Download Topic 12: Organic Chemistry

Topic 12: Organic Chemistry
Key Term
Definition and facts
1. Organic
compounds
Compounds of
carbon ( C )
2. Properties of
carbon atom
Four (4) valance
electrons
Must form 4 covalent
bonds
Key examples
CH4 , CH3CH2OH, and
CH3Cl are organic
compounds
.
. C .
.
I
–C–
I
Can form single (–) ,
double (=) or triple (=)
covalent bond
Can join together to
form long chains and
rings
Bonds easily with other
nonmetals such as H,
O, N and the halogens
3. Properties of
Organic
Compounds
C–C
-C-C-C-
C
chain
C
C–C
ring
C- C – OH
Properties are due in parts to properties of C
Type of substance
Molecular (covalent)
Bonding
Covalent bonding
Intermolecular
force
Weak
Melting and
Boiling points
Lower than ionic and metallic (due to weak
intermolecular forces)
Stability under heat
Decomposes easily
Electrolyte
Nonelectrolytes (except organic acids)
Reactions
Slow (due to strong covalent bond)
Solubility
Most are insoluble in water
.
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Topic 12: Organic Chemistry
Key Concept
Definition and facts
4. Names of organic Organic compounds
are named with
compounds
prefixes (beginning)
and suffixes (ending)
Key examples
But
prefix
5. Organic Prefixes Depends on the
number of C atoms in
(See Table P pg 152) the substance
# of C atoms Prefix
# of C atoms Prefix
1
meth
6
2
eth
7
hept
3
prop
8
oct
4
but
9
non
5
pent
10
dec
6. Organic suffixes
(see Table below)
Class of compound
Propene is an
organic compound
with 3 carbon atoms
Heptanone is an
organic compound
with 7 carbon atoms
Depends on the class
of the organic
compound
Suffix (name ending)
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes
Alcohols
Ethers
Aldehydes
Ketones
Organic acids
Esters
Amines
Amides
Halides are named with a
2
hex
-ane
-ene
-yne
-ol
-yl ether
-al
-one
-oic
-oate
-amine
-amide
Prop
Heptan
prefix.
Example:
is an alkene
is a ketone
butane
Topic 12: Organic Chemistry
Key Concept
7. Homologous
Series
Definition and facts
Groups of related compounds
in which each member differ
from the previous by a set
number of atoms.
C2H6 and C3H8 are
in the same
homologous series
Examples
8. Hydrocarbons
Compounds containing only
Hydrogen (H) and Carbon (C)
alkanes, alkenes,
and alkynes
9. Saturated
hydrocarbon
(alkanes)
All single bonds
Single covalent bond contains
2 electrons (1 pair of shared
electrons)
10. Unsaturated
hydrocarbon
(alkenes and
alkynes)
Double bonds (alkene)
C: :C
C=C
A double covalent bond
4
edouble
contains 4 electrons (2 pairs of
2 pairs e- bond
shared electrons)
C . .C
C–C
2 e1 pair e-
single
bond
. .
Triple bonds (alkynes)
C: : C C = C
A triple covalent bond
triple
contains 6 electrons (3 pairs of 6 e3 pairs e- bond
shared electrons)
11. Alkanes
hydrocarbons
CnH2n+2 (general formula)
Single bonds between C atoms
(see Table Q)
name endings
12. Alkenes
hydrocarbons
C3H6
H H H
I
I I
H–C –C=C–H
I
H
1- Prop
CnH2n (general formula)
One double bonded C atoms
(see Table Q)
name endings
13. Alkynes
hydrocarbons
(see Table Q)
C3H8
H H H
I
I I
H–C –C–C–H
I
I I
H H H
Prop
C3H4
H
I
H–C –C =C–H
I
H
1-Prop
CnH2n-2 (general formula)
One triple bonded C atoms
name endings
.
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Topic 12: Organic Chemistry
Key Term
Definition and facts
Key examples
14. Functional
Group
An atom (other than
H) or a group of atoms
attached to a
hydrocarbon chain.
-OH, -Cl, and -Oare examples of
functional groups
15. Functional
Group
Compounds
Use Table R below
to classify, name, and
draw functional group
compounds
Pay attention and note
the functional group in
each example below
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Topic 12: Organic Chemistry
Key Term
16. Isomers
Definition and facts
Organic compounds with
same molecular formula but
different structural formulas
Key examples
CH3CH2CH2Br
(1-bromopropane)
and
Isomers MUST have:
CH
3 CHBrCH3
Same molecular formula
(2-bromopropane)
Same number of atoms
are isomers
Same percent composition
Same number of bonds
As number of C atoms increases, the number of
possible isomers also increases.
