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HelferInnen gesucht für die Master-Feier
Termin: 16. Dezember 2009
Glaskasten, Campus Essen
Ab 13.00 Uhr
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Biofilm Centre
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Bacterial diversity 2
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Aquifex
Prescott et al., 2000
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Aquifex
(Hyper)thermophilic, autotrophic, aerobic
From the Lunar and Planetary Institute.
Approximately 2
meters downstream
of the spring
pictured to the right.
Pink microbial
filaments containing
Aquifex and
Thermotoga were
found in this
channel.
The tempurature
was measured to be
83 degrees Celsius
and the pH was
found to be 8.
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Aquifex
Aquifex pyrophilus novel group of
marine hyperthermophilic H2 -oxidizing
bacteria
¾ As a hyperthermophilic bacterium,
Aquifex aeolicus grows in
extremely hot tempuratures
such as near volcanoes or hot
springs.
¾ They grow optimally at temperatures
around 85 degrees but can
grow at temperatures up to 95
degrees.
¾ It needs oxygen to carry on its
metabolic machinery, but it can
function in relatively low levels
of oxygen (A. pyrophilus can
grow in levels of oxygen as low
as 7.5 ppm).
¾ Aquifex species generally form large
cell aggregates, which can be
comprised of up to 100
individual cells.
Copyright for all images: K.O.Stetter & R.Rachel, Univ.Regensburg
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Thermotoga
Prescott et al., 2000
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Thermotoga maritima
„ Originally isolated from
geothermally heated sediment
in Vulcano, Italy.
„ Growth optimum 80°C.
„ This bacterium breaks down
many simple and complex
carbohydrates, including
cellulose and xylan.
„ If converted to fuels such as
ethanol, cellulose and xylan are
potential sources of renewable
energy.
„ Candidate for biofuel
production
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Dr. H. Steele 2006
Deinococci
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Prescott et al., 2000
Deinococci
Deinococcus radiodurans: ¾ An extremophilic bacterium, and is the
„strange berry which withstands radiation“ mostradioresistant organism known. While a dose of 10 Gy
is sufficient to kill a human, and a dose of 60 Gy is
sufficient to kill all cells in a culture of E. coli, D.
radiodurans is capable of withstanding an instantaneous
dose of up to 5,000 Gy with no loss of viability, and an
instantaneous dose of up to 15,000 Gy with 37% viability.
¾ It can survive heat, cold, dehydration, vacuum, and acid,
and because of its resistance to more than one extreme
condition, D. radiodurans is known as a polyextremophile.
It has also been listed as the world's toughest bacterium in
"The Guinness Book Of World Records" because of its
extraordinary resistance to several extreme conditions. It
has been classified as a Gram-positive bacterium.
Scientific classification
1 gray (Gy) is the
absorption of one joule
of energy, in the form
of ionizing radiation,
by 1 kg of matter.
Kingdom:Bacteria
Phylum:Deinococcus-Thermus
Order:Deinococcales
Genus:Deinococcus
Species:D. radiodurans
Binomial name: Deinococcus radiodurans
Brooks & Murray, 1981
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Deinococci
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Prescott
et al., 2000
Photosynthetic bacteria
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Cyanobacteria: oxygenic
photosynthesis
6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2Ü
¾ Primary producers (organisms that fix CO2 for
cellular carbon) play key roles in both
oceanic food chain dynamics and in
marine biogeochemistry.
¾ The factors that control their growth directly
impact global processes.
¾ Cyanobacteria, including species of
Synechococcus, Trichodesmium, and
Crocosphaera, are prominent
constituents of the marine biosphere
that account for a significant
percentage of global primary
productivity.
¾ Additionally, in warm waters diazotrophic
cyanobacteria (i.e., Trichodesmium and
Crocosphaera) are vital components of
the global nitrogen cycle through the
production of “new” nitrogen.
