Download Ch. 25 Sec. 3 The Korean War Period Textbook

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3
SECTION
Section
Step-by-Step Instruction
Communism in Asia
“
The prestige of the Western world hangs in the
balance. . . . It is plainly apparent that here in Asia
is where the Communist conspirators have elected
to make their play for global conquest.
Review and Preview
”
Students have read about domestic
issues in the United States through the
1950s. Now they will learn about the
Korean War.
—General Douglas MacArthur, 1950
䊴
Section Focus Question
How did the United States
respond to the invasion of Korea
and its aftermath?
Before you begin the lesson for the day,
write the Section Focus Question on the
board. (Lesson focus: It immediately became
involved, defending non-Communist South
Korea. In its aftermath, Truman worked to
restore the compromise boundary at the 38th
parallel.)
Build Background
Knowledge
L2
Ask students to recall why Americans
were shocked when China became a Communist nation in 1949. (because it indicated a
failure in the containment policy) Have students find the Korean peninsula on a map,
making sure they notice its proximity to
China. Ask: Why might Korea be strategic
in Cold War struggles between Communist and non-Communist nations?
(because it can provide a base of operations near
China for the United States and its allies, and
because it allows the Communists to threaten
Japan’s safety)
Set a Purpose
■
L2
Read each statement in the Reading
Readiness Guide aloud. Ask students to
mark their statements as True or False.
Teaching Resources, Unit 8,
Reading Readiness Guide, p. 76
■
Have students discuss the statements in
pairs or groups of four, then mark their
worksheets again. Use the Numbered
Heads participation strategy (TE, p. T24)
to call on students to share their group’s
perspectives. The students will return to
these worksheets later.
850 Chapter 25
The Korean War Period
Objectives
• Explain how the situation in Korea became
the Korean War, the first military conflict of
the Cold War.
• Describe how the Korean War ended.
• Explain how the Cold War led to a Red Scare
in the United States.
Reading Skill
Consider how events can snowball out of control
when a single cause has multiple effects that, in turn,
lead to multiple causes. As the United States entered
the Korean War period, this occurred often. Look
for the multiple cause-and-effect chains in this
section. To find them, read the text following each
subheading, and then trace a chain. Watch for events
having specific cause-and-effect relationships and not
those just occurring in sequence.
Key Terms and People
stalemate
demilitarized zone
Why It Matters At the outset of the Cold War, the United
States used political and economic means to battle against
Communism. However, the Cold War suddenly turned hot
in the East Asian nation of Korea. As American soldiers
fought in the Korean War, other Americans hunted for
Communists in America.
Section Focus Question: How did the United States
respond to the invasion of Korea and its aftermath?
Conflict in Korea
Analyze a Cause-and-Effect Chain
Prepare to Read
American soldiers in Korea
Joseph McCarthy
censure
In 1910, Japan occupied the Korean Peninsula and ruled
it harshly. After Japan’s defeat in World War II, Korea was
divided at the 38th parallel of latitude. The Soviet Union
backed a Communist government in North Korea. The
United States backed a non-Communist government in
South Korea.
Tensions between North and South Korea continued to
increase. Then, on June 25, 1950, North Korean troops
suddenly invaded South Korea. Armed with Soviet tanks
and artillery, the North Koreans shattered the South Korean
army and pushed south. Within three days, the invasion had
reached South Korea’s capital, Seoul (sole). Korea, it
appeared, would soon fall to the Communists.
President Truman quickly responded to the attack. At
his urging, the UN Security Council voted to send a military
force to Korea. Truman appointed World War II hero
General Douglas MacArthur to lead the force. Although
16 nations sent troops to fight under the UN flag, 90 percent
were American. The Soviet delegate was not present at the
UN debate and so failed to veto the proposal.
850 Chapter 25 The United States in the Cold War
Differentiated Instruction
L1 English Language Learners
L1 Less Proficient Readers
Expanding Comprehension Help stu-
dents understand the nuances of the conflict in Korea by discussing its numerous
varied aspects. Using a world map or
globe, show students the location of Korea.
