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EXPLORING LIFE
EXERCISE 13:
THE RESPIRATORY,
CIRCULATORY AND
DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS
OF THE RAT
Exercise 13: Respiratory, Circulatory and Digestive Systems of the Rat
Workbook Contents
Corresponding Section on CD
Vocabulary
Key Concepts
Introduction
1. Introduction
The Respiratory System
Mechanics of Breathing
Airways and Gas Exchange
2. The Respiratory System
2A. Mechanics of Breathing
2B. Airways and Gas Exchange
The Circulatory System
The Heart
Divided Circulation and Blood Pressure
3. The Circulatory System
3A. The Heart
3B. Divided Circulation
3C. Blood Pressure
3D. Cardiac and Vascular Muscle
3E. Arteries
3F. Veins
Cardiac and Vascular Muscle
Arteries
Veins
The Digestive System
Abdominal Cavity
Liver and Pancreas
The Stomach
The Intestines
4. The Digestive System
4A. Abdominal Cavity
4B. Liver and Pancreas
4C. Stomach
4D. Intestines
Summary & Review
Vocabulary
Abdominal cavity - The part of the coelom or body cavity located below the diaphragm
Alveolus - An individual air capsule within the lung
Aorta - The major vessel of the arterial portion of the systemic circulation, emerging from the left ventricle of
the heart
Artery - A major blood vessel carrying blood away from the heart
Atrium - Either of two superior chambers of the heart that receive venous blood
Bile - A secretion of the liver that aids in the digestion of fats and the neutralization of stomach acid in the small
intestine
Bronchiole - A small division of a bronchus within the lung
Bronchus - A branch of the trachea that leads to a lung
Capillary - A microscopic blood vessel, connecting an arteriole and a venule, that is the primary site of
exchange between the blood and the tissues
Cardiac - Pertaining to the heart
Cecum - The pouchlike portion of the large intestine to which the ileum of the small intestine is attached
Coelom - The body cavity containing visceral organs
Colon - The large intestine
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Diaphragm - A dome of muscle and connective tissue that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
Diastole - The sequence of the cardiac cycle during which the ventricles are relaxed and arterial blood pressure
is lowest
Duodenum - The first portion of the small intestine
Esophagus - A tubular organ of the digestive system that leads from the pharynx to the stomach
Gastric - Pertaining to the stomach
Heart - A muscular pumping organ located in the thoracic cavity
Hepatic - Pertaining to the liver
Ileum - The terminal portion of the small intestine located between the jejunum and cecum
Jejunum - The middle portion of the small intestine located between the duodenum and ileum
Liver - Organ in the abdominal cavity that produces bile, stores carbohydrates and removes foreign chemicals
from the blood
Pancreas - Organ in the abdominal cavity that secretes digestive juices into the small intestine and insulin and
glucagon into the blood
Peritoneum - An epithelial and connective tissue membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the
abdominal viscera
Portal system - A series of two capillary beds connected by a vein
Pulmonary - Pertaining to the lungs
Pulmonary circulation - The part of the circulatory system that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the
lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the heart
Rectum - The terminal portion of the digestive tract leading to the anus
Small intestine - The portion of the digestive tract between the stomach and the cecum
Stomach - A pouchlike digestive organ between the esophagus and the duodenum
Systemic circulation - The part of the circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the
tissues of the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart
Systole - The phase of the cardiac cycle during which the ventricles are contracted and arterial blood pressure is
highest
Thoracic cavity - The part of the coelom or body cavity located above the diaphragm
Trachea - The airway, commonly called the windpipe, which leads from the larynx to the bronchi
Vein - A major blood vessel that conveys blood toward the heart
Vena cava - The major vessel of the venous portion of the systemic circulation, connecting to the right atrium of
the heart
Ventricle - Either of two lower chambers of the heart that receive blood from the atria and pump the blood out
of the heart into the circulation
Villus - One of the projections of the intestinal wall
Viscera - The organs within the abdominal and thoracic cavities
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KEY CONCEPTS
This section of the workbook is set up to help you note important
information relating to the key concepts of this exercise and then organize
and summarize the information in order to develop a synthesis and prepare
for a review. As you complete this exercise, you will focus on the
structures and their functions in the respiratory, circulatory and digestive
systems:
How are these systems structured?
