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NAMIBIA 1. 2. 3. 4. GENERAL OPERATING ENVIRONMENT ENERGY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE ORGANIZATIONS, SOURCES, REFERENCES 2 (26) NAMIBIA report -1GENERAL OPERATING ENVIRONMENT 1.1 Basic Facts & Geography 1.2 People & Society 1.3 Culture & Business Culture 1.4 Infrastructure & Logistics 1.5 Government & Legislation 1.6 Economy & Trade 1.7 Namibia & Finland 1.8 Education 1.9 General Operating Environment - Summary 3 (26) NAMIBIA report 1.1 BASIC FACTS & GEOGRAPHY Location Area Borders Climate Terrain Natural hazards Sub-Saharan Africa 824 290 sq. km West: The Atlantic Ocean North: Angola, Zambia East: Botswana South: South-Africa Tropical Mostly high plateau Droughts, floods Source: CIA, World Bank The population of Namibia is 2.14 million people (2011) with the vast majority living in the fertile north of the country. The capital Windhoek is home to only 342,000 people (CIA). Namibia is located in south-western part of Africa. It is positioned on neighbouring countries are SouthAfrica, Botswana, Angola and Zambia. It is one of the most sparsely populated countries in Africa with an average population density of 2.5 persons per square kilometre. Life expectancy at birth is very low, 52.19 years (2011) (World Bank). The terrain is mostly high plateau, climate ranges from arid in the Namib Desert (along the coast) and Kalahari Desert (in the east), to subtropical in other parts of the country. Namibia has got water area of 1,002 sq. km (CIA). Agriculture, herding, tourism and the mining industry – including mining for gem diamonds, uranium, gold, silver, and base metals – form the backbone of Namibia's economy (Wikipedia). The country is classified as a lower-middle income country and is heavily dependent on the extraction and processing of minerals for export. 4 (26) NAMIBIA report 1.2 PEOPLE & SOCIETY Population, total Population, growth Population, density Urban population Rural population Population (0-14 years) Population (15-64 years) Population (65 years and above) Life expectancy at birth Major cities 2009 2010 2011 2.24 mil 2.28 mil 2,32 mil 2% 2% 2% 2 2 3/km 3/km … 37 % 38 % 38 % 63 % 62 % 62 % 37 % 36 % 36 % 59 % 60 % 60 % 4% 4% 4% 62 62 62 Windhoek - capital (268000), Rundu (58000) Walvis Bay (52000), Oshakati (34000), Swakopmund (25000) Source: CIA, World Bank Post-colonial Namibia is largely stable and peaceful with a progressive constitution. Namibia has the most unequal distribution of income in the world, a legacy from the colonial and apartheid era. The growth rate of the population is very moderate by African standards and the fertility rate is only 2.49 children per woman in 2011 (World Bank). Despite a decline in HIV prevalence rates, which have fallen from 22 percent in 2002 to 17.8 percent in 2008, new HIV infections remain a serious concern (World Bank). The country is confronted with a high average unemployment rate of 51.2% and 80% for the young aged 15 to 19 if jobless people not actively seeking work are included (African Development Bank). Namibia conducts a census every ten years. After independence the first Population and Housing Census was carried out in 1991, further rounds followed in 2001 and 2011. The data collection method is to count every person resident in Namibia on the census reference night, wherever they happen to be. This is called the de facto method (Wikipedia). Although Namibia's population is comparably small, the country has a diverse choice of media: Two TV stations, 19 radio stations (without counting community stations), 5 daily newspapers, several weeklies and special publications compete for the attention of the audience (Wikipedia). 5 (26) NAMIBIA report 1.3 CULTURE & BUSINESS CULTURE Language Ethnic groups Religion Official: English Other: Oshivambo, Herero, Nama and others about 50% of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9% to the Kavangos tribe; other ethnic groups include Herero 7%, Damara 7%, Nama 5%, Caprivian 4%, Bushmen 3%, Baster 2%, Tswana 0.5% Christian : up to 80 – 90 % Traditional: 10 – 20 % Source: CIA English is the official language of Namibia. Afrikaans and German are also widely spoken. The political stability in Namibia is providing a necessary condition for the tourism sector to develop. With the developed infrastructure and a layer, although thin, of highly educated people, the country has good prospects for growth and development if the social reforms succeed. Black 87.5%, white 6%, mixed 6.5% About 50% of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9% to the Kavangos tribe; other ethnic groups includes Herero 7%, Damara 7%, Nama 5%, Caprivian 4%, Bushmen 3%, Baster 2%, Tswana 0.5% (CIA, Wikipedia). Business professionals usually greet one another with a firm handshake while making eye contact with each other. Some Namibian professionals will engage in a traditional African handshake, in which the hands are clasped in the same way as a handshake in the Western world, but the individuals lock their thumbs and point them upwards before returning to the Western handshake. Namibian professionals are not confrontational, so using harsh or abrasive language during a meeting is not proper (Namibian Business Etiquette). Men and women are expected to be well-groomed and neat when entering the office--clean and polished shoes for both genders are appreciated as well. Foreign professionals should refer to their Namibian colleagues as Mr or Mrs followed by the last name if the Namibian does not have a professional title. It is considered rude to not greet people, even strangers (Culture Crossing). The view of time tends to be very flexible. Lateness in social situations is acceptable, but if you are in professional settings you will be expected to be on time even though others may not be. In most social situations, punctuality is not valued and time is meant to be shared with others. So, if you end up talking to someone on your way to an event and thus are late, it is completely expected (Culture Crossing). 