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Fossil cyanobacteria
a) thin sections of
Archean Apex
(ca. 3,5 billion
years old),
Western Australia
b) Gloediniopsis,
about 1,5 billion
years old from
Ural mountains
c) Palaeolyngbia,
about 950 million
years old, from
Eastern Sibiria
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Cyanobacteria (Greek: κυανός (kyanós) = blue + bacterium) also known as
Cyanophyta is a phylum (or "division") of Bacteria that obtain their energy through
photosynthesis.
¾They are often referred to as blue-green algae, although they are in fact
prokaryotes, not algae. The description is primarily used to reflect their
appearance and ecological role rather than their evolutionary lineage. The
name "cyanobacteria" comes from the color of the bacteria, cyan; the
bacteria do not use or produce cyanide whose chemical prefix is „cyano-“
¾ Putative fossil traces of cyanobacteria have been found from around 3.8 billion
years
¾They are a significant component of the marine nitrogen cycle and an important
primary producer in many areas of the ocean.
¾Their ability to perform oxygenic (plant-like) photosynthesis is thought to have
converted the early reducing atmosphere into an oxidizing one, which
dramatically changed the life forms on Earth and provoked an explosion of
biodiversity.
¾ See: Oxygen Catastrophe.
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The oxygen catastrophe
¾ A massive environmental change believed to have happened during the Siderian period at
the beginning of the Paleoproterozoic era, about 2.4 billion years ago. It is also
called the Oxygen Crisis, Oxygen Revolution or The Great Oxidation.
¾ When evolving life forms developed oxyphotosynthesis about 2.7 billion years ago,
molecular oxygen was produced in large quantities. This eventually caused an
ecological crisis, as oxygen was toxic to the anaerobic organisms living at the time.
¾ However, it also provided a new opportunity. Despite recycling, life had remained
energetically limited until the widespread availability of oxygen.
¾ This breakthrough in metabolic evolution greatly increased the free energy supply to living
organisms, having a truly global environmental impact: the „rusting of the earth“
http://www.answers.com/topic/oxygen-atmosphere-png
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Cyanobacterium: Anabaena
¾ Anabaena is a cyanobacterium, growing in bead-like cells and living in shallow
water and damp soil everywhere
¾ Cyanobacteria increase the nitrogen content of soil, and some species of
Anabaena have been used as natural fertilizers in the cultivation of rice
¾ Anabaena circinalis can produce paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxin
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Cyanobacteria: Synechococcus
„ Among the most abundant organisms on the
planet, these photosynthetic bacteria live in
the open ocean.
„ Some forms can swim through the water at
speeds up to 25mm per second, despite their
lack of external propelling devices.
„ Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus bacteria
account for two-thirds of the carbon fixation
that occurs in the oceans.
Cyanobacterial stromatolites
Dr. H. Steele 2006
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Oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria
Prescott et al., 2000
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Cyanobacterial bloom
http://www.fultonlewis.com/images/GulfGreeningPhoto.jpg
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Toxic cyanobacterial blooms
Microcystis aeruginosa (formerly known as blue-green algae) grow in Hartebeesport
dam (drinking water reservoir of Pretoria, South Africa) producing toxins
Other toxin producing species:
Anabaena spp.
Microcystis aeruginosa
Nodularia spp
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Actinobacteria
¾ The Actinobacteria or Actinomycetes are a group of Gram-positive bacteria
with high G+C ratio.
¾ They include some of the most common soil life, playing an important role in
decomposition of organic materials, such as cellulose and chitin and
thereby play a vital part in organic matter turnover and carbon cycle.
¾ Thus replenishing the supply of nutrients in the
soil and is an important part of
humus formation.
¾ Actinoabaceria are complex
with a large genome
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Actinomycetes
¾ Actinomycetes are aerobic, Gram-positive bacteria that form branching, usually
non-fragmenting hyphae and asexual spores
¾ The asexual spores borne on aerial mycelia are called conidiospores or conidia if
they are at the tip of hyphae and sporangiospores when they are within
the sporangia
¾ Actinomycetes have several distincitvely different types of cell walls and often
also vary in terms of the sugars present in cell extracts. Properties such as
color and morphology are also taxonomically useful
¾ Actinobacteria are well known as secondary metabolite producers and hence
of high pharmacological and commercial interest. In 1940 Selman
Waksman discovered that the soil bacteria he was studying made
actinomycin, a discovery which granted him a Nobel Prize. Since then
hundreds of naturally occurring antibiotics have been discovered in these
terrestrial microorganisms, especially from the genus Streptomyces.