1. What are the organs of each system? Where are they located?
2. What is important about the structure of some of these organs?
3. What are the cellular characteristics of some of these organs?
How do these systems function?
4. What is the function of each organ in each system?
5. What is the order of the functions in each system?
The first eight pages are questions that can be answered by following the
progression of slides and paying careful attention to the information, both
visual and audio. These questions should be read in advance of each
section so that you can be better prepared to answer them by knowing
what you are looking for. The underlined subheadings correspond to the
sections of the exercise as outlined in the main menu.
The subsequent three pages are designed to help you summarize and
synthesize the pertinent information to answer the questions posed above.
These are followed by a review quiz, which is also available on-screen as
part of the exercise module.
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RESPIRATORY, CIRCULATORY AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS
Introduction
1.
These three systems enable animals to obtain
from
.
2.
The body cavity is called the coelom / viscera and the internal organs are the coelom / viscera.
The coelom is divided into the abdominal / thoracic cavity above and the abdominal / thoracic
cavity below. The two cavities are separated by the diaphragm / mesentery, a muscular sheet.
The Respiratory System
Mechanics of Breathing
3.
Label each phrase (A) or (B) as illustrated by the appropriate diagram:
Diagram A
breathe in
breathe out
diaphragm up, reducing volume in thoracic cavity
diaphragm down, creating a slight vacuum
lungs contract and expel air
lungs expand and take in air
4.
What happens to the lungs when the diaphragm is punctured?
Airways and Gas Exchange
5.
Connect these terms to the appropriate structures on the diagram:
trachea
bronchus
bronchioles
alveoli
left lung lobe
right lung lobe
6. Why do lungs have this complicated branching structure?
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Diagram B
KEY CONCEPTS
The Circulatory System
The Heart
7.
Connect these terms to the structures of the heart (you will have to view several sections to complete this):
aorta
pulmonary artery
right atrium
pulmonary vein
right ventricle
left atrium
atrioventricular valves
left ventricle
vena cava
semilunar valves
8. Match each part of the contraction cycle and each description with a step (1 through 5) from the diagram:
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Contraction Cycle:
atrial
contraction
isometric
ventricular contraction
isometric
ventricular relaxation
middiastole
ventricular
ejection
Descriptions:
ventricles
contract; atrioventricular valves
close
semilunar
valves close; atrioventricular valves
reopen
blood enters
from venous system
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atria contract,
forcing blood into
ventricles
ventricles
contract, forcing
blood through
semilunar valves
into arterial system
RESPIRATORY, CIRCULATORY AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS
The Circulatory System
Divided Circulation and Blood Pressure
Note: The following questions will require the viewing and review of several consecutive movie sections
9. Connect these terms to the diagram, label the circulation systems and draw arrows that indicate the direction of
blood flow.
circulation
pulmonary artery
pulmonary veins
aorta
vena cavae
arteries
arterioles
capillaries
venules
veins
circulation
10. True or False (circle one): The right ventricle is more highly oxygenated than the left ventricle.
True or False (circle one): Systemic circulation is less oxygenated than pulmonary circulation.
11. Label each part of the system with the appropriate blood pressure readings.
True or False (circle one): Blood pressure in systemic circulation is higher than that in pulmonary.
True or False (circle one): Blood pressure is higher in veins than in arteries.
12. Label the aorta in the heart diagrams (previous page, Question #8) with blood pressure readings.
During which phase (step) is systolic blood pressure read?
diastolic?
Which reading is higher, diastolic or systolic ? (circle one)
Thought question: Which side of the heart has thicker, more muscular walls – the right or the left? Why?
13. On which side of this micrograph is the artery?
the vein?
Why does one have a thicker wall than the other?
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KEY CONCEPTS
The Circulatory System
Cardiac and Vascular Muscle
14. Label the following micrographs cardiac, skeletal, or smooth:
1)
2)
3)
Which micrograph represents the wall of a blood vessel?
muscle cells in the heart?