17. Alkane
isomers
Structural formula
Condense formula
molecular formula
18. Alkene
isomers
pentane
2,2– dimethyl propane
H H H HH
H CH3 H
H –C–C–C–C–C–H
H– C – C – C – H
H H HH H
H CH3 H
I
I
I
I I
I
I I
I
I
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
I
I
I
CH3C(CH3CH3)CH3
C5H12
butene (1-butene)
2-butene
H H
I
I
I
I
C5H12
I
I
H
I
H –C=C–C–C–H
19. Alkyne
isomers
I
I
H
I
I
H–C–C=C–C–H
I
I
I
I
H H HH H
H H H H
CH2CHCH2CH3
CH3CHCHCH3
C4H8
C4H8
pentyne (1-pentyne)
H H H
I
I
I
H –C–C–C–C=C–H
I
I
I
H H H
CH3CH2CH2CCH3
2-pentyne
H H
I
I
H
I
H–C–C–C=C–C–H
I
I
I
H H
H
CH3CH2CCCH3
C5H12
C5H12
.
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Topic 12: Organic Chemistry
Key Concept
20. Halide
isomers
Examples
1-bromopropane
H H
I
I
I
I
H H H
I
H –C –C–C–H
I
Br H
21. Alcohols
isomers
2-bromopropane
H
H
CH3CHBrCH3
C3H7Br
C3H7Br
1-butanol
H H
I
2-butanol
H H
I
I
I
H H H H
I
I
H H
I
I
I
I
I
H – C– C – C – C–H
I
H H
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
I
I
I
H H OH H
CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3
C4H9OH
C4H9OH
methyl methyl ether
Ethanol
(dimethyl ether)
H
H
I
I
I
I
H
H
H–C–O–C–H
H
H
I
I
H – C – C –OH
I
I
H
H
CH3 O CH3
CH3CH2OH
C2H6O
C2H6O
methyl propanoate
ethyl ethanoate
(ethyl acetate)
H H O
I
I
I
I
II
H
I
H–C–C–C–O–C–H
H H
I
H
CH3CH2COOCH3
C4H8O2
6
I
I
CH2BrCH2CH3
I
23. Ester
Isomers
I
I
H Br H
H – C – C – C– C –OH
22. Ether and
Alcohol
isomers
I
I
H–C–C–C–H
H O
I
II
H H
I
I
I
I
H–C–C–O–C–C–H
I
H
H H
CH3COOCH2CH3
C4H8O2
Topic 12: Organic Chemistry
Key Concept
24. Ketone and
aldehyde
isomers
Examples
propanone
propanal
H
O H
H
H O
I
II
I
I
I
I
I
H–C–C–C–H
I
I
H
II
H–C–C–C–H
H
H
CH3 COCH3
H
CH3CH2CHO
C3H6O
C3H6O
The following structures are not isomers of each other
25. Organic acid
methanoic acid
ethanoic acid
(acetic acid, vinegar)
O
H
II
H –C–OH
O
I
II
H – C – C – OH
I
H
HCOOH
26. Amine and
amide
ethanamine
CH3COOH
butanamide
H H
I
I
I
I
H–C–C–NH2
H H
CH3CH2NH2
H HH O
I
I
I
I
I
I
II
H–C–C–C–C–NH2
H H H O
II
CH3CH2CH2CNH2
27. Primary
alcohol
The C atom with OH is bonded
to one other C atom
-C–C–C–
I
OH
28. Secondary
alcohol
The C atom with OH is bonded
to two other C atoms
-C –C –C–
I
OH
29. Tertiary
alcohol
The C atom with OH is bonded
-CI
-C –C–C–
I
OH
propanol
2-propanol
I
to three other C atoms
2-methyl,2-propanol
.
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Topic 12: Organic Chemistry
29. Organic reactions summary Table
Use for a quick review and comparing of organic reactions
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Topic 12: Organic Chemistry
Reactions
Example equations
When studying the organic reaction equations
below, pay attention to how the products of each
reaction is formed from the given reactants. You
are often asked to predict a reactant or a product of
a reaction.
30. Substitution
replacing H
with halogen
31. Hydrogen
Addition
(hydrogenation)
adding H atoms
to a double bond
32. Halogen
Addition
(halogenation)
adding halogens
to a double bond
.
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Topic 12: Organic Chemistry
Reactions
Example equations
33. Esterification
making an ester
34. Condensation
Polymerization
joining by
removing water
For the organic reactions below, just memorize the
the equation that is given for each type of reaction
35. Addition
Polymerization
joining without
removing water
36. Saponification
making soap
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Topic 12: Organic Chemistry
Reactions
Example equations
37. Fermentation
making alcohol
38. Combustion
O2
burning
could be any
organic
compound
.
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