomfortable situation…
1.
He was something of a "cold fish" New Englander—stuffy, stern, crusty,
bookish, stubborn.
2.
He had a vice-president from a totally different political party.
3.
Hamilton hated him. Hamilton headed up the "High Federalists" and sometimes
plotted to undermine Adams.
4.
And, the situation with France was only one step shy of busting into war.
LXXII. Unofficial Fighting with France
A.
France was still fuming mad over the Neutrality Proclamation and Jay's Treaty.
B.
French warships began seizing some 300 American ships in the Caribbean Sea. In
practical terms, an unofficial war existed there.
C.
Many Americans became hyper for war. Adams stayed cool. Like Washington, Adams
felt that a war would just stunt the new nation.
D.
Adams sent delegates to France to smooth things over. This became known as the XYZ
Affair.
1.
Their main goal: avoid war. The U.S. delegates were officially rejected by
France.
2.
Then undercover, Mr. "X", "Y", and "Z" made a secret offer. If the U.S.
delegates issued an apology from Pres. Adams, gave France a loan, and gave the
men a bribe, then the Americans would be allowed to speak with the French
official Talleyrand.
3.
The American delegates refused this lop-sided deal and just came home.
4.
The American people cheered the delegates for not giving in (like John Jay) and
called for war with more passion.
E.
The unofficial war in the Caribbean kept on and stepped up. American ships captured
over 80 French ships. American ships were also lost. It was really a free-for-all on the
high seas where a ship did whatever it wished.
LXXIII. Adams Puts Patriotism Above Party
A.
France also let calmer minds prevail. Talleyrand knew France didn't need yet another
enemy. So, he said that American delegates would be received with respect.
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B.
Period 3: 1754-1800
If he went to war, Adams had a chance to gain huge popularity, maybe win Florida and
Louisiana, and likely win re-election.
1.
He chose to not go to war. Like Washington, he knew a war would stunt the
infant nation.
2.
Adams sent new delegates to France to speak with Napoleon Bonaparte.
Napoleon had other plans (take over Europe) and was eager to close the
American mess. They made the Convention of 1800 that said…
a.
The Franco-American Alliance was over.
b.
Americans had to pay damages to French shippers.
C.
Adams decision to go the peace-route was unpopular. It cost him re-election (Jefferson
was elected in 1800). But, it was the best thing for America at the time and the right thing
to do.
LXXIV. The Federalist Witch Hunt
A.
Federalists used the anti-French passion to pass a couple of tricky laws. The laws had two
levels: (a) a surface level that was stated openly, and (b) an ulterior, sneaky motive by the
Federalists.
1.
The Alien acts made it tougher for immigrants to come to the U.S. and become
citizens. They had the stated purpose of protecting Americans from foreigners
who might come into the country and undermine the U.S. The theory was that
the immigrant was more loyal to his home country than the U.S.
a.
The law raised the residency requirement from 5 to 14 years,
supposedly so the immigrant would be fully assimilated before voting.
This was a large change from America's welcoming tradition.
b.
Also, the president was authorized to deport foreigners deemed
troublemakers.
c.
The ulterior and sneaky motive by the Federalists was to delay
immigrant voting. Federalists knew the immigrants would most likely
join the Republican party and vote that way. So, Federalists bought
themselves some time. As far as deporting troublemakers, that would
be handy for anyone who criticized the government (Federalists).
2.
The Sedition Act limited the speech and writings of critics of the government.
"Sedition" is a strong word that implies stirring up discontent against the
government with the intent of overthrowing it.
a.
The Sedition Act said anyone criticizing the government in a manner
that was deemed counter-productive could be fined or jailed. The stated
purpose was to prevent foreigners from stirring up trouble in the U.S.
b.
The ulterior motive was to silence critics of the Federalists.
c.
The Sedition Act was a direct shot at the 1st Amendment rights to
freedom of speech and press.
d.
Many newspaper editors criticized the law and were thrown in jail
(under the Sedition Act's authority) for doing so.
1.
The most noteworthy was Matthew "Spitting Lion" Lyon
who'd criticized Pres. Adams in his writings. The criticisms
were very mild and kind of humorous in a cute way by
modern standards.
3.
These pro-Federalist laws were (a) contrary to the welcoming spirit of America
and (b) unconstitutional, but were passed by a Federalist Congress, signed by a
Federalist president, and upheld by a Federalist-dominated court system.
a.
Self-serving to the end, the Sedition Act was even designed to expire in
1801 so that it couldn't then be used against the Federalists if the
Republicans took over.
4.