15. After each characteristic, write C (cardiac), Sk (skeletal) and/or Sm (smooth) where appropriate:
has striations
does not have striations
has actin and myosin stacked
does not have actin and myosin stacked
has small, mononuclear cells
has larger, multinuclear cells
is myogenic
is not myogenic
What does myogenic mean?
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RESPIRATORY, CIRCULATORY AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS
Arteries
16. Match each artery to the diagram and to the organ(s)/tissue(s) (if any) to which it delivers blood:
coronary arteries
common carotid arteries
armpits, right and left side
subclavian arteries
dorsal muscles of back
axillary arteries
face
external carotid artery
inner areas of the head
internal carotid artery
inner thighs
inominate artery
intestinal mesenteries only
aorta
kidneys
celiac artery
liver
hepatic artery
neck, right and left side
gastric artery
ovaries (in female)
splenic artery
shoulder and arm
superior mesenteric artery
small intestines and
intestinal mesenteries
renal artery
genital arteries
iliolumbar arteries
inferior mesenteric artery
caudal artery
iliac arteries
femoral arteries
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spleen
stomach
tail
testes (in male)
KEY CONCEPTS
Veins
17. Now match each vein with the diagram and the organ(s)/tissue(s) (if any) it conducts blood from:
cranial vena cava
gonads
external jugular vein
head
axillary veins
kidneys
caudal vena cava
legs
hepatic vein
liver
renal veins
lower body
genital veins
shoulders and arms
iliac and femoral veins
tail
caudal vein
upper part of body
18. Label the diagram with the following: direction of blood flow, artery, capillaries, portal vein, vein.
What is this system called?
What does it do?
19. Now label this system with these terms: gastric veins, mesenteric veins, splenic veins, hepatic portal vein.
What is this system called?
What is the importance of this system?
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RESPIRATORY, CIRCULATORY AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS
The Digestive System
Abdominal Cavity
Note: The following questions will require the viewing and review of several consecutive movie sections
20. Draw and label the four parts of the peritoneum:
21. Match each organ in the digestive system to its role(s) in digestion and secretion(s) (if any):
Organ
teeth (mouth)
Role in Digestive System
enzymatic digestion – carbohydrates & fats
Secretions
amylase
salivary glands (mouth)
enzymatic digestion & initial absorption
bacterial enzymes
liver
enzymatic digestion & final absorption
bile
pancreas
enzymatic & mechanical digestion - proteins
gastric acid
esophagus
indirect enzymatic digestion – fats only
insulin
stomach
indirect enzymatic digestion – proteins, starch & fat
lipase
small intestines
mechanical digestion only
mucus
large intestines
peristalsis only; conduct food to stomach
pancreatic juice
rectum
store and evacuate feces
pepsin
Liver and Pancreas
22. What are the other two roles of the liver?
What is the role of insulin?
The Stomach
23. Draw and label the parts of the stomach: cardiac sphincter, greater & lesser curvatures, pyloric sphincter.
What is the role of the sphincters?
24. Beside activating pepsin to digest protein, what else does stomach acid do?
Thought question: What protects the stomach from digesting itself?
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KEY CONCEPTS
The Stomach (continued)
25. Label this cross-section of the gastric mucosa:
gastric glands
gastric pits
mucous cells
submucosa
parietal cells
chief cells
Parietal cells secrete pepsinogen / stomach acid while chief cells secrete pepsinogen / stomach acid .
The Intestines
26. What are the three sections of the small intestines, in order?
27. To what digestive glands is the small intestines connected?
28. Label these cross-sections of the small intestines:
villi
microvilli
epithelial cells
lumen
cell membrane
tight junction
intestinal gland
capillary
vein
artery
The villi increase absorption of nutrients by increasing surface area / mix intestinal juices while
the microvilli increase absorption of nutrients by increasing surface area / mix intestinal juices.
Where does the blood with the newly digested nutrient go first?
Why?
29. Number the sections of the colon in order:
ascending
What organisms live in the colon that aid digestion?
