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Directed Reading
Section: The Water Planet
______ 1. The body of salt water covering nearly three-quarters of the Earth’s
surface is called the
a. Earth’s ocean.
b. Pacific Ocean.
c. salt-water ocean.
d. global ocean.
______ 2. How many of the known planets have a covering of liquid water
similar to that of Earth?
a. one
b. three
c. all
d. none
______ 3. Why is Earth called the water planet?
a. Earth is three-quarters water.
b. Earth is the largest planet that has water.
c. No other known planet has water.
d. The global ocean is 1/4,000 of Earth’s mass.
______ 4. What percentage of water on Earth does the global ocean contain?
a. 50%
b. 85%
c. 97%
d. 100%
______ 5. The most prominent feature on Earth is
a. the Pacific Ocean.
b. the continent of Asia.
c. the continental land mass.
d. the global ocean.
______ 6. The global ocean is about 1/800 of Earth’s total
a. mass.
b. volume.
c. surface area.
d. water area.
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DIVISIONS OF THE GLOBAL OCEAN
______ 7. How many major oceans form the global ocean?
a. seven
b. five
c. three
d. one
______ 8. The major oceans include the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic and
a. Eastern oceans.
b. Western oceans.
c. Northern oceans.
d. Southern oceans.
______ 9. The largest ocean on Earth’s surface is the
a. Atlantic Ocean.
b. Pacific Ocean.
c. Indian Ocean.
d. Southern Ocean.
______ 10. Earth’s deepest ocean is the
a. Atlantic Ocean.
b. Pacific Ocean.
c. Indian Ocean.
d. Southern Ocean.
______ 11. The ocean that contains more than one-half the ocean water on Earth
is the
a. Atlantic Ocean.
b. Pacific Ocean.
c. Indian Ocean.
d. Southern Ocean.
______ 12. The second-largest ocean on Earth’s surface is the
a. Atlantic Ocean.
b. Pacific Ocean.
c. Indian Ocean.
d. Southern Ocean.
______ 13. The average depth of the Atlantic Ocean is
a. 4.3 km.
b. 3.9 km.
c. 2.7 km.
d. 1.9 km.
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______ 14. The third-largest ocean on Earth’s surface is the
a. Atlantic Ocean.
b. Pacific Ocean.
c. Indian Ocean.
d. Southern Ocean.
______ 15. The ocean extending from the coast of Antarctica to 60ºS latitude is
the
a. Atlantic Ocean.
b. Pacific Ocean.
c. Indian Ocean.
d. Southern Ocean.
______ 16. The Arctic Ocean is Earth’s
a. oldest ocean.
b. deepest ocean.
c. widest ocean.
d. smallest ocean.
______ 17 A body of salt water that is smaller than an ocean is a(n)
a. sea.
b. lake.
c. river.
d. inlet.
18. Name three major seas.
EXPLORATION OF THE OCEAN
______ 19. The study of the physical and chemical make-up of the ocean as well a
its life-forms is called
a. oceanography.
b. oceanology.
c. sedimentology.
d. oceano-biology.
______ 20. Modern oceanography began in
a. the 1750s.
b. the 1850s.
c. the 1950s.
d. ancient times.
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______ 21. Matthew F. Maury was (a)n
a. American army officer.
b. American scientist.
c. American naval officer.
d. British naval officer.
______ 22. What did Matthew F. Maury use to learn about ocean currents, winds,
depths, and weather conditions?
a. records from weather stations
b. records from merchant ships
c. records from navy ships
d. diaries and journals
23. What measurements were made by HMS Challenger between 1872 and 1876?
24. What three types of samples were collected by HMS Challenger between 1872
and 1876?
25. The voyages of the HMS Challenger laid the foundation for the modern
science of
.
26. Why do drilling ships use reentry cones?
27. What valuable information do scientists gather from samples drilled by
JOIDES Resolution?
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28. What organization operates the Japanese ship CHIKYU?
In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the
term or phrase.
______ 29. the British navy ship
HMS Challenger
a. the world’s largest scientific drilling
ship in the 1990s
______ 30. the Japanese ship
CHIKYU
b. the ship that laid the foundation for
modern oceanography
c. the most advanced drilling ship now
in use
______ 31. the research ship
JOIDES Resolution
32. Oceanographic research ships are often equipped
with
.
33. What is sonar?
34. What do the letters in sonar stand for?
35. About how fast do the sound waves from a sonar transmitter travel through
sea water?
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36. What happens to the continuous series of sound waves sent from a sonar
transmitter?
37. What measurements do scientists make when using sonar?
38. What do scientists calculate with the information they collect from sonar?
39. How do scientists use the information they collect using sonar?
40. What are underwater research vessels called submersibles used for?
41. What are two types of piloted submersibles?
42. What is the difference between a bathyscaph and a bathysphere?
43. What are two kinds of underwater tasks performed by submarine robots?
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44. What is one major advantage a remotely piloted robot submersible has over a
piloted submersible?
