Download AP Biology - Summer assignment

Name ________________
Biology
Mrs. Slomnicki
AP Biology Summer Assignment
Part 1
Read Chapters 45 – 48 in your textbook. Fill in the following guided worksheets as
you read. I have included the most important key phrases or terms, but you must
read each and every section. Please note- I will not be re-teaching this in class, so
make sure you read the chapters completely! You will be tested on this material in
the first week of school. You may email me over the summer with any questions
regarding the assignment at [email protected].
Chapter 45
45.1
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Age structure
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Population density
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Population distribution
45.2
45.3
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Immigration
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Emigration
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Migration
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Zero population growth
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Net reproduction per individual per unit time (r)
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Exponential growth
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Biotic potential
45.4
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Limiting factor
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Carrying capacity
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Logistic growth
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Density-dependent controls
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Density-independent factors
45.5
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Life history pattern
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Survivorship curve
o Type I:
o Type II:
o Type III:
45.6
45.7
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-
45.8
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Human population size is…
Three trends that promote this increase are:
Total fertility rate (TFR)
45.9
45.10
Chapter 46
46.1
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Niche
o Fundamental niche
o Realized niche
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Commensalism
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Mutualism
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Interspecific competition
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Predation
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Parasitism
46.2
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Facultative mutualism
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Obligatory mutualism
46.3
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Interference competition
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Exploitative competition
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Competitive exclusion
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Resource partitioning
46.4
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Coevolution
46.5
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Camouflage
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Mimicry
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Warning coloration
46.6
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-
46.7
46.8
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Social parasites
Biological controls
Pioneer species
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Primary succession
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Secondary succession
o Climax community
46.9
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Keystone species
Geographic dispersal
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Exotic species
46.10
46.11
- Where is the largest number of coexisting species on land and in the seas greatest?
-
What are two factors that help bring about such a pattern?
Chapter 47
47.1
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Primary producers
Consumers
o Herbivores
o Carnivores
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Detritivores
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Decomposers
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Omnivores
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Scavengers
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Ecosystem
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Trophic levels
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Food chain
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Food web
47.2
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Chains in food webs tend to be shortest when…
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Grazing food web
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Detrital food web
47.3
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Biological magnification
47.4
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Primary productivity
o Gross primary productivity
o Net primary productivity
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Net ecosystem production
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Biomass pyramid
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Energy pyramid
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What percent of energy is available to organisms entering each trophic level?
47.5
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Biogeochemical cycle
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Hydrologic cycle
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Watershed
47.7
47.8
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Salinization
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Groundwater
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Desalinization
47.9
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Carbon cycle
47.10
- Greenhouse effect
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Global warming
47.11
- Nitrogen cycle
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Nitrogen fixation
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Ammonification
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Nitrification
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Denitrification
47.12
- Phosphorous cycle
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Eutrophication
Chapter 48
48.1
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Climate
Temperature zones
48.2
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Ozone thinning
Acid rain
48.3
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Monsoons
48.4
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Biogeographic realms
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Biomes
48.5
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Soils
48.6
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Deserts
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Dry shrublands
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Dry woodlands
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Grasslands
48.7
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Evergreen broadleaf forests
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Broadleaf deciduous forests
48.8
48.9
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Coniferous forests
Taigas
48.10
- Arctic tundra
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Permafrost
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Alpine tundra
48.11
- Desertification
48.12
- Eutrophication
48.13
- Streams
48.14
- Estuaries
48.15
PART 2
DESIGN AN ECOSYSTEM
Adapted from a lab by Karen Westerling
www.accessexcellence.org
Introduction
You are to create a unique ecosystem containing several species. You will describe your
species’ niches as well as their reproductive habits. You will then predict the expected
effects of an environmental disturbance (e.g. flood, paving over the ecosystem to build a
new school, hunting, introduction of a foreign species, etc.)
Method
1- Your mission is to design an ecosystem. You need to write and/or draw the details
of your ecosystem (a stapled packet of information is sufficient- no need to get
fancy with posters).
2- Here are some details you must include:
A. Location: Your ecosystem may be anywhere on Earth. Name and describe the
biome in which your ecosystem is located.
B. Biological community: Include at least 6 species. You must have at least one
species from each of the following groups:
i. Producers
ii. Primary consumers
iii. Secondary and higher level consumers
iv. Decomposers
For each species be sure to include its:
i. location in your ecosystem (where it lives)
ii. reproductive behavior (mating rituals, fertilization method, number of
offspring, care of offspring, etc.)
iii. nutritional requirements (if an animal) or soil and water requirements (if a
plant)
iv. position in food web (producer, primary consumer, etc.)
v. sensitivity to environmental insults (things in the environment which can harm
it- if none, please write so)
Make sure to answer all of the above questions and organize your data well (tables are a
nice way of organizing this data)!
3- Include an example of four of the following interactions in your ecosystem:
Coevolution
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Competition
Predation
4- Now that you have created a beautiful ecosystem, add a disturbance. Your
disturbance may be spontaneous or human-made, intentional or unintentional, or a
combination of these. Here are some ideas, but you are not limited to these:
a. Climate change: warming, cooling, change in water availability
b. Direct human interference: hunting/harvesting, land clearing,
pesticides/herbicides, introduction of a foreign species, etc.
5- Identify the effect of the disturbance on each species in your ecosystem. Be as
specific as possible.
Analysis questions
1. Draw and explain an energy pyramid that would represent part of your ecosystem.
2. For one of your species, draw and explain a survivorship curve that would represent
the pattern of survival found in that species.
3. Discuss limiting factors that would be present in your ecosystem. Be sure to define
them as density-dependent and density-independent.
4. Which organism in your community could be a keystone species? Why?
5. Explain how biological magnification would occur in your community if a toxin
like DDT were introduced.
6. Choose one of your species and explain whether it would exhibit exponential
growth or logistic growth and why. Sketch an example of the curve.
7. Pick one of the cycles (other than water) explained in Chapter 47 and discuss how
it would work in your ecosystem. You may add additional items to your
ecosystem if necessary.