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cecum
descending
rectum
transverse
SUMMARY AND REVIEW
Number these statements in the appropriate sequence for each process:
Contraction Cycle
Mechanics of Breathing
diaphragm goes down
atria contract, forcing blood into the ventricles
diaphragm moves up
blood enters atria from venous system
lungs contract and expel air
semilunar valves close and atrioventricular
lungs expand and take in air
valves reopen
thoracic cavity volume increases
ventricles contract
thoracic cavity volume decreases
ventricles relax
you breathe in
you breathe out
Divided Circulation
blood enters left atrium from pulmonary circulation
blood enters right atrium from systemic circulation
blood exits left ventricle and enters systemic circulation
blood exits right ventricle and enters pulmonary circulation
carbon dioxide is removed from blood and blood is oxygenated in lungs
oxygen is removed from and waste products are added to blood at cells/capillaries
Digestion
esophagus delivers food to stomach via peristalsis
food is chewed and salivary secretions begin starch and fat digestion
large intestines complete digestion and absorption
rectum evacuates feces
small intestines continue chemical digestion and begins absorption
stomach continues mechanical digestion and begins protein digestion
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RESPIRATORY, CIRCULATORY AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
AA
BB
CC
DD
EE
FF
GG
HH
II
JJ
KK
LL
MM
NN
OO
PP
QQ
RR
Description/Function
activate pepsin and kill microorganisms
aid digestion in large intestines
begin fat digestion
begin mechanical digestion
begin starch digestion
branching structures that connect the trachea to alveoli
capillary-covered sacs that increase surface area for gas exchange
cartilagenous structure that connects nasal and oral cavities to lungs
conduct blood from aorta to arterioles
conduct blood from arteries to capillaries
conduct blood from capillaries to veins
conduct blood from venules to vena cava
conduct oxygenated blood to tissues, deoxygenated blood away
continue chemical digestion and begin absorption of nutrients
continue mechanical and chemical digestion
deliver deoxygenated blood from body tissues to right atrium
deliver deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs
deliver food from mouth to stomach through peristalsis
deliver oxygenated blood from left ventricle to body tissues
deliver oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium
digest fats in small intestines
digest fats, starches and proteins in small intestines
digest protein
expand and contract with downward and upward movement of diaphragm
finish chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients, secrete mucus
increase absorptive surface area and mix intestinal juice
increase absorptive surface area of small intestines
lubricate passage of feces
muscular sheet; divides abdominal from thoracic cavity; aids in breathing
prevent backflow from blood vessels into ventricles
prevent backflow from ventricles into atria during ventricular contraction
prevent backflow of digested materials into esophagus
prevent backflow of digested materials into stomach
produce amylase and lipase
produce bile, store glycogen and metabolize nutrients and toxins
produce gastric acid
produce pancreatic juice and insulin
produce pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin by stomach acid
receives blood from left atrium and pumps into systemic circulation
receives blood from pulmonary circulation and pumps into left ventricle
receives blood from right atrium and pumps into pulmonary circulation
receives blood from systemic circulation and pumps into right ventricle
regulate glucose metabolism
store and evacuate feces
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System
Organ/Secretion
alveoli
amylase
aorta
arteries
arterioles
atrioventricular valves
bacterial enzymes
bile
bronchi/bronchioles
capillaries
cardiac sphincter
chief cells
diaphragm
esophagus
gastric acid
insulin
large intestines/colon
left atrium
left ventricle
lipase
liver
lungs
microvilli
mucus
pancreas
pancreatic juice
parietal cells
pepsin
pulmonary artery
pulmonary veins
pyloric sphincter
rectum
right atrium
right ventricle
salivary glands
semilunar valves
small intestines
stomach
teeth
trachea
veins
vena cava
venules
villi
Number +
Letter
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
Letter
Number
Match the organ/secretion with its description AND function by placing the appropriate number AND letter in
the column provided. Then label the system in which the organ/secretion is found as follows: C = circulatory,
D = digestive, R = respiratory. The first one has been done for you.
1G
R
SUMMARY AND REVIEW
Label the major organs and blood vessels on the diagram below:
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