Download Preview Sheet: The Cold War (1945

Preview Sheet: The Cold War (1945-1991)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Identify the Cold War.
Describe the make-up of the United Nations and why it developed.
What effect did the containment policy have on US foreign affairs?
What does the term iron curtain mean and where did it come from?
How were the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan related?
Discuss the issue over Berlin after World War II and the problem it caused with the Berlin Blockade, the
Berlin Airlift, and eventually the Berlin Wall.
7. Describe the development and seriousness of the alliances of NATO and the Warsaw Pact?
8. How did the US hold up to its policy of containment in the Korean War?
9. What role did President Truman play when he fired General MacArthur?
10. What was HUAC and how did it affect the lives of Americans at home?
11. What impact did Senator Joe McCarthy have on American attitudes toward communism?
12. How did McCarthyism affect the lives of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg?
13. What significance did the 38th Parallel serve in the Korean War?
14. How did Sputnik influence and begin the space race between the US and USSR?
15. What was the domino theory and how did it lead the US into the Vietnam War?
16. What impact did the Eisenhower Doctrine have on US foreign policy in the Middle East?
17. What occurred in the U-2 spy plane incident?
18. Describe Cuba’s change to communism in 1959 and why it concerned the US?
19. What was John F. Kennedy’s Bay of Pigs Invasion and why would it be considered a failure?
20. How did the Cuban Missile Crisis nearly bring the US and the Soviet Union to war in 1962?
21. Describe how the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution justified President Lyndon Johnson’s ability to use force
against Vietnam.
22. What were the differing views of the hawks and doves during the Vietnam War?
23. What was the War Powers Act and why was it passed in 1973?
24. What cultural changes were brought about by the Vietnam War?
25. What is the idea of Vietnamizaton and how would it affect US troops?
26. Describe Richard Nixon’s “peace with honor” decision to pull US troops out of Vietnam.
27. What impact did President Nixon’s visit to China have on US foreign affairs?
28. What did the following US Supreme Court cases have to do with topics of the Cold War: New York Time
v. United States; Tinker v. Des Moines.
29. How did Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev bring back the ideas of détente in the 1980’s?
30. How did the events at Tiananmen Square China and the fall of the Berlin Wall support the idea of
democracy in 1989?
31. Describe the fall of the Soviet Union how it officially ended the Cold War in1991.
People to Know
Harry S. Truman
Gerald Ford
Douglas MacArthur
Mikhail Gorbachev
Fidel Castro
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Jimmy Carter
Joe McCarthy
Nikita Khrushchev
Ho Chi Minh
John F. Kennedy
Ronald Reagan
The Rosenberg’s
J. Edger Hoover
Winston Churchill
Lyndon B. Johnson
Richard M. Nixon
George Marshall
Alger Hiss
Henry Kissinger
Vocabulary Unit 8
Cold War
Mikhail Gorbachev
Ronald Reagan
Berlin Blockade
Douglas Macarthur
Berlin Airlift
NAACP
NATO
CORE
Iron Curtain
SCLC
United Nations
SNCC
Containment
Black Panthers
Marshall Plan
W.E.B. DuBois
Berlin Wall
Rosa Parks
Truman Doctrine
James Cheney
Ethel & Julius Rosenberg
Jackie Robinson
Sen. Joe McCarthy
Martin Luther King Jr.
Nikita Khrushchev
Malcolm X
Winston Churchill
Medgar Evers
Lyndon B. Johnson
Emmett Till
Earl Warren
John F. Kennedy
George Marshall
Robert Kennedy
The Cold War (1945-1991)
In the post World War II period, the United Nations was established to prevent a devastating world conflict
from ever happening again. In 1945, it was clear that the United States had emerged as a superpower along
with the Soviet Union. With each nation possessing nuclear weapons and the differing political ideologies of
the two nations a cold war would develop between the United States and the USSR. This Cold War Period
would shape US foreign policy in accepting world leadership (internationalism).
What is a cold war?: A state of tensions between the US and USSR from 1945-1991. The term cold war is
used because the US and USSR did not physically fight each other.
Major Concepts of the Cold War
Democracy
Communism__________________
United States
Soviet Union
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
Warsaw Pact
Western Europe (W. Germany)
Eastern Europe (E. Germany)
Allies include England, France, and nations
China (1949)
that resisted treats by communism like
Cuba (1959)
South Korea and South Vietnam
North Korea & North Vietnam
Timeline of Cold War Events
1945:
 United Nations Charter approved (UN established).
 The US develops a policy of containment to stop the spread of communism.
1946:
 Winston Churchill cautioned the world that an iron curtain had fallen upon Europe dividing the East
as Communist and West as democratic.
1947:
 The Marshall Plan established to provide $$$ aid to European nations to prevent
them from
leaning toward communism.
 The Truman Doctrine stated that the US would help nations with economic and military aid if they
were threatened by communism.
1948:
 Berlin Blockade took place when the USSR cut off all roads into Berlin except those through the
Eastern controlled section of Berlin to attempt to rid the west.
 The Hiss Case charged FDR’s former advisor Alger Hiss with being a communist (brought about a
fear of communists in the US 2nd Red Scare).