Although the Republicans fussed, the average person responded well to the
Federalists and their laws in the election booth. The Federalists did very well in
the Congressional elections of 1798-99. This would be the Federalists' highwater mark, however.
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Period 3: 1754-1800
LXXV. The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky (Jefferson) Resolutions
A.
Stirred by the Alien and Sedition Acts, Jefferson and the Republicans entered into a war
of words and laws.
B.
In response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
wrote Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions. In simple terms, the resolutions said the
federal government had overstepped the authority that the states had awarded when it
passed the Alien and Sedition Acts.
1.
The resolutions were built on the “compact theory” saying the 13 states had
entered a compact (or contract) when they formed the federal government to
abide by federal laws that the states approved. In other words, the states had
made the federal government, the federal government then makes laws, but
since the states made the federal government, the states reserved the right to
nullify those federal laws. Notably, this theory goes by several names, all
synonymous: the “compact theory,” “states’ rights theory,” or “nullification.”
2.
The idea was that other states would follow suit and adopt similar resolutions
and the Alien and Sedition Acts would be shot down. The other states did not
follow, however.
3.
Federalists countered the compact theory by arguing that the people actually,
and not the states, had created the federal government, and therefore the states
did not have the right to nullify federal laws.
C.
At this point, these arguments are just a lesson in words, rhetoric, and logic. But, these
exact arguments will be heard again in the 1830s regarding the tariff and then in the
1850s and 60s slavery when the Civil War breaks.
LXXVI. Federalists Versus Democratic-Republicans
A.
Federalists were supported by the upper classes. Generally speaking…
1.
They were led by Hamilton who envisioned an industrial America of big cities.
2.
They were from the wealthy classes, such as merchants, bankers, manufacturers.
They often lived along the eastern seaboard—the older regions that were close
to the coast and trade.
3.
They were pro-British (since that was good for trade).
4.
They liked a strong federal government, run by the educated elite. They
distrusted the common person as uneducated and unable to run a nation. They
felt democracy was one step shy of "mobocracy."
B.
The Democratic-Republicans (or just Republicans at this time) were supported by the
poor and common classes. Generally speaking…
1.
They were led by Jefferson who envisioned an agricultural America of small
towns.
2.
They felt that even an uneducated man can make common-sense decisions and
thus run himself and his nation through voting. Republicans favored expanding
the vote to more people (though it was still a very narrow group).
3.
They were mostly farmers and lived in the interior areas and along the frontier.
They felt farming was good for the soul—it kept the farmer humble and close to
God.
4.
They were pro-French (since France had helped the U.S. against England).
C.
By the election of 1800, there were clearly two separate political camps in the U.S.
03 Framework
Key Concept 3.1:
British attempts to assert tighter control over its North American colonies and the colonial resolve to pursue selfgovernment led to a colonial independence movement and the Revolutionary War.
I.
The competition among the British, French, and American Indians for economic and political
advantage in North America culminated in the Seven years’ War (the French and Indian War), in
which Britain defeated France and allied American Indians.
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03 Unit AP Outline (6-10) Checklist
A.
B.
C.
Period 3: 1754-1800
Colonial rivalry intensified between Britain and France in the mid-18th century, as the
growing population of the British colonies expanded into the interior of North America,
threatening French–Indian trade networks and American Indian autonomy.
1.
French-Huron alliance
a.
Alliance with Huron that helped shield Quebec from many sieges
b.
Established a valuable fur trading network
2.
British-Iroquois alliance
a.
The Iroquois allied with the British to conquer the Huron tribe
b.
Rivalry over the Great Lakes region existed between the Iroquois and
Huron
3.
French and Indian War (1754–1763)
a.
The American front of the Seven Years War
b.
French v. British
1.
Both forces were supplemented by Native American allie
c.
Causes of the war
1.
Anglo-French Imperial competition
2.
Rivalry over the Ohio river Valley.
4.
Albany Plan of Union
a.
System of colonial unification proposed by Benjamin Franklin.
b.
Both the colonies and British representatives rejected this plan.
5.
Treaty of Paris (1763)
a.
Ended the French and Indian War
b.
Britain gained all lands east of the Mississippi river, and Canada
c.
Resulted in taxation and the Revolutionary war.
Britain achieved a major expansion of its territorial holdings by defeating the French, but
at tremendous expense, setting the stage for imperial efforts to raise revenue and
consolidate control over the colonies.
1.
End of “Salutary Neglect”
a.
Due to the end of the French and Indian War
b.
Britain needed revenue, prompting them to tax the colonies directly.
2.
Writs of Assistance
a.
Enabled British customs officers to search, without a warrant, any
merchant
b.
Colonists believed this violated their rights as English citizens.