In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the
term or phrase.
______ 45. bathysphere
______ 46. bathyscaph
______ 47. submarine
robot
a. a spherical diving vessel that remains connected
to the research ship for communication and life
support
b. a piloted, self-propelled, free-moving submarine
c. remotely piloted submersible that allows oceanographers to study the ocean depths for long periods
of time
48. Submersibles have helped scientists make exciting discoveries about
the
.
49. What types of marine life did scientists in one submersible find living at
depths and temperatures where they thought no life would exist?
50. What are two characteristics of the deep ocean made it unlikely that oceanographers would discover life forms?
51. Why do life-forms in the deep ocean have unusual adaptations?
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Section: Features of the Ocean Floor
______ 1. How many major areas does the ocean floor have?
a. one
b. two
c. three
d. four
______ 2. The shallow sea floor between the shoreline and the deep-ocean
bottom is called the
a. continental margin.
b. deep-ocean basin.
c. continental crust.
d. oceanic crust.
______ 3. Continental margins are made up of continental crust
a. and a thin sediment layer.
b. and a thick wedge of sediment.
c. without a sedimentary layer.
d. or a sedimentary layer.
______ 4. The part of the ocean floor under deep water beyond the continental
margin is called the
a. continental margin.
b. deep-ocean basin.
c. continental crust.
d. oceanic crust.
______ 5. The deep-ocean basin is made up of oceanic crust
a. and a thin sediment layer.
b. and a thick wedge of sediment.
c. without a sedimentary layer.
d. or a sedimentary layer.
CONTINENTAL MARGINS
______ 6. The line that divides the continental crust from the oceanic crust is
a. distinct.
b. on the surface.
c. under thick sediments.
d. at the shoreline.
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______ 7. The part of the continent covered by water is called the
a. shoreline.
b. continental margin.
c. continental shelf.
d. deep-ocean basin.
______ 8. The continental shelf slopes gently from the shoreline, and drops
about 0.12 m every
a. 10 m.
b. 100 m.
c. 1,000 m.
d. 10,000 m.
______ 9. the average depth of the water covering a continental shelf is about
a. 6 m.
b. 60 m.
c. 160 m.
d. 600 m.
______ 10. The continental shelf is part of the
a. continental margin.
b. deep-ocean basin.
c. ocean surface.
d. oceanic crust.
______ 11. During glacial periods
a. sea level rises.
b. sea level falls.
c. sea level is unchanged.
d. continental shelves rise.
______ 12. More continental shelf is exposed to weathering and erosion
a. when ice sheets melt and sea level rises.
b. during glacial periods when ice sheets hold water.
c. at the beginning of glacial periods when ice begins to freeze.
d. at the end of glacial periods when ice begins to melt.
______ 13. The steep slope at the seaward edge of a continental shelf is called the
a. continental rise.
b. continental slope.
c. oceanic slope.
d. oceanic rise.
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14. Where is the boundary between the continental crust and the oceanic crust?
15. About how steeply does the ocean depth increase along the continental slope?
16. V-shaped valleys in the continental shelf and continental slope are
called
.
17. What is one place submarine canyons are often found?
18. How can turbidity currents help form submarine canyons?
19. How do turbidity currents form?
20. A raised wedge of sediment at the base of the continental slope is called
a(n)
.
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DEEP-OCEAN BASINS
21. What are four features of deep-ocean basins?
22. How do the mountains and the plains in deep-ocean basins compare to those
on the surface of the continents?
23. What is the name of the deepest place in Earth’s crust?
24. Where is the deepest place in Earth’s crust located?
25. About how deep is the deepest place in Earth’s crust?
26. In the deep-ocean basins, what is a trench?
27. How do trenches form in the deep-ocean basins?
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28. Name three things that occur or form near trenches.
29. In the deep-ocean basins, what are abyssal plains?
30. About half of the deep-ocean basins are covered
by
.
31. The flattest regions on Earth are
.
32. Layers of fine
cover the abyssal plains.
33. What are the two sources of sediments covering the abyssal plains?
34. How does the age of the oceanic crust affect the thickness of sediments on
the abyssal plains?
35. How would distance from the continental margin to the abyssal plains affect
the thickness of sediments?
36. Compare the sediment cover on abyssal plains that are bordered by trenches
with the sediment cover on abyssal plains not bordered by trenches.
37. The most prominent features of ocean basins are
38. Mid-ocean ridges form underwater
.
.
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39. What is one place where a mid-ocean ridge rises above sea level?
40. Where do mid-ocean ridges form?
41. What runs along the center of a mid-ocean ridge?
42. How does magma reach the sea floor?
43. What is formed when magma reaches the sea floor?
44. What happens to new lithosphere as it cools?
45. Blocks of crust bounded by faults, called _______________________ , form
parallel to ridges as lithosphere cools and contracts.