¾ Other Actinobacteria inhabit plants and animals, including a few pathogens, such
as Mycobacterium, Corynebacterium, Nocardia, Rhodococcus and a few
species of Streptomyces
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Actinomyces
¾ A genus of Gram-positive bacteria
Some species are anaerobic, while
others are facultatively anaerobic
¾ Actinomyces species do not form spores,
and, while individual bacteria are
rod-shaped, morphologically
Actinomyces colonies form funguslike branched networks of hyphae
¾ Some actinomycetes are responsible for
the smell of soil after fresh rain
¾ Actinomyces naeslundii are Gram
positive rod shaped bacteria that
occupy the oral cavity.
¾ They have been implicated in periodontal
disease and root caries. These
bacteria are also associated with
good oral health.
¾ These bacteria are some of the first to
occupy the oral cavity and colonize
the tooth's surface.
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Prescott et al., 2000
Actinomycetes spores
Prescott et al., 2000
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Colonial growth of actinomycetes
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Prescott et al., 2000
Streptomycin
Streptomycin intereferes with
bacterial peptide synthesis by
binding to sites on the
ribosomes.
Streptomycin is used to
treat tuberculosis
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http://openwetware.org/images/e/ef/Streptomyces_Life_Cycle_(small).gif
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The role of G-C content
¾ G (guanine) and C (cytosine) undergo a specific hydrogen bonding whereas A
(adenine) bonds specific with T (thymine).
¾ The GC pair is bound by three hydrogen bonds and AT paired by two hydrogen
bonds, and thus GC pairs are more thermostable compared to the AT pairs
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DNA melting
Melting point depends
upon G-C-content
http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age4660/lect/lect_07/FG06_058.GIF
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High G-C Gram-positive bacteria
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Gram positive
Lactobacillus helveticus
Milchsäurebildner
Lactobacillus casei
Milchsäuregärung
Lb. delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus
Joghurt
Pediococcus pentosaceus
bacteriocins agains Gram+
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Lactococcus lactis
Käse-Herstellung
Lactobacillus brevis
Fermentation of wine and cheese
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Gram positive bacteria
„ Bacillus:
− Gram positive,
− spore forming
„ You will be isolating Bacillus
megaterium and Bacillus
licheniformis in the practical
course.
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Dr. H. Steele 2006
Probiotic bacteria
‘Live microorganisms which when
administered in adequate amounts confer a
health benefit on the host’
Probiotic Gold
WITH Prebiotic
Fructooligosaccharides
** Providing 10 Billion friendly
bacteria per day! **
Lactobacillus Acidophilus
Lactobacillus Casei
Lactobacillus Plantarum
Lactobacillus Rhamnosus
Bifidobacterium Bifidum
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Bacteria: Bifidobacterium longum
„ An important resident of the human
gastrointestinal tract, this bacterium helps keep
the digestive system running smoothly, inhibits
harmful bacteria, and boosts the immune
system. It converts sugars into lactic acid.
http://www.bt.ilw.agrl.ethz.ch/images/billes_ICT2_2.jpg
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Dr. H. Steele 2006
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Streptomyces coelicor
¾ One of medicine's most important
microbes, this bacterium and its
relatives produce most of the
natural antibiotics in use today,
including tetracycline and
erythromycin.
¾ The family of bacteria, called
streptomycetes, also produces
compounds that have anti-cancer
properties.
Erythromycin
Tetracyclin
Dr. H. Steele 2006
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Nocardia
Nocardia asteroides
skin lesions: Pregnant
woman was jogging
and caught her leg on
a sharp spined plant.
Dr. Gary Lum, Royal Darwin Hospital,
Darwin, Australia.