3.
Admiralty Courts
a.
Used to try colonial smugglers
b.
The “guilty” were tried in England.
4.
Virtual Representation of Parliament
a.
The “imaginary” (non-voting) representation of the colonists in British
Parliament
After the British victory, imperial officials’ attempts to prevent colonists from moving
westward generated colonial opposition, while native groups sought to both continue
trading with Europeans and resist the encroachments of colonists on tribal lands.
1.
Pontiac’s War
a.
Eight forts attacked by Chieftain Pontiac and a number of other tribes.
Caused the British to redraw harsh policies against the North East tribes
2.
Proclamation of 1763
a.
Imaginary line across the Appalachians that colonist could not cross
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03 Unit AP Outline (6-10) Checklist
b.
II.
Period 3: 1754-1800
The British government did NOT want to build forts for colonial
defense
3.
Iroquois Confederacy
a.
The tribes of the northeast brought together into a confederacy to
become one large impenetrable indian force
4.
Chief Little Turtle and the Western Confederacy (1793-1795)
a.
Indian leader
The desire of many colonists to assert ideals of self-government in the face of renewed British
imperial efforts led to a colonial independence movement and war with Britain
A.
The imperial struggles of the mid-18th century, as well as new British efforts to collect
taxes without direct colonial representation or consent and to assert imperial authority in
the colonies, began to unite the colonists against perceived and real constraints on their
economic activities and political rights.
1.
Sugar Act (1764):
a.
Indirect Tax
1.
Taxed sugar, rum, molasses, tea, sugar cane, ETC.
2.
Stamp Act (1765):
a.
Direct Tax
b.
Passed to pay for the Seven Years War
c.
Taxed numerous paper goods.
1.
Contracts, playing cards, pamphlets, licenses, ETC.
3.
Quartering Act (1765):
a.
Required the colonies to house British soldiers
1.
Barracks, local inns, livery stables, ale houses, victualling
houses, and wine houses
4.
Declaratory Act (1766):
a.
Passed by the British Parliament to affirm its power to legislate for the
colonies “in all cases whatsoever”
5.
Townshend Acts (1767):
a.
Imposed duties on glass, lead, paints, paper and tea imported into the
colonies.
1.
In 1770, Parliament repealed all the Townshend duties except
the tax on tea
2.
This led to the Tea Act of 1773.
6.
Tea Act (1773):
a.
Objective was assist the financially troubled British East India
Company
1.
Forced the colonists to purchase Company tea.
7.
Intolerable Acts (1774):
a.
Passed in response to the Boston Tea Party
1.
Included the Boston Port Act, Massachusetts Government Act,
Administration of Justice Act, Quebec Act
b.
Led to the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia 9/5/1774.
8.
Quebec Act (1774):
a.
Granted the French self rule in the province of Quebec
B.
Colonial leaders based their calls for resistance to Britain on arguments about the rights
of British subjects, the rights of the individual, local traditions of self-rule, and the ideas
of the Enlightenment.
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1.
2.
Period 3: 1754-1800
Taxation without representation
a.
A slogan that abridged the main complaint of the British North
American colonies.
1.
If Britain was going to tax them, they needed direct
representation in Parliament.
Consent of the governed
a.
The idea that government derives its
authority by the sanction of the people
3.
C.
Republicanism
a.
The ideology of governing the nation as a republic, where the head of
state is not appointed through hereditary means, but usually through an
election , A philosophy of limited government with elected
representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is
based on consent of the governed.
4.
Bicameral colonial legislatures
a.
Created by John Adams to counter the appeal of the Pennsylvania
Constitution. It is a two house legislature. His system dispersed
authority by assigning the different functions of governmentlawmaking, administering, and judging- to separate institutions.
5.
Natural rights
a.
Fundamental rights over which the government could exercise no
control. An uncompromising belief in such rights energized the popular
demand for a formal bill of rights in 1791. This partially limited the
government's powers, and protected people's rights when added to the
Bill of Rights.
The effort for American independence was energized by colonial leaders such as
Benjamin Franklin, as well as by popular movements that included the political activism
of laborers, artisans, and women.
1.
Paul Revere
a.
American silversmith remembered famously for his midnight ride
through Lexington to warn of the incoming Hessian attack.
2.
Mercy Otis Warren
a.
A poet, dramatist, patriot, and historian at a time when women were
confined to belle-lettres or religious subject matters.
3.
John Hancock
a.
President of the second continental congress. First person to sign the
declaration of independence
4.
Samuel Adams
a.
Master propagandist and engineer of rebellion. Founder and leader of
the Sons of Liberty.
5.