6 (26) NAMIBIA report 1.4 INFRASTRUCTURE & LOGISTICS Railways: Roads: Waterways: Airports: 2 626 km 64,189 km 1,572 km 112 (airports with paved runways 19) Source: CIA The Namibian infrastructure is very developed by African standards. Namibia has Africa’s third highest electrification level at 20%, but it depends on electricity imports from SA. The country has an extensive and well-maintained road network and a modern aviation industry. Walvis Bay has a modern deep-water port, which is expected to become an important commercial gateway to Southern Africa. The development of adequate transport infrastructure is critical to improving the competitiveness of the private sector, stimulating economic growth and reducing poverty. Luderitz and Walvis Bay are ports and terminals in along Namibia’s 1 572 km coastline (CIA). Walvis Bay has a modern deep-water port, which is expected to become an important commercial gateway to Southern Africa (Finpro). 1.5 GOVERNMENT & LEGISLATION Official name Conventional short form Form of state Regions and districts Government Legal system Independence Corruption perception index (2011) Republic of Namibia Namibia Democracy 13 regions; Caprivi, Erongo, Hardap, Karas, Khomas, Kunene, Ohangwena, Okavango, Omaheke, Omusati, Oshana, Oshikoto, Otjozondjupa President Hifikepunye POHAMBA (since 21 March 2005) Mixed: un-codified civil law (Roman-Dutch and customary) 21 March 1990 (from South African mandate) 57 (out of 183 countries) Source: CIA, Transparency International Independence was achieved in 1990 and Namibia has been governed by SWAPO (South-West Africa People's Organization) since then. President Hikikepunye Pohamba completes his constitutional two terms in March 2015. The Constitution of Namibia guarantees the separation of powers: o Executive power is exercised by the President and Cabinet. o Legislature: Namibia has a bicameral Parliament with the National Assembly as lower house, and the National Council the upper house. o Judiciary: Namibia has a system of courts that interpret and apply the law in the name of the state. While the constitution envisaged a multi-party system for Namibia's government, The SWAPO party has been dominant since independence in 1990 (Wikipedia). 7 (26) NAMIBIA report 1.6 ECONOMY & TRADE World bank ranking Currency GDP (current US$) (billions) Structure of the economy (% of GDP) - Agriculture - Industry - Services GDP growth (annual %) GNI per capita, PPP (current intl.) Inflation, consumer prices (annual %) Ease of doing business ranking Upper middle income Namibian Dollar 2009 $ 8,93 9% 33 % 58 % 0% $ 6100 9% 51 (out of 181) 2010 $ 11,13 2011 $ 12,30 8% 20 % 73 % 7% $ 6270 4% 66 (out of 178) 7% 20 % 73 % 4% $ 6600 5% 69 (out of 183) Source: CIA, World Bank The exports-driven mining sector is a vital foreign currency earner for the economy. The sector accounted for 10% of GDP in 2009 but employs only about 3% of the population. The most important mineral commodities exported are diamonds (south coast), copper, gold, zinc, lead, uranium (northern and central Namibia) and salt (coastal central Namibia). Also cattle, processed fish and karakul sheep skins are exported. Most important export partners are South Africa and the EU (the UK most important) followed by Angola, Canada and the U.S. Namibia continues to witness sustained economic stability characterized by high rates of investment as a percentage of GDP and real GDP growth averaging about 22% and 6.0% respectively during the period 20032007 (World Bank). This has been possible as a result of the implementation of sound macroeconomic policies and wellfunctioning democratic institutions. It offers a unique advantage for diversifying the economy away from minerals into areas such as tourism and financial services, given the country’s sound governance environment, low crime, solid infrastructure, beautiful landscape and scenery (World Bank). In 2009, Namibia is rated as a low risk country The country’s debt profile, both internal and external, is sustainable. Namibia has a satisfactory record of meeting its debt obligations to the Bank and currently has no debt repayment arrears (African Development Bank). Government will enhance partnership for trade and regional integration (facilitate cross border investments and international business). The Namibian economy is closely linked to South Africa with the Namibian dollar pegged one-to-one to the South African rand. Until 2010, Namibia drew 40% of its budget revenues from the Southern African Customs Union (SACU). Increased payments from SACU put Namibia's budget into surplus in 2007 for the first time since 8 (26) NAMIBIA report independence. SACU allotments to Namibia increased in 2009, but dropped in 2010 and 2011 because of the global recession, reducing Namibia's overall SACU income. Increased fish production and mining of zinc, copper, and uranium spurred growth in 2003-08, but growth in recent years was undercut by poor fish catches, a dramatic decline in demand for diamonds, higher costs of producing metals, and the global recession. A rebound in diamond and uranium prices in 2010 and the reopening of copper mines in 2011 provided a significant boost to Namibia's mining sector (CIA). 