Prescott et al., 200537
National Foundation for Infectious Diseases
http://tms.lernnetz.de/immun/bilder/3.jpg
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Staphylococcus
MRSA: Methicillin
resistant S. aureus
Chronic wounds
Prescott et al., 2000
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Desulfomaculum
Desulfotomaculum is a genus of
Gram-positive, obligately
anaerobic soil bacteria.
¾ Desulfotomaculum can cause food
spoilage in poorly
processed canned foods.
¾ Their presence can be identified
by the release of hydrogen
sulfide gas with ist smell
when the can is opened.
¾ They are endospore-forming
bacteria.
¾ A new strain of desulfotomaculum bacteria has been discovered in a South African
gold mine, that exists completely independent of photosynthesis.
¾ The bacterium uses the energy provided by radioisotopes to form hydrogen
sulphide, H2S, which replaces the hydrogen bonds produced by normal
photosynthesis.
¾ This discovery holds great promise, as it proves that organisms can obtain energy
from sources other than from the sun, which means similar life-forms may be
found on other planets in the Solar System.
Prescott et al., 2000
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Clostridia
„ Clostridium perfringens and C.
botulinum cause food poisoning
and gangrene
„ Gram positive, spore forming
bacteria
„ Low GC content
„ anaerobic
Dr. H. Steele 2006
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The botulinum toxin is
specific for peripheral
nerve endings at the point
where a motor neuron
stimulates a muscle. The
toxin binds to the neuron
and prevents the release
of acetylcholine across the
synaptic cleft
Clostridia
www.bact.wisc.edu/.../SoldierTetanus.gif
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Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
Family:Mycobacteriaceae
Genus:Mycobacterium
Lehmann & Neumann 1896
Obligate intracellular parasite
in macrophages
Lacking cell wall, but have
protective wax-like lipid layer
http://www.michigan.gov/images/mdch/M.tuberculosis_191632_7.jpg
http://apps.uwhealth.org/health/adam/graphics/images/en/19099.jpg
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Mycobacteria
Mycobacteria in a biofilm
on the internal surface of
a silicon tubing after
three weeks of exposure
to drinking water,
visualized by ZiehlNehlsen dye
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Courtesy of R. Schulze-Röbbecke
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Mycobacterium leprae
Jesus, healing ten lepers
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Spirochetes
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Borrelia burgdorferi
¾ Borrelia burgdorferi is a Gram-negative, spirochetal
bacterium that causes Lyme disease, an emerging
pathogen.
¾ Untreated or persistent cases may progress to a chronic
form most commonly characterized by
meningoencephalitis, cardiac inflammation
(myocarditis), and arthritis
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Spirochaetes
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Bacterial diversity 2
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Student´s presentations
19.10.09
26.10.09
Life in the dead sea
Life in boiling water
Martin Keller
Hao Pan
02.11.09
Life in ice and snow
Life after disinfection
Vera Slomka
Sahar Afshan
09.11.09
Life in nuclear power plants
Degradation of plastic bags
Marina Horstkott
Uli Klümper
16.11.09
Life at the bottom of the sea
Life on Mars
Fabian Ruhnau
Manuel Sauer
23.11.09
Life in the desert
Life in acids
Linda Gehrmann
Rani Bakkour
07.12.09
What is the BDOC and how is it determined?
What is the AOC and how is it determined?
Verena Koerfer
Daisy Fernandez
14.12.09
Life for biofuels
Life in rocks
Patrizia Peters
Noor Jehen
21.12.09
Water, religion, culture
Noor Jehen, Hao Pan
Lei Lei Yang, Sahar Afshan
Rani Bakkour, Daisy Fernandez
11.01.10
Life in distilled water
Life in clouds
Lei Lei Yang
Nadine Krüger
18.01.10
Methane hydrates
Marine snow
Mario Nikolaiski
Eugen Federherr
25.01.10
Life in deep subsurface
Cyanobacterial toxins
Robert Lobe
Cornelia Zscheppank
30.11.09
01.02.10
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