Download AVIATION WEATHER

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Avn Weather Exam – June 4
7 out of 10
7 out of 10
7 out of 10
7 out of 10
7 out of 10
Atmosphere & Airmasses,
Pressure & Winds,
Stability and Clouds
Frontal Weather
Weather Hazards
Weather Reports &
Forecasts
Weather Charts
Why is weather
important?
Weather affects everything we do!
What is weather?
The state of the atmosphere with respect
to temperature, moisture content,
turbulence, and cloudiness.
• Air temperature
• Humidity
• Clouds
• Precipitation
• Atmospheric Pressure
• Wind
Terminal Learning
Objective
ACTION: Plan a flight for weather
considerations
CONDITION: Acting as an aviator and given an
IFR or VFR flight mission and available weather
information.
STANDARD: In accordance with (IAW) Army
Regulation (AR) 95-1, and Field Manual (FM) 1230
ELO # 1
ACTION: Identify the composition of
the atmosphere and its effects on
weather.
CONDITION: Given pertinent
information about the atmosphere.
STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230 para 2-2
OTHER GASES
1%
Dry Air
NITROGEN
78%
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OXYGEN
21%
Natural Air =
Dry air + Condensation
Nuclei and Water Vapor
ELO # 2
ACTION: The student will identify the
layers of the atmosphere, height, and in
which layer weather occurs.
CONDITION: Given pertinent
information about the atmosphere.
STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230 para 2-3
Layers of Atmosphere
- Troposphere
- Tropopause
- Stratosphere
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Stratosphere
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ELO # 3
ACTION: The student will identify the
atmospheric circulation, Coriolis force,
and the three-cell theory.
CONDITION: Given pertinent information
about the atmosphere.
STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230 para 6-2, 3, 4
Atmospheric circulation begins
with uneven heating.
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Atmospheric circulation is
modified by…
Uneven heating from the sun
Atmospheric circulation is
modified by…
Uneven heating from the sun
Coriolis Force – The apparent force
caused by the unequal speed of
rotation of the earth’s surface. This
force deflects non-steerable bodies to
the right in the Northern Hemisphere.
Atmospheric circulation is
modified by…
Uneven heating from the sun
Coriolis Force – The apparent force
caused by the unequal speed of
rotation of the earth’s surface. This
force deflects non-steerable bodies to
the right in the Northern Hemisphere.
• Tilt of the earth
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L HL
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Global Circulation
Local circulation discussed in
future classes
ELO # 4
ACTION: The student will identify the
four types of heat transfer.
CONDITION: Given pertinent
information about heat energy.
STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230 para 3-5
METHODS OF
HEAT TRANSFER
• RADIATION
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METHODS OF
HEAT TRANSFER
• RADIATION
• CONDUCTION
• CONVECTION
Strongest thermal currents created
over landmass during daylight
hours
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METHODS OF
HEAT TRANSFER
•
•
•
•
RADIATION
CONDUCTION
CONVECTION
ADVECTION
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Insolation
Terrestrial
Radiation
Conduction
Conduction
Convection
Advection
Advection
Sea Breeze Effect
Land Breeze Effect
Be back prior to arrival at OZR. (ETA 00+10)
ELO # 5
ACTION: The student will identify the
relationship of temperature with altitude
change, to include temperature
inversions.
CONDITION: Given pertinent
information about the temperature.
STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230 para 3-7b
Temperature
A MEASUREMENT OF THE LEVEL OF
INTENSITY OF HEAT ENERGY
MEASURED IN DEGREES CELSIUS
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• Warmest temperatures near ground
• Decreases with altitude
• Standard Lapse Rate
• OLR – Observed Lapse Rate
TEMPERATURE
INVERSIONS
WARMER AIR ABOVE COLDER AIR
• NOCTURNAL
• FRONTAL
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Best conditions for
nocturnal inversion clear and cool night
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Overcast Sky / Greenhouse Effect
prevents a temperature inversion
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ELO # 6
ACTION: The student will identify the
characteristics, classification, stability
and movement of an air mass.
CONDITION: Given pertinent
information about air masses.
STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230 Chapter 9
AIR MASS - A LARGE BODY OF AIR WHOSE
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ARE HORIZONTALLY
UNIFORM
TEMP 2° C
DP -10° C
TEMP 30° C
DP 25° C
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Icelandic
High
Siberian High
North
American
High
Pineapple High
Bermuda
High
AIR MASS
CLASSIFICATION
c = CONTINENTAL AIR MASS
(DRY AIR)
m = MARITIME AIR MASS
(MOIST AIR)
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AIR MASS
CLASSIFICATION
A = ARTIC AIR MASS (70° TO 90°)
P = POLAR AIR MASS (40° T0 60°)
T = TROPICAL AIR MASS (10° TO 30°)
E = EQUATORIAL AIR MASS (O° TO 10°)
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AIR MASS
CLASSIFICATION
cA
Continental Artic
coldest, dry
cP
Continental Polar
cold, dry
mP
Maritime Polar
cold, moist
mT
Maritime Tropical
warm, moist
cT
Continental Tropical
warm, dry
E
Equatorial
warmest, moist
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AIR MASS
STABILITY
w = Stable
k = Unstable
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Stable air mass: air is warmer than the ground
indicated by the symbol - w
35°c
15°c
20°c
0°c
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AIR MASS CHARACTERISTICS
W TYPE AIR MASS
• STRATUS CLOUDS
• FOG
• LOW CEILINGS
• POOR VISIBILITY
• SMOOTH FLYING CONDITIONS
• LIGHT OR CALM WINDS
• CONTINOUS LIGHT RAIN
• USUALLY IFR CONDITIONS
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Unstable air mass: air is colder than the ground
indicated by the symbol - K
20°c
35°c
0°c
15°c
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AIR MASS CHARACTERISTICS
K TYPE AIR MASS
• CUMULUS CLOUDS
• HIGH CEILINGS
• GOOD VISIBILITY
• TURBULENCE
• GUSTY SURFACE WINDS
• THUNDERSTORMS, HEAVY RAIN
SHOWERS, HAIL, LIGHTNING
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Measurement
Updraft Speed
Hailstone size
in.
cm.
mph
m/s
bb
< 1/4
< 0.64
< 24
< 11
pea
1/4
0.64
24
11
marble
1/2
1.3
35
16
dime
7/10
1.8
38
17
penny
3/4
1.9
40
18
nickel
7/8
2.2
46
21
quarter
1
2.5
49
22
half dollar
1 1/4
3.2
54
24
walnut
1 1/2
3.8
60
27
golf ball
1 3/4
4.4
64
29
hen egg
2
5.1
69
31
tennis ball
2 1/2
6.4
77
34
baseball
2 3/4
7.0
81
36
tea cup
3
7.6
84
38
grapefruit
4
10.1
98
44
4 1/2
11.4
103
46
softball
AIR MASS
CLASSIFICATION
cPk
Continental Polar
unstable
mPk
Maritime Polar
unstable
mTw
Maritime Tropical
stable
cTk
Continental Tropical
unstable
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ELO # 7
ACTION: The student will identify the
typical weather associated with air
masses.
CONDITION: Given pertinent
information about a type of air mass.
STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230 Chapter 9
FM 1-230 References for today
• Atmosphere 2-1 thru 2-3
• Temperature 3-1 thru 3-5
• Atmospheric Circulation 6-1 thru
6-5
• Air Masses 9-1 thru 9-11
FM 1-230 References
for tomorrow…
• Pressure 5-1 thru 5-7
• Atmospheric Circulation 6-6 thru
6-8
Safety First…
“Nothing we do is worth an accident.”
STOP
Abandon hope all ye who enter here
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QUESTIONS
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