1949:
 The Berlin Airlift (Allied airdrops of food and supplies to West Berlin) successfully helped Germans
and kept democracy alive.
 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) formed as a democratic alliance.
o By joining NATO the US became involved in an alliance with European nations and changed
the foreign policy to internationalism.
 China becomes communist under Mao Zedong.
 Communism spreads into North Korea.
1950:
 UN and US forces began the Korean War to liberate South Korea from communism after they were
attacked by the Soviet backed North Koreans.
 The goal was to push the communists back across the 38th Parallel.
 Senator Joe McCarthy began listing and charging many government officials of being communist
(later these unproven charges hurt McCarthy’s reputation and the term McCarthyism is use to
describe false accusations.
 Ethel and Julius Rosenberg were accused of selling atomic secrets to the USSR and were later
executed in ’53.
1951:
 President Truman and Gen. Douglass MacArthur disagree over Korean War objective and
Truman later fires MacArthur.
 22nd Amendment limits the President to two consecutive terms: Why? -FDR
1953:
 Korean War ends proving that the US will use military to contain communism.
 Dwight D. Eisenhower becomes President.
1955:
 Warsaw Pact (communist alliance of nations) formed.
1957:
 After Stalin’s death, Nikita Khrushchev becomes Soviet leader.
 Sputnik (the first launched space satellite by USSR) begins “Space Race”.
 After the Suez Canal Crisis, the Eisenhower Doctrine pledges help to Mid-East nations threatened
by communism.
1959:
 France fails to rid communism from Vietnam.
 Domino theory (if one Asian nations fall to communism the rest will fall too).
 Cuba becomes communist under Fidel Castro.
1960:
 United States’ U-2 spy plane is shot down over USSR. The pilot (Powers) admitted to spying.
Caused a souring of US and Soviet relations.
 JFK elected President (pledges to put a man on the moon).
1961:
 Bay of Pigs Invasion fails to overthrow communism in Cuba.
 Berlin Wall is constructed further dividing East and West Germany.
1962:
 Cuban Missile Crisis bring the US and USSR on the brink of war after Soviet and US ships face off
in the US response to Soviet missiles in Cuba pointed at the US in October of 1962. The Soviets
turned their ships around ending the conflict.
1963:
 JFK assassination (Nov. 22nd). Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ) becomes President.
1964:
 The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution is passed to give the US the power to retaliate against Vietnamese
attacks to the US military after ships were fired upon.
 *** marks the beginning of the Vietnam War (until 1975).
1967:
 Vietnam War protests peak back in the US. The “summer of love”
1968:





1969:



Tet Offensive launched by North Vietnamese on the Tet holiday.
LB Johnson does not seek reelection as President.
Martin Luther King Jr. assassinated on 4/4/68 in Memphis, TN
June of ’68, Robert F. Kennedy (running for Pres.) is assassinated.
Richard Nixon elected President.
Neil Armstrong becomes the first man to walk on the moon.
Woodstock Festival takes place in August at Bethel, NY
Nixon Doctrine states US will no longer provide Asian nations with direct military assistance (no
more Vietnams).
1971:
 26th Amendment lowers the voting age from 21 to 18: Why? VIETNAM
1972:
 Nixon visits China and opens diplomatic relations with the Chinese.
 Realpolitik or power politics supported by Nixon’s National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger was
adopted in foreign policy to have US decisions favor US interests regardless of world opinion.
 Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)led to agreement between US & USSR
 Watergate Affair occurs (Nixon will resign in 1974).
1973:
 A cease-fire is agreed to in the Vietnam War “peace with honor”
 The War Powers Act stated that the President had to 1) notify Congress of use of the military within
48 hours sending troops and 2) the President could only keep the troops there for 60 days unless
congress votes otherwise (effect of Vietnam).
 OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) places an oil embargo on the US for
supporting Israel (led to gas rationing and higher inflation)
1974:
 Nixon resigns fearing impeachment; Vice Pres. Gerald Ford becomes President.
1975:
 US embassy in Saigon falls as city is taken over by N. Vietnam-Ho Chi Minh City
1976:
 Jimmy Carter becomes President under an economy of stagflation (inflation of prices with a
stagnant economy.
1980:
 Ronald Reagan becomes President promising a “new beginning”
1989:
 Berlin Wall comes down as Germany is reunified.
Mid 1980’s:
 Mikhail Gorbachev renews détente with glasnost and perestroika.
1991:
 Soviet Union breaks up ending communism in Russia and ending the Cold War.
African American Civil Rights (1900-1970)
th
At the turn of the 20 Century, African Americans had still not received the equality that was desired during
the Reconstruction period. With two world wars and a depression, little was accomplished in the movement
until the Cold War period.
Early Efforts of the 20th Century (Before World War II)
Booker T. Washington – African American leader who felt that equality would be at a slow pace and not
until after Af. Americans received educations to be involved politically
W.E.B. Du Bois - African American activist who felt that Af. Am. should end discrimination immediately
and not wait as B.T. Washington had suggested.
NAACP - (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) formed in 1909 by WEB Du Bois,
Jane Addams, and Lincoln Steffens to fight discrimination.