John Adams
a.
An American lawyer, author, statesman, and diplomat. Second
President of the United States, the first Vice President, and a Founding
Father of American independence from Great Britain.
6.
Sons of Liberty
a.
Radical political organization for colonial independence that would
frequently attempt to take matters into their own hands by harassing or
attacking English soldiers.
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Period 3: 1754-1800
7.
D.
E.
Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania (John Dickinson)
a.
Written protest against the Townshend Acts of 1767.
8.
Stamp Act Congress (1765)
a.
Group of colonists that came together to protest the stamp act of 1765.
1.
Reason for meeting was that they protested that the crown
couldn’t tax them without their consent.
9.
Boston Tea Party
a.
Major event of colonial independence; Members of the sons of liberty
dressed as Indians and dumped over 90,000 lbs of Tea into the Boston
Harbor.
10.
Committees of Correspondence
a.
Committees formed within the colonies to communicate letters of
protest or grievance.
11.
First and Second Continental Congress
a.
First: Met to create the committees of correspondence. Agreed to meet
one year later (In 1776)
b.
Second: Met to draft and write the Declaration of Independence.
In the face of economic shortages and the British military occupation of some regions,
men and women mobilized in large numbers to provide financial and material support to
the Patriot movement.
1.
Committees of Correspondence
a.
Committees formed in order to communicate grievances between
colonies concerning british rule
2.
Minutemen of Massachusetts
a.
Patriot militias stationed throughout new england known for their
ability to be ready to fight in minutes
Despite considerable loyalist opposition, as well as Great Britain’s apparently
overwhelming military and financial advantages, the Patriot cause succeeded because of
the actions of colonial militias and the Continental Army, George Washington’s military
leadership, the colonists’ ideological commitment and resilience, and assistance sent by
European allies.
1.
Battle of Trenton
a.
Famous for washington's christmas eve crossing of the delaware to
surprise a mainly hessian encampment and neutralize them
2.
Battle of Saratoga
a.
Patriot victory that proved to the french that they could stand toe-to-toe
with the british and win
3.
French Alliance
a.
Alliance that secured much needed supplies and eventually manpower
for the patriot cause
4.
Battle of Yorktown
a.
Deciding battle of the war, and where the continental army trapped
Lord Cornwallis’ army against the atlantic with the french at their back
forcing british surrender
Key Concept 3.2:
The American Revolution’s democratic and republican ideas inspired new experiments with different forms of
government.
I.
The ideals that inspired the revolutionary cause reflected new beliefs about politics, religion, and
society that had been developing over the course of the
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Period 3: 1754-1800
18th century.
A.
Enlightenment ideas and philosophy inspired many American political thinkers to
emphasize individual talent over hereditary privilege, while religion strengthened
Americans’ view of themselves as a people blessed with liberty.
1.
End of primogeniture laws
a.
Primogeniture is the right, by law or custom, of the legitimate, firstborn
son to inherit his parent's entire or main estate.
b.
In the United States, primogeniture never became widely established,
and division of interests in land either by physical division or by
concurrent inheritance of the heirs as tenants in common predominates.
2.
First Great Awakening
a.
The ideals of The Enlightenment spread to the north of the new world
puritan church. This awakened ‘’fire and brimstone preaching ‘’
3.
New Lights vs. Old Lights
a.
New Lights were the post-Great Awakening members influenced by the
Enlightenment.
b.
Old Lights were the pre-Great Awakening members of the Puritan
Church who clung to original Puritan ideals.
4.
Consent of the governed
a.
This means that government gets all its power from the people.
1.
The people set up the government.
2.
The people run the government.
3.
The government does not run the people.
5.
John Locke
a.
Wrote that all human beings have a right to life, liberty, and property
b.
Rejected the theory of the Divine Right of the monarchy
c.
Believed that government was based upon a "social contract"
6.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
a.
Author of The Social Contract
1.
The view that person's' moral and/or political obligations are
dependent upon a contract or agreement among them to form
the society in which they live.
B.
The colonists’ belief in the superiority of republican forms of government based on the
natural rights of the people found expression in Thomas Paine’s Common Sense and the
Declaration of Independence. The ideas in these documents resonated throughout
American history, shaping Americans’ understanding of the ideals on which the nation
was based.
1.
Common Sense
a.
A book written in common english pushing the colonists to push for
independence from England.
2.
Declaration of Independence
a.
The document written by the colonists to express their grievances from
England then to declare their independence from the country altogether.
3.
Republicanism
a.
The ideology of governing the nation as a republic, where the head of
state is not appointed through hereditary means, but usually through
hereditary means,but through an election. A philosophy of limited
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03 Unit AP Outline (6-10) Checklist
C.