1.7 NAMIBIA & FINLAND Finnish exports (2011) Finnish imports (2011) 2, 4 mill € (mostly paper and paper products; Fabricated metal products except machinery) 0,9 mill € (Meat and meat preparations, non-metallic mineral manufactures Source: Finnish Customs The relations between Finland and Namibia are extensive and diverse. Interaction is lively especially in the areas of culture, science, education, as well as amongst churches and municipalities (Embassy of Finland). The strong political ties between the two countries will be very beneficial for both countries. Finland and Namibia have long standing relations that started over 140 years ago, when the first Finnish missionaries arrived in Namibia. The Finns established the Evangelic-Lutheran church and developed a health care and education system in the North, where the significant ethnic group called Owambo resides. The Owambo people learned Finnish and some were even baptised with Finnish names (Embassy of Finland). Finland has participated in the development of the water, forest, environment protection, mining, health care and other sectors of Namibia. Namibia offers possibilities for Finnish companies particularly in the mining, energy and logistics sector (Embassy of Finland). Finland supported Namibia's independence struggle in various ways, and the role of President Martti Ahtisaari was significant in establishing the independence plan. During the 1990’s Namibia was one of Finland's main partner countries in the field of development cooperation. Additionally, Finland was one of the first countries with whom Namibia established diplomatic relations in 1990 (Embassy of Finland). Finnish exports to Namibia cover mostly paper and paper products. Furthermore, fabricated metal products except machinery. Finnish imports from Namibia cover mainly meat and meat preparations and non-metallic mineral manufactures. Finland and Namibia signed an agreement for promotion and protection of investments, which took effect in May 2005. To date, there are only a few Finnish investments in Namibia, but there expectations for new Finnish investments taking place in 2012 in Namibia (Embassy of Finland). 9 (26) NAMIBIA report 1.8 EDUCATION Literacy rate, % of people ages 15 and above, 2009 Primary school enrolment, % net, 2009 Higher education: 89 % 85 % (88 % female, 83 % male) National University 4 teacher training colleges 3 colleges of agriculture Police training college Polytechnic at university level Source: UNESCO, World Bank Literacy and education levels rank high by African standards. The Literacy rate; adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) in Namibia was 88.51 in 2009, according to a World Bank. The Primary completion rate; total (% of relevant age group) in Namibia was 83.92 in 2009, according to a World Bank. The high youth unemployment rate is mainly attributable to an educational system that does not equip learners with the skills required in the labour market, although the education sector receives the highest share of the national budget (African Development Bank). Most schools in Namibia are state-run, but a few private schools are also part of the country's education system. There are four teacher training colleges, three colleges of agriculture, a police training college, a Polytechnic at university level, and a National University. 1.9 GENERAL OPERATING ENVIRONMENT - SUMMARY Given its small market size, openness and heavy dependence on international trade, the Namibian economy is still vulnerable to external shocks such as changes in terms of trade, external demand and climatic variations. Scarce water resources are a substantial limitation for the socio-economic development of the country. At least 80% of the rural population are engaged in agricultural activities as subsistence farmers but the share of agriculture in GDP is about 6% reflecting low productivity in the sector. Namibia will focus on rural infrastructures and irrigation systems to increase agricultural productivity as well as promoting exports of high value crops. 10 (26) NAMIBIA report -2ENERGY & RENEWABLE ENERGY 2.1 General Situation in Energy Sector 2.2 Energy Policy 2.3 Renewable Energy Resources 2.4 Supply & Demand for Energy Solutions 11 (26) NAMIBIA report 2.1 GENERAL SITUATION IN ENERGY SECTOR Total energy consumption: Energy consumption per capita: Electricity consumption: Electricity consumption per capita: Access to electricity: Access to electricity urban population Access to electricity rural population Energy imports (% of energy use) Electricity imports (% of electricity use) Power production capacity: Hydro power production capacity: Electricity production: Hydro electricity production: Share of population using solid fuels: Fossil fuels % of total energy 2009 19,9 TWh 8,9 MWh/capita 3,53 TWh 1 576 kWh/capita 34 % 98 % ~30-40 % 81 % 54 % 467 MW 375 MW 1,74 TWh 1,42 TWh 57 % 70,5 % 1991 7,6 TWh 3,4 MWh/capita 1,54 TWh 67 % 365 MW (1995) 349 MW (1995) 1,39 TWh 1,13 TWh (1995) 62 % (IEA, World Bank, IRENA, UN data) Major sources of commercial energy in