Point out its proximity to China and the
Soviet Union. Remind students that the
Soviet Union and China were Communist
L1 Special Needs
countries. Then tell students that, after
World War II, North Korea was supported
by the Soviet Union. Elicit from students
what type of government North Korea
had. (Communist) Tell students that the
United States supported South Korea. Tell
students that South Korea had a non-Communist government.
ssahtech025c09naSW3_s.fm Page 851 Friday, September 28, 2007 11:35 AM
The first UN forces to arrive at the front were badly outnumbered
and poorly supplied. They fought bravely but were pushed back
almost to the tip of the Korean Peninsula. As fresh troops and
supplies arrived, however, the defensive line held.
Then, in September, General MacArthur launched a bold counterattack. UN forces at Inchon, a port city near Seoul, were able to pursue
the North Koreans back across the 38th parallel into North Korea.
MacArthur’s forces chased the North Koreans almost to the Yalu River,
which separates North Korea from China.
China’s government responded angrily. As UN soldiers neared
the Yalu, masses of Chinese troops crossed the border. The UN forces
were overwhelmed. Soon, the battlefront was once again in South
Korea. There, the war settled down into a stalemate, a situation in
which neither side wins.
Teach
Vocabulary Builder
pursue (per SYOO) v. to follow; to
attempt to capture or achieve
Conflict in Korea
p. 850
Instruction
■
Key Terms Have students continue fill-
ing in the See It–Remember It chart for
the Key Terms in this chapter.
the United States could win in Korea only if it attacked China.
MacArthur publicly called for the bombing of supply bases in China.
President Truman was more cautious. He believed that an American
attack on China might start a new world war. Truman warned
MacArthur against making further public statements.
MacArthur disregarded these warnings. He publicly argued that
he could not win the war because of politicians in Washington.
Truman was furious and fired MacArthur.
■
Read Conflict in Korea with students
using the ReQuest strategy (TE, p. T23).
■
Ask: Why did the United States get
involved when North Korea invaded
South Korea? (to prevent the spread of
communism)
■
Have students complete the worksheet
The United States and the Soviet Union.
■
Discuss the war with students, helping
them understand both the geographical
and political significance of Korea during the Cold War.
■
Ask: Why do you think the United
States accepted an armistice? (Possible
answers: There were too many lives lost
already; the war was at a stalemate; to
prevent further conflict with China.)
Peace Talks Meanwhile, the stalemate in Korea continued. In
July 1951, the opposing sides began peace talks. These talks would
continue for two long years. All the while, the fighting and the
killing continued.
The Korean War
When North Korea invaded
South Korea, UN forces came
to the aid of South Korea.
KEY
Ya
lu
Farthest UN advance,
November 1950
N 40°N
Pyongyang
Farthest North Korean-Chinese
advance, January 1951
NORTH
KOREA
38th Parallel
Panmunjom
Inchon
Sea of Japan
(East Sea)
For: Interactive map
Visit: PHSchool.com
Web Code: mvp-8251
Pusan
130°E
125°E
100
0 miles
100
Albers Conic Equal-Area Projection
Independent Practice
Have students begin to fill in the Study
Guide for this section.
Interactive Reading and
Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 25,
Section 3 (Adapted Version also available.)
Monitor Progress
Seoul
SOUTH
KOREA
Yellow
Sea
120°E
E
W
S
Armistice line, July 1953
0 km
(a) Read a Map To what line
of latitude, farthest south,
did the North Koreans
push into South Korea?
(b) Apply Information Locate
the 1953 armistice line.
How might this have
affected people’s views
about the war?
R.
Farthest North Korean advance,
September 1950
Vocabulary Builder Before teaching
this section, preteach the High-Use
Words pursue and resolve, using the
strategy on TE p. T21.
Truman Versus MacArthur General MacArthur believed that
CHINA
L2
35°N
As students begin to fill in the Notetaking
Study Guide, circulate to make sure students understand the causes of the Korean
War. Provide assistance as needed.
Section 3 The Korean War Period 851
Use the information below to teach students this section’s high-use words.
High-Use Word
Definition and Sample Sentence
pursue, p. 851
v. to follow; to attempt to capture or achieve
The United Nations was formed to pursue the goal of world peace.
resolve, p. 853
v. to settle or decide
Many people resolved never to let an event like the Holocaust happen
again.