D.
Period 3: 1754-1800
government with elected representatives serving the will of the people
based on the consent of the governed.
4.
Natural Rights
a.
Philosophy introduced by John Locke that stated, “All people are born
with certain unalienable natural rights”
1.
This policy was used by Benjamin Franklin to declare that
“All men are created equal and are born with certain
unalienable rights. All men are born with the right of Life,
Liberty, and the Pursuit of happiness.”
During and after the American Revolution, an increased awareness of inequalities in
society motivated some individuals and groups to call for the abolition of slavery and
greater political democracy in the new state and national governments.
1.
Quakers
a.
Created the world’s first abolition society in 1775.
2.
Abigail Adams’ “remember the ladies”
a.
She attempted to influence her husband, John Adams, who was on the
committee for designing the Declaration of Independence, to get rights
for the ladies.
3.
Pennsylvania gradual emancipation law (1780)
a.
The gradual emancipation law gradually phased out slavery in the
North following the Revolution. Pennsylvania was the first to set it in
action.
4.
Vermont constitution abolished slavery
a.
The newly formed state, which broke away from New York, abolished
slavery outright in its constitution, dated July 8, 1777
5.
Reduction of state property requirements to vote
a.
Equality was beginning to be enforced whenever they started to allow
non landholding males to vote.
6.
Abolition societies
a.
The Society for the relief of Africans unlawfully held in bondagewas
the fir American abolition society.Founded April,14,1775,in
Philadelphia,Pennsylvania by quakers and held four meetings.
7.
Separation of church and state
a.
Phrase used by Thomas Jefferson and others expressing an
understanding of the intent and function of the Establishment clause
and Free Exercise clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution
stating “ Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of
religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof…”.
b.
The Anglican Church was disestablished because of people not paying
taxes. The Anglican Church was then renamed to the Episcopal Church
to further distance itself from its English roots.
8.
Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (1786)
a.
Lord Dunmore (the Royal Governor of Virginia) stated that they would
announce freedom for every slave that agreed to fight for the British.
In response to women’s participation in the American Revolution, Enlightenment ideas,
and women’s appeals for expanded roles, an ideal of “Republican Motherhood” gained
popularity. It called on women to teach republican values within the family and granted
women a new importance in American political culture.
1.
Republican motherhood
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03 Unit AP Outline (6-10) Checklist
Period 3: 1754-1800
a.
II.
Women felt as if they were given more responsibility when this term
was given for the women who had to raise their child right so they
would be trusted with the future of the republic.
2.
Improved education for women
a.
Improved education for women allowed them to work more jobs to
provide for their family further enhancing the movement for equality.
3.
Republican virtues of liberty and natural rights
a.
Women were meant to instill republican virtues such as patriotism and
honor into their children.
b.
John Locke’s natural rights also played into this because the republican
virtues are based on people having rights to life, liberty, and property.
E.
The American Revolution and the ideals set forth in the Declaration of Independence
reverberated in France, Haiti, and Latin America, inspiring future independence
movements.
1.
French Revolution (1789-1799)
a.
A major change in government starting in 1789 from an absolute
monarch to a representative government with the execution of King
Louis XVI, who was executed in 1793.
2.
US Neutrality Proclamation
a.
The Neutrality proclamation of 1793 was authorized by George
Washington on April 22, 1793 and stated that US would take no part in
a war between two or more powers, specifically France and Great
Britain.
3.
Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)
a.
Toussaint L’Oventure led a slave rebellion on the island of St.
Domingue in 1791 that then led to the creation of the Republic of Haiti
in 1804.
After declaring independence, American political leaders created new constitutions and
declarations of rights that articulated the role of the state and federal governments while protecting
individual liberties and limiting both centralized power and excessive popular influence.
A.
Many new state constitutions placed power in the hands of the legislative branch and
maintained property qualifications for voting and citizenship.
1.
Conventions to ratify constitutions
a.
B.
2.
fundamental laws
3.
strong state legislatures combined with weak governors and courts
The Articles of Confederation unified the newly independent states, creating a central
government with limited power. After the Revolution, difficulties over international
trade, finances, interstate commerce, foreign relations, and internal unrest led to calls for
a stronger central government.
1.
Unicameral legislature with no power to tax
2.
draft soldiers or regulate trade
3.
lack of judicial or executive branch
4.
tariff and currency disputes
5.
Spanish restrictions on Mississippi River
6.
British occupation of forts on US land
7.
Shay’s Rebellion
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03 Unit AP Outline (6-10) Checklist
III.
Period 3: 1754-1800
8.
