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rocks and fossils rocks and fossils Granite Gabbro What do I look like? What do I look like? Q Large crystals Q Medium sized crystals (look with a magnifying glass!) Q Pale colour Q Grey colour Q Doesn’t scratch easily with a paperclip (hard!) Q Doesn’t scratch easily with a paperclip (hard!) Q Crystals arranged randomly Q Crystals arranged randomly Q Crystals different sizes rocks and fossils rocks and fossils Gabbro Granite All about me All about me Formed when liquid rock (magma) cools quite slowly underground. Formed when liquid rock (magma) cools very slowly underground. This rock is very hard. This makes it very useful as rock armour, it is placed along a coast line to protect the land from erosion by the sea. This rock is very hard but also nice looking once it is polished. This makes it a useful material to make kitchen worktops out of because it can withstand hard usage and still look pretty. rocks and fossils rocks and fossils Dolerite Basalt What do I look like? What do I look like? Q Small crystals (look with a magnifying glass!) Q Very small crystals Q Black colour Q Black or greyish black colour Q Scratches with a paperclip Q Scratches with a fingernail Q Gas holes filled with a white mineral rocks and fossils rocks and fossils Basalt Dolerite All about me All about me Formed when liquid rock (magma) cools fast above ground, often when erupted from a volcano. Formed when liquid rock (magma) cools underground, while it is being channelled up to a volcano. This rock is the most common kind of rock in the Earth’s crust. In fact the ground under all the world’s oceans are made of basalt! This rock can form very steep cliffs once it is exposed at the Earth’s surface, this is because it is very hard and is only worn down very slowly by the wind and rain. rocks and fossils rocks and fossils Gneiss Marble What do I look like? What do I look like? Q Medium sized crystals Q Medium sized crystals Q Pale colour Q Pure white Q Doesn’t scratch easily with a paperclip (hard!) Q Sugary texture Q Crystals arranged in bands Q Doesn’t scratch easily with a paperclip (hard!) Q Crystals all the same size rocks and fossils rocks and fossils Marble Gneiss All about me All about me Formed when limestone is buried deep underground and put under high temperature and pressures. Formed when granite or sedimentary rock is buried deep underground and put under very high temperature and pressure. This rock is thought of as extremely beautiful and it comes in all sorts of colours. You will often see Ancient Greek and Roman statues made from marble. This rock can have patterns that let you see how the original rock was bent and twisted. It is also the oldest type of rock in Britain, you can find gneiss is Scotland that is 3,000 million years old! rocks and fossils rocks and fossils Schist Slate What do I look like? What do I look like? Q Medium sized crystals Q Silver colour Q Very shiny when held to the light Q Very small crystals (you can’t see them with a magnifying glass!) Q Grey to purple colour Q Scratches with a penny Q Often thin and flat in shape (you might see some layers!) rocks and fossils rocks and fossils Slate Schist All about me All about me Formed when mudstone or shale is buried deep underground and put under low temperature and pressures (but higher than the surface!). Formed when mudstone or shale is buried deep underground and put under very high temperature and pressures. This rock is useful as it is hard, it splits into thin sheets and is impermeable (it doesn’t let liquid pass through). For this reason it is often used to make roof tiles for houses. This rock can grow gemstones! Garnet crystals can form in schists, these crystals are very pretty and have been used for jewellery since the Roman times. rocks and fossils rocks and fossils Mudstone Limestone What do I look like? What do I look like? Q Very small grains (you can’t see with a magnifying glass!) Q Dark brown to black colour Q Scratches with a fingernail (it’s very soft!) Q You can sometimes see bedding planes (layers in the rock) Q Very small grains (usually can’t see any with a magnifying glass) Q Grey or cream coloured Q Fossils common (some of these might be shiny like crystals) Q Scratches with a paper clip rocks and fossils rocks and fossils Limestone Mudstone All about me All about me Formed in shallow oceans when coral and sea shells are crushed up or dissolved and build up in layers. These layers are squashed together or compacted to make this kind or rock. Formed in deep oceans when mud falling to the seabed builds up in layers. These layers are squashed together or compacted to make this kind or rock. This rock was made during the Carboniferous period 360 to 300 million years ago, before dinosaurs evolved, when huge swamps and rainforests covered lots of the Earth. This rock was made during the Jurassic Period 200 to 145 million years ago, when sea levels were much higher and oceans covered lots of the Earth. rocks and fossils rocks and fossils Sandstone Desert Sandstone What do I look like? What do I look like? Q Small grains (you can see with a magnifying glass!) Q Medium sized grains Q Light brown, sandy colour Q Red colour Q Grains can be shiny in the light Q Grains can glitter in the light Q Doesn’t scratch easily with a paperclip (hard!) Q Doesn’t scratch easily with a paperclip (hard!) rocks and fossils rocks and fossils Desert Sandstone Sandstone All about me All about me Formed in a desert where sand grains are blown by the wind and build up. All of the sand grains are squashed together or compacted to make this kind or rock. Formed in the mouth of a river (estuary) when sand that is carried by the river and dropped builds up in layers. These layers are squashed together or compacted to make this kind or rock. This rock was made during the Triassic period 250 to 200 million years ago, before dinosaurs evolved, when huge deserts covered lots of the Earth. This rock is permeable (lets liquid pass into it) this means it can be very good at storing water underground. rocks and fossils rocks and fossils Oolitic Limestone Conglomerate What do I look like? What do I look like? Q Medium sized grains Q Lots of different sized grains Q Cream colour Q Pebbles and sand cemented together Q Can scratch with a penny Q Sand has brown colour, pebbles are lots of different colours Q Contains small white balls of limestone Q Can scratch with a penny Q Fossils common rocks and fossils rocks and fossils Conglomerate Oolitic Limestone All about me All about me Formed in a river when pebbles and sand are dropped to the river bed and build up in layers. These layers are squashed together and compacted to make this kind of rock. Formed in shallow oceans when coral and sea shells roll around the sea floor and make little balls called ooids which build up in layers. These ooids are squashed together or compacted to make this kind or rock. This rock was made during the Jurassic Period 200 to 145 million years ago, when sea levels were much higher and ocean covered lots of the Earth. This rock is permeable (lets liquid pass into it) this means in the right conditions it is very good at storing oil underground. We find oil in oolitic limestones in the Middle East and the USA. rocks and fossils Chalk What do I look like? Q Very fine grains Q Pure white colour Q Can scratch with a penny Q Chalky texture rocks and fossils Chalk All about me Formed in oceans when tiny sea creatures called algae die, fall to the seabed and build up in layers. These layers are squashed together or compacted to make this kind of rock. This rock was made during the Cretaceous Period 145 to 65 million years ago, the golden age of dinosaurs.