Harlem Renaissance – The cultural revival of African American Arts in the 1920’s.
FDR’s Black Cabinet- President Roosevelt advisory committee of Af. American leaders to keep him in
touch with Af. Am. issues.
CORE - (Congress of Racial Equality) formed in 1942 to work towards equality.
Jackie Robinson - 1st African American to enter Major League Baseball from the Negro Leagues which set
the precedent for others to follow.
Civil Rights in the Postwar Era
Desegregating the Military - Harry Truman issued an executive order as Commander-in- Chief to end
segregated troops in the US military after World War II.
Brown v. Topeka Board of Education – (1954) Supreme Court case that finally banned segregated schools
by overturning the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson “separate but equal” decision allowing Jim Crow Laws to exist
(14th Amendment – equal protection).
Little Rock, Arkansas – refusing to desegregate the high school, the National Guard was brought into Little
Rock to oversee the safety of nine black students who wished to attend
Rosa Parks – helped to inspire the Montgomery Bus Boycotts after being arrested in 1955 for refusing to
give up her seat to a white male.
Montgomery Bus Boycotts - Alabama bus boycott (381 days) organized in protest of Jim Crow laws on
public buses and organized by Martin Luther King Jr. who adapted the protest method of civil
disobedience (non-violent protest) from Gandhi and Thoreau.
SCLC – (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) founded in 1957 by Martin Luther King Jr. to
encourage nonviolent passive resistance efforts and marches.
SNCC – (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) founded in 1960 as a younger persons nonviolent protest group (supported sit-ins, boycotts and marches).
Freedom Riders - buses loaded with protesters that would travel in southern states to protest segregation.
They faced violence form the KKK and buses were bombed.
Birmingham Protests - Martin Luther King was jailed and later released after protests turned violent when
police dogs and fire hoses were used on protesters in 1963. King wrote his Letter from Birmingham Jail to
justify the protests to white clergymen.
Medgar Evers – a leader in the Mississippi NAACP who was assassinated in 1963 for attempting to organize
protests to follow those in Birmingham.
University of Alabama – in 1963, Alabama Governor George Wallace refused to allow two black students
to the college. Students were let in after pressure from JFK / military.
March On Washington - 1963 march in Wash DC where King gave his “I Have a Dream” speech on the
steps of the Lincoln Memorial. Over 200,000 attended.
Freedom Summer - Summer of 1964 where blacks attempted to register to vote throughout
Mississippi.(James Cheney, Andrew Goodman, & Michael Schwerner killed).
Black Panthers - radical “black power” that would advocate the use of violence if needed. Led by Stokely
Carmichael, Bobby Seals and Angela Davis.
Malcolm X - Militant Muslim leader assassinated in 1965 in NYC.
Progress Made Towards Equality
Civil Rights Act of 1964 – banned discrimination in hiring practices and ended Jim Crow Laws (segregation)
in public places.
24th Amendment (1964) – banned poll taxes (from Reconstruction)
Voting Rights Act of 1965 – ended literacy tests (from Reconstruction)
Affirmative Action
 Program in which businesses and schools that receive federal funds are encouraged to recruit
minorities and women in their application processes (to make up for years of past discrimination).
 This progress is heavily debated today and referred to by critics as reverse discrimination.
Edward Brooke – In 1966, became the first black Senator since Reconstruction.
Thurgood Marshall – In 1967, became the first African American Supreme Court Justice (he was also the
lawyer for the Brown’s in the Topeka Board of Ed. Case.
Murders during the Civil Rights Movement
Emmett Till – 14 year old boy who was murdered by two white men in Mississippi for saying “By Baby” to
a white woman in a store (1955).
Medger Evers – NAACP leader murdered in his driveway in Jackson, Mississippi after attempting to
organize boycotts (1963)
John F. Kennedy – Assassinated in Dallas, Texas by Lee Harvey Oswald on November 22, 1963.
16th Street Baptist Church – Four girls (Addie Mae Collins, Denise McNair, Cynthia Wesley, and Carole
Robertson) were killed after KKK members bombed the Birmingham church where the girls attended
Sunday school (1963).
Freedom Summer Murders – CORE members James Cheney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner
were killed for trying to help register African American voters in Mississippi (1964).
Malcolm X – Assassinated in NYC in 1965 by member of the Muslim movement.
Jimmie Lee Jackson – After a night march organization in Marion, Alabama, Jackson was killed by an
Alabama State Trooper. Jackson was trying to protect his mother and grandfather who were being attacked
by police (1965).
Martin Luther King Jr. – Assassinated on April 4, 1968 from a hotel balcony.
Robert F. Kennedy – Assassinated in the summer of 1968 after giving a campaign speech while running for
President.
*** Combined with the Vietnam War, the assassinations and the civil rights movement
1960’s is called a decade of turmoil.
display why the
Conclusion:
By the 1970’s the US finally began to show progress in its attempts to rid the nation of discrimination.
However, the civil rights movement of the 1950’s and 1960’s is proof that the US did not completely solve
the problems left over from the Reconstruction Period 100 years earlier. How far has the nation come since
the efforts of the civil rights movement?