Newburgh Conspiracy
9.
Annapolis Convention
C.
Delegates from the states participated in a Constitutional Convention and through
negotiation, collaboration, and compromise proposed a constitution that created a limited
but dynamic central government embodying federalism and providing for a separation of
powers between its three branches.
1.
Great (Connecticut) Compromise
2.
checks and balances
3.
separation of powers
4.
Electoral College
5.
Supreme Court
6.
Republicanism
7.
federalism
D.
The Constitutional Convention compromised over the representation of slave states in
Congress and the role of the federal government in regulating both slavery and the slave
trade, allowing the prohibition of the international slave trade after 1808.
1.
Three-fifths compromise
a.
This compromise enacted slaves to count in the census as “for five
slaves, three count as men…”
2.
slave trade compromise
a.
Slavery was guaranteed for 20 more years.
3.
fugitive slave clause
a.
Runaway slaves in the North could be hunted by plantation owners and
brought back to the South.
E.
In the debate over ratifying the Constitution, Anti-Federalists opposing ratification
battled with Federalists, whose principals were articulated in the Federalist Papers
(primarily written by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison). Federalists ensured the
ratification of the Constitution by promising the addition of a Bill of Rights that
enumerated individual rights and explicitly restricted the powers of the federal
government.
1.
Federalist Papers
a.
A collection of articles and essays written to push the ratification of the
constitution.
2.
Bill of Rights
a.
Anti-Federalist way to human and states rights in the Constitution
3.
Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists
a.
Anti federalist supported the article more than the constitution on
contrary to the federalist, who supported a centralized power in
government.
New forms of national culture and political institutions developed in the United States alongside
continued regional variations and differences over economic, political, social, and foreign policy
issues.
A.
During the presidential administrations of George Washington and John Adams, political
leaders created institutions and precedents that put the principles of the Constitution into
practice.
1.
Executive branch departments
a.
The sections of the executive branch that focus on certain aspects of the
government. (i.e. treasury, justice, state)
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03 Unit AP Outline (6-10) Checklist
2.
B.
Period 3: 1754-1800
Cabinet
a.
The leaders of the executive branch departments. They meet with the
president to advise him/her
3.
Judiciary Act of 1789
a.
The act which officially established the federal-courts system.
Political leaders in the 1790s took a variety of positions on issues such as the relationship
between the national government and the states, economic policy, foreign policy, and the
balance between liberty and order. This led to the formation of political parties — most
significantly the Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, and the Democratic-Republican
Party, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.
1.
Hamilton’s financial plan
a.
Economic plan to stabilize the American economy.
1.
Consisted of Federal Assumption and the US Bank
2.
Creation of the Bank of the US
a.
The first national bank of the US; created as an expansion of fiscal
power and to stabilize the American economy.
b.
Created by Alexander Hamilton as part of his financial plan.
3.
Elastic clause
a.
Also known as the “Necessary and Proper Clause”; it allows congress
to pass any law which is seen as necessary and proper for the benefit of
the country.
4.
Strict vs. loose interpretation of the Constitution
a.
Strict: Constitution grants the government powers which are
specifically granted to it
b.
Loose: The government is entitled to powers specifically not denied by
the constitution.
5.
Formation of the Federalist Party
a.
The Federalist party was formed in support of passage of the
constitution by Alexander Hamilton.
6.
Formation of the Democratic-Republican Party
a.
Second political party in the United States, and was organized by
Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and James Madison to oppose the
Federalist Party run by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton
b.
The new party controlled the presidency and Congress and most states
from 1801 to 1825, during the First Party System.
7.
Alien and Sedition Acts
a.
Series of acts passed by 2nd president John Adams in hopes that he
would win re-election.
1.
Alien Act: Gave the president the power to order any “alien”
out of the country in a time of peace or jail an alien during a
time of war
a.
Raised the residency requirement to become a citizen
from 5-14 years
2.
Sedition Act: Jailed pro-Jefferson editors for using their free
speech against John Adams.
8.
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions by Jefferson and Madison
a.
Series of resolutions written in protest to the Alien and Sedition acts.
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03 Unit AP Outline (6-10) Checklist
Period 3: 1754-1800
1.
C.
D.
II.
Kentucky Resolution: Stated that the federal government
could not extend powers outside of what the constitution
granted them.
2.
Virginia Resolution: Stated that the states had the right to
intervene in unconstitutional acts in the federal government.
The expansion of slavery in the Deep South and adjacent western lands and rising antislavery sentiment began to create distinctive regional attitudes toward the institution.
1.
Anti-slavery societies
a.
Societies of early abolitionists, which would include:
1.