Answer
(a) 35th parallel (b) The
armistice line was at the 38th parallel. People may have thought that the war was
pointless, since the border was essentially
unchanged at the end of the war.
Chapter 25 851
ssahtech025c09naSW3_s.fm Page 852 Friday, September 28, 2007 11:35 AM
Fears at Home
A cease-fire finally ended the fighting in July 1953. The border
between the warring sides stood almost exactly where it had been
before the war. The two sides agreed to establish a demilitarized
zone, an area which neither side controls. It still divides the two
countries a half-century later.
The war’s toll was horrendous. At least two million Koreans died
in the fighting. Most of them were civilians. American losses totaled
well over 30,000 dead and more than 100,000 wounded. Thousands
of soldiers from other nations also were killed.
With the cease-fire, the fighting ended in Korea. However,
tensions between North and South Korea continued well into the
next century. Two heavily armed forces continued to face each other
across the demilitarized zone.
p. 852
Instruction
L2
■
Have students read the first subsection
of Fears at Home, Communists in Government. Remind students to answer the
reading Checkpoint question.
■
Remind students of the Red Scare that
arose after World War I and again
directly after World War II. Ask: Why
were fears of communism reawakened
in Americans after the Korean War?
(Possible answer: Inconclusive events of the
war caused worries that the United States
was not as strong as previously thought.)
■
How did the United States become involved in the
Korean War?
Fears at Home
Ask: Who were Julius and Ethel Rosenberg? (Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were a
married couple who were found guilty of
spying for the Soviet Union and sentenced
to death.)
In Section 1 of this chapter, you learned how American confidence was shaken by the Communist victory in China and Soviet
possession of the atomic bomb. The failure to win a decisive victory
in the long stalemate in Korea further worried Americans.
Communists in Government? Americans had absorbed a
number of blows during the Cold War. Soviet possession of atomic
weapons, the fall of China to the Communists, and the stalemate in
Korea all led to worries about the ability of the United
States to defeat communism. Many Americans worried
that Communist sympathizers and spies might be
secretly working to overthrow the U.S. government.
Two cases seized public attention. In the first,
Alger Hiss, a former State Department official, was
Korea
accused of passing government secrets to Soviet
1953 A cease-fire agreement divides Korea
agents. Hiss’s accuser, Whittaker Chambers, had been
into two countries.
a Communist during the 1930s. In 1948, Chambers
2000 Today, Korea is still a divided nation.
appeared before a committee of the House of RepreSouth Korea is capitalist, whereas North
sentatives. He claimed that during the 1930s, Hiss had
Korea is Communist. Both countries have disgiven him top-secret papers to pass to the Soviet
cussed reuniting, but terms agreeable to both
sides have not yet been reached.
Union.
Hiss strongly denied passing any secret papers to
the Soviet Union and sued Chambers for making false
accusations. Then, Chambers produced copies of the
papers. They became known as the “pumpkin papers”
North and South Korea Today What
because Chambers had hidden them on microfilm in a
are the roles of North Korea and South Korea
pumpkin in his garden. So many years had passed
in the global community today? Go online to
since the crime that Hiss could no longer be charged
find out more about both Koreas today.
with spying. However, Hiss was convicted of perjury,
For: North and South Korea today
or lying, to the congressional committee and spent
Visit: PHSchool.com
Web Code: mvc-8253
several years in prison.
852 Chapter 25 The United States in the Cold War
Differentiated Instruction
L3 Advanced Readers
Answer
Since the end of World War
II, the United States had backed a nonCommunist government in South Korea.
In 1950 North Korean troops invaded
South Korea, and the United States intervened.
852 Chapter 25
L3 Gifted and Talented
Report on a Controversial Topic Organize
students into an even number of groups.
Groups should begin by researching both
sides of the question: Was Joseph McCarthy justified in the measures he took?
Have students compile bulleted lists supporting both favorable and critical positions. When groups have completed their
lists, assign them a position to support.