46. What happens as ridges adjust to changes in the direction of plate motions?
47. Faults create rough areas called
, which run
perpendicular across mid-ocean ridges.
48. Where do seamounts form?
In the space provided, write the letter of the definition that best matches the term
or phrase.
______ 49. guyot
______ 50. hot spot
a. an area of increased volcanic activity where
seamounts form
b. submerged seamount with a flat top
______ 51. seamount
c. a seamount that rises above the ocean
______ 52. atoll
d. an oceanic island that is in the process of
being eroded into a guyot
______ 53. oceanic island
e. submerged volcanic mountain taller than 1 km
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Section: Ocean-Floor Sediments
______ 1. Continental shelves and slopes are covered with
a. sediments.
b. turbidity currents.
c. silica.
d. petroleum.
______ 2. Ocean sediments are composed of
a. the same materials no matter which part of the ocean the sediments
form in.
b. only coarse gravel and sand carried into the water by wind
and currents.
c. only light particles that have been suspended in ocean water.
d. various materials depending on which part of the ocean the sediments form in.
______ 3. Sediments in the ocean are well sorted by
a. shape.
b. texture.
c. age.
d. size.
4. Name three ways sediments get into the ocean.
5. The types of sediments found close to shore are
usually
.
6. The types of sediments usually deposited far from shore
are
.
SOURCES OF DEEP OCEAN-BASIN SEDIMENTS
______ 7. Compared to sediments found in shallow water, those found in the
deep-ocean basin are usually
a. coarser.
b. sandier.
c. heavier.
d. finer.
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______ 8. Cylinders of sediment that are taken from sediment layers on the
ocean floor are called
a. gravel.
b. JOIDES.
c. core samples.
d. organic sediments.
______ 9. Most of the sediment in deep-ocean basins comes from
a. the shoreline.
b. rivers.
c. ocean water above.
d. core samples.
10. What are two ways to take sediment samples in deep ocean basins?
11. What is the name of one research vessel used to study ocean floor sediment
core samples?
12. What is one type of sediment carried into the ocean basin by land from rivers?
13. In what two places does a river usually deposit a sediment load with rock
particles?
14. Besides the shore and the continental shelf, where do large quantities of sediments occasionally end up?
15. Large quantities of sediments sliding from continental slopes to the ocean
floor below create
currents.
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16. How does volcanic dust become sediment in the deep-ocean basins?
17. How do icebergs provide sediments that end up on the ocean basins?
18. What happens to a meteorite as it enters Earth’s atmosphere?
19. What happens to most meteorite fragments after the meteorite vaporizes?
20. How are underwater landslides caused?
In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the
term or phrase.
______ 21. biogenic sediments
______ 22. calcium carbonate
a. formed by shells of radiolarians and diatoms
b. remains of marine plants and animals
c. lumps of minerals found on the ocean floor
______ 23. silica
d. formed by skeletons of foraminiferans
______ 24. nodules
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PHYSICAL CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENTS
______ 25. How many basic types of deep ocean-floor sediments are there?
a. one
b. two
c. three
d. four
______ 26. Fine silt- and clay-sized particles of rock, found on the deep ocean
floor, are called
a. muds.
b. ooze.
c. diatoms.
d. nodules.
______ 27. Clay particles mixed with silt, sand, and biogenic material are called
a. red ooze.
b. red mud.
c. red clay.
d. red silt.
______ 28. About how much of the ocean floor is covered with ooze?
a. 10%
b. 20%
c. 30%
d. 40%
______ 29. About how much of the ooze on the ocean floor is made up of biogenic
materials?
a. 10%
b. 20%
c. 30%
d. 40%
______ 30. Calcareous ooze is made up mostly of
a. calcium carbide.
b. calcium carbonate.
c. calcium hydroxide.
d. calcium silicate.
______ 31. Calcareous ooze is never found deeper than
a. 1 km.
b. 5 km.
c. .5 km
d. 10 km.
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______ 32. In cold ocean water, between depths of 3 km and 5 km, calcium carbonate
a. precipitates.
b. expands.
c. crystallizes.
d. dissolves.
______ 33. Siliceous ooze can be found
a. only at depths over 5 km on the ocean floor.
b. only at depths less than 5 km on the ocean floor.
c. only at depths between 3 km and 5 km on the ocean floor.
d. at any depth on the ocean floor.
______ 34. Siliceous ooze is made up mostly of
a. silicon carbide.
b. silicon dioxide.
c. calcium silicate.
d. silica gel.
35. Why is most siliceous ooze found in the waters around Antarctica?
In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the
term or phrase.
______ 36. mud
______ 37. siliceous ooze
______ 38. calcareous ooze
a. deep ocean-floor sediments found above
a depth of 5 km
b. deep ocean-floor sediment usually found in
the ocean around Antarctica
c. deep ocean-floor sediments consisting of very
fine silt- and clay-sized rock particles
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