William Lloyd Garrison
2.
Harriet Beecher Stowe
3.
Theodore Weld
4.
Grimke sisters
5.
Gabriel Prosser
2.
Limited rights of free blacks
a.
The limitation of freed African American ex-slaves.
1.
Included: Literacy Tests at the voting polls and poll taxes
Ideas about national identity increasingly found expression in works of art, literature, and
architecture.
1.
John Trumbull
2.
Benjamin Banneker
3.
US flag
4.
growth of nationalism
5.
Mercy Otis Warren’s History of the American Revolution
6.
Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin
Read the 03 Framework (Day 2)
Key Concept 3:3
Migration within North America and competition over resources, boundaries, and trade intensified conflicts among
peoples and nations.
I.
In the decades after American independence, interactions among different groups resulted in
competition for resources, shifting alliances, and cultural blending.
A.
Various American Indian groups repeatedly evaluated and adjusted their alliances with
Europeans, other tribes, and the U.S., seeking to limit migration of white settlers and
maintain control of tribal lands and natural resources. British alliances with American
Indians contributed to tensions between the U.S. and Britain.
1.
March of the Paxton Boys
2.
Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)
3.
Treaty of Greenville (1795)
B.
As increasing numbers of migrants from North America and other parts of the world
continued to move westward, frontier cultures that had emerged in the colonial period
continued to grow, fueling social, political, and ethnic tensions.
1.
Scots-Irish migration to the frontier
2.
frontier vs. tidewater Virginia
3.
Whiskey Rebellion
4.
Regulator Movement
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03 Unit AP Outline (6-10) Checklist
C.
II.
Period 3: 1754-1800
As settlers moved westward during the 1780s, Congress enacted the Northwest
Ordinance for admitting new states; the ordinance promoted public education, the
protection of private property, and a ban on slavery in the Northwest Territory.
1.
Land Ordinance of 1785
2.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
D.
An ambiguous relationship between the federal government and American Indian tribes
contributed to problems regarding treaties and American Indian legal claims relating to
the seizure of their lands.
1.
Battle of Fallen Timbers
a.
Final battle of the Northwest Indian War
b.
Natives received support from the British led by Captain Alexander
McKillop, against the United States for control of the Northwest
Territory (Ohio RiverValley, east of the Mississippi River, and
southwest of the Great Lakes).
c.
This land had been ceded to the United States in accordance with the
Treaty of Paris (1783), but British army bases were maintained there to
support their Native allies.
d.
General "Mad Anthony" Wayne led the Americans to victory
2.
Treaty of Greenville
a.
Followed the Native American loss at the Battle of Fallen Timbers
b.
Ended the Northwest Indian War
E.
The Spanish, supported by the bonded labor of the local American Indians, expanded
their mission settlements into California; these provided opportunities for social mobility
among soldiers and led to new cultural blending.
1.
Expansion of Spanish missions in California
a.
21 religious Catholic outposts
b.
Major Spanish effort to extend colonization
c.
Introduced European fruits, vegetables, cattle, horses, ranching and
technology
2.
Spanish Vaqueros (cowboys) of the Southwest
a.
Horse-mounted livestock herder
3.
Mestizos
a.
Spanish-Indian mix
The continued presence of European powers in North America challenged the United States to
find ways to safeguard its borders, maintain neutral trading rights, and promote its economic
interests.
A.
The United States government forged diplomatic initiatives aimed at dealing with the
continued British and Spanish presence in North America, as U.S. settlers migrated
beyond the Appalachians and sought free navigation of the Mississippi River.
1.
Jay’s Treaty (1794)
a.
Attempt to avert war
1.
Removal of western British forts (as per Treaty of Paris of
1783)
2.
Payment of pre-war debts owed to the British.
3.
Did not successfully stop the impressment of american sailors
or ships.
2.
Pinckney Treaty (1795)
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03 Unit AP Outline (6-10) Checklist
Period 3: 1754-1800
a.
B.
C.
LXXVII.
III.
Defined the boundaries of the United States with the Spanish colonies
and guaranteed the United States navigation rights on the Mississippi
River.
War between France and Britain resulting from the French Revolution presented
challenges to the United States over issues of free trade and foreign policy and fostered
political disagreement.
1.
French Revolution
a.
Political disagreements about aid to the French Revolution
1.
During the French Revolution, the United States remained
neutral
2.
The British harassed neutral American merchant ships
3.
The French dispatched a controversial Minister to the United
States, Edmond-Charles Genêt
2.
US Proclamation of Neutrality
a.
Dominated national politics during the wars between France and
Britain.
1.
Federalists favored Britain & Jeffersonian Republicans
favored France.
3.
Citizen Genet Affair
a.
French representative who attempted to contradict the Neutrality
Proclamation
b.
Organized armies to attack British and Spanish territories.
c.
Washington ejected him from the country
4.
Quasi-war with France
a.
Undeclared war fought at sea between the United States of America
and the French Republic from 1798-1800
5.
XYZ Affair (1797-1798)
a.
A delegation was sent to France to negotiate and was asked to pay a
bribe by lower ranking French diplomats named XYZ by Adams.
6.
Convention of 1800
1.
Ended Revolutionary War alliance with France
George Washington’s Farewell Address encouraged national unity, as he cautioned
against political factions and warned about the danger of permanent foreign alliances.
1.
Factions
a.
A group whose opinions are contrary to that of the community’s.
Read the 03 Framework (Day 2)
Use a computer, research and describe the causes, main battles and conclusion of the French
and Indian War. Write at least two paragraphs. (Write/Share) (Day 1)
Define
A.
Quebec
B.
New France
C.
King William’s War
D.
Queen Anne’s War
E.
Ohio Valley
F.
Ft. Duqeusne
G.
French and Indian War
H.
Albany Congress
I.
Ben Franklin
44
03 Unit AP Outline (6-10) Checklist
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
O.
Period 3: 1754-1800
Gen. Edward Braddock
William Pitt
James Wolfe
Battle of Quebec
Marquis de Montcalm
Treaty of Paris, 1763
IV.
Use a computer, research and describe the causes, battles, conclusion and significance of the
war with Chief Little Turtle and the Western Confederacy. Write at least one paragraphs.
(Day 2-3)
Define
A.
Pontiac
B.
Enumerated goods
C.
Privy Council
D.
salutary neglect
E.
George Grenville
F.
Sugar Act
G.
Quartering Act
H.
admiralty courts
I.
virtual representation
J.
Stamp Act Congress
K.
Non-importation agreements
L.
Declaration of Rights and Grievances
M.
Champagne Charley" Townshend
N.
Townshend Acts
O.
Samuel Adams
V.
Use a computer, research and describe the differences between Loyalists and Patriots before
and during the Revolutionary War. In addition to describing their beliefs list better known
examples of each. Write at least one paragraph. (Day 4)
Define
A.
Lexington
B.
Concord
C.
Loyalist
D.
Hessians
E.
Loyalist
F.
Patriots
G.
Tories
H.
Ethan Allen
I.
Benedict Arnold
J.
Green Mountain Boys
K.
Ft. Ticonderoga
L.
Crown Point
M.
Bunker Hill
N.
Olive Branch Petition
O.
Richard Henry Lee
P.
Moderates
Q.
profiteers
R.
New York
S.
Princeton
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03 Unit AP Outline (6-10) Checklist
T.
U.
V.
W.
X.
Y.
Z.
AA.
BB.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
Period 3: 1754-1800
Brandywine Creek
Germantown
Battle of Monmouth
Camden
Cowpens
Gen. Nathaniel Greene
George Rogers Clark
John Paul Jones
Privateers
Use a computer, research and describe the concept of Republicanism. Particularly the fears
of both centralized power and excessive popular influence in the late 18 th and early 19th
century. Write at least one paragraph. (Day 5)
Use a computer, research and describe the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation with
a short explanation of each. Make the most detailed description about tariffs. Write at least
one paragraph. (Day 6)
Define
A.
republican motherhood
B.
Land Ordinance of 1785
C.
township
D.
section
E.
Virginia Plan
F.
New Jersey Plan
G.
Federalists
H.
Anti-Federalists
I.
George Washington
J.
Amendment 9
K.
Amendment 10
L.
Judiciary Act of 1789
M.
John Jay
N.
Funding at Par.
O.
Assumption
P.
Elastic Clause
Q.
Necessary and Proper
R.
Bank of the United States
Use a computer, research and describe the significance of the Battle of Fallen Timbers.
Write at least one paragraph. (Day 7)
Use a computer, research and describe why John Jay was “burned in effigy” for his
negotiations with Britain. Write at least one paragraph. (Day 8)
Define
A.
Hamiltonians
B.
Jeffersonians
C.
Citizen Edmond Genêt
D.
Gen. "Mad" Anthony Wayne
E.
Treaty of Grenville
F.
Pinckney Treaty
G.
Talleyrand
H.
Convention of 1800
I.
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
46
03 Unit AP Outline (6-10) Checklist
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
O.
compact theory
states’ rights theory
nullification
Federalists
Democratic-Republicans
Republicans
Period 3: 1754-1800