Groups should then write a report supporting their assigned position. Remind
students to make use of opposing arguments developed during the list stage of
this assignment to refute those arguments
more effectively. Have groups present
their reports to the class.
ssahtech025c09naSW3_s.fm Page 853 Friday, September 28, 2007 11:35 AM
Instruction (continued)
The Hunt for Communists
The car is a
symbol for
the House
Un-American
Activities
Committee.
Tire marks
In 1947, the House UnAmerican Activities Committee led an investigation
to find Communists in the
moviemaking industry.
(a) Identify Main Ideas
What does the cartoon
suggest about the way
in which the investigation is being carried
out?
(b) Recognize Points of
View How does the
cartoonist feel about
the success of the investigation? Explain.
L2
■
Have students finish reading Fears at
Home. Remind students to look for
causes and effects.
■
Ask: What is McCarthyism? (a term
coined for the unproven accusations and
bullying by Joseph McCarthy of alleged
Communists)
■
Ask: How did McCarthyism arise from
Americans’ fear of Communists? (Possible answer: that fear was exploited by men
such as McCarthy and used to promote his
agenda)
Independent Practice
Have students complete the Study Guide
for this section.
Interactive Reading and
Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 25,
Section 3 (Adapted Version also available.)
Monitor Progress
Fears about America’s security rose even higher in 1950 when
several Americans were arrested on charges of passing the secret of
the atomic bomb to the Soviets. In the most famous trial of the times,
a married couple, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, were found guilty of
supplying secret information to the Soviet Union. They were
sentenced to death. A worldwide outcry arose, but the Rosenbergs
were executed in 1953.
Today, more than half a century after the trials of Alger Hiss and
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, their roles are still debated. However,
many questions of their involvement have been resolved. In the
1990s, the U.S. government released copies of secret Soviet messages
that had been decoded after years of dedicated work. The messages
appeared to show that both Alger Hiss and Julius Rosenberg had
spied for the Soviets. Ethel Rosenberg apparently was aware of the
spying and may even have assisted her husband.
Vocabulary Builder
resolve (ree SAHLV) v. to settle or
decide
■
As students complete the Notetaking
Study Guide, circulate to make sure students understand McCarthyism in the
United States. Provide assistance as
needed.
■
Tell students to fill in the last column of
the Reading Readiness Guide. Probe for
what they learned that confirms or
invalidates each statement.
Teaching Resources, Unit 8,
Reading Readiness Guide, p. 76
McCarthyism A climate of fear contributed to the rise of Senator
Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin. McCarthy built his career by
threatening to expose Communists. In a speech in Wheeling, West
Virginia, in February 1950, McCarthy waved a paper in the air. He
claimed it contained the names of 205 Communists who worked in
the State Department. McCarthy later reduced this number to 81,
then to 57.
Section 3 The Korean War Period 853
History Background
Blacklisting The House Un-American
Activities Committee (HUAC) was dedicated, in theory, to finding American Communists in government, show business,
and other fields. The committee hearings
in 1947 resulted in many people being
blacklisted, or denied work in their chosen
fields, based solely on suspicions.
One group of producers, directors,
screenwriters, and actors—known as the
Hollywood Ten—refused to testify before
the committee. They were sentenced to jail
time for their silence. Many never worked
in Hollywood again. One of the Ten, Dalton Trumbo, got around the blacklist by
writing a screenplay under a pseudonym.
He won an Academy Award for his screenplay The Brave One in 1956.
Answer
Reading Political Cartoons (a) Possible
answer: It suggests that the investigators
are willing to run over anyone who gets in
their way. (b) Possible answer: The cartoonist does not feel that it is very successful—the cartoon depicts a lack of direction,
and disaster in the committee’s wake.
Chapter 25 Section 3 853
ssahtech025c09naSW3_s.fm Page 854 Friday, September 28, 2007 11:35 AM
McCarthy refused to show the list to anyone. He did not even
need to do so because many Americans were eager to believe him.
His dramatic charges gained him a large following.
During the next four years, McCarthy’s charges became more
sensational. He led Senate hearings in which he bullied witnesses and
made exaggerated charges. Eventually, the term McCarthyism came
to mean accusing someone of disloyalty without having any
evidence.
Aware of McCarthy’s power to destroy careers, few people were
brave enough to oppose him and his scare tactics. McCarthy finally
lost his following in 1954 when a television audience of millions saw
him make false accusations against the United States Army. Many
Americans came to realize that McCarthy could not support the
charges. Unfortunately, many lives had been ruined by McCarthy’s
wild charges. Soon after, the U.S. Senate voted to censure, or
condemn, him. McCarthy died three years later. By that time, the
Communist scare was mostly finished.
Assess and Reteach
Teaching Resources, Section
Quiz, p. 84
To further assess student understanding,
use the Progress Monitoring Transparency.
Progress Monitoring Transparencies,
Chapter 25, Section 3
Reteach
ssa
h6
50
6c0
6-
TK
L2
Have students complete Check Your
Progress. Administer the Section Quiz.
Im
age
Assess Progress
Senator Joseph McCarthy
L1
If students need more instruction, have
them read this section in the Interactive
Reading and Notetaking Study Guide and
complete the accompanying question.
What techniques did McCarthy use to accuse people
of being Communists?
Looking Back and Ahead After McCarthy’s fall, tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union continued. No
one knew that the conflict between the two superpowers would
drag on for almost 40 additional years.
Interactive Reading and
Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 25,
Section 3 (Adapted Version also available.)
Extend
L3
Have students conduct research to find out
more about the people and culture of
Korea. Have students choose an aspect of
Korean culture such as food, clothing, or
language, and write a paragraph about it.
Display students’ paragraphs in the classroom. Provide students with the Web Code
below.
For: Extend Online
Visit: PHSchool.com
Web Code: mvp-0199
Progress Monitoring Online
Students may check their comprehension of this section by completing the
Progress Monitoring Online graphic
organizer and self-quiz.
Section 3
Check Your Progress
Comprehension
and Critical Thinking
1. (a) Recall How did the Korean
War start?
(b) Synthesize Information
How did the U.S. response to the
Korean War reflect the goals of
the Truman Doctrine?
2. (a) Describe What did Senator
McCarthy do in the 1950s?
(b) Analyze Cause and Effect
How did McCarthy’s actions
threaten democratic freedoms in
the United States?
Reading Skill
3. Analyze a Cause-and-Effect
Chain Reread the entire text
under the heading “Fears at
Home.” Analyze the cause-andeffect chain from American
worries about global communism
to government investigations
and spy trials.
Key Terms
Read each sentence below. If the
sentence is true, write YES. If the
sentence is not true, write NO and
explain why.
4. The Korean War ended in a
stalemate; boundaries changed
little and neither side won the
war.
For: Self-test with instant help
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Web Code: mva-8253
5. The United States censured Senator McCarthy by awarding him
the Congressional Medal of Honor
for his work fighting communism.
6. The soldiers were preparing to
occupy the demilitarized zone.
Writing
7. You are preparing a multimedia
presentation about McCarthyism.
Write a few sentences to introduce your presentation. Then,
write a brief introduction for a
film clip of Senator McCarthy
speaking. Finally, write a few
sentences to conclude your
presentation.
854 Chapter 25 The United States in the Cold War
Answer
McCarthy kept a secret list
of Communists in the State Department; he
held hearings and bullied people accused
of being Communists.
Section
3 Check Your Progress
1. (a) North Korea invaded South Korea.
(b) Under Truman’s urging, the UN sent
a military force to Korea to force North
Korea back. This was in line with Truman’s policy to contain communism.
854 Chapter 25
2. (a) Senator McCarthy engaged in a cam-
paign to expose alleged Communists in
the U.S. government. Without evidence,
he accused people of being Communists. He bullied witnesses before his
Senate committee.
(b) McCarthy’s action threatened constitutional rights to hold beliefs and speak
freely.
3. Student responses should demonstrate
ability to determine causes and effects.
Possible chain: Soviet possession of
atomic weapons, communism in China,
stalemate in Korea, and rising American
fears of Communist spies.
4. Yes.
5. No. The censure meant that the Senate
condemned McCarthy’s activities.
6. No. The military are supposed to stay
out of a demilitarized zone.
7. Answers will vary, but students’
responses should be suitable for a presentation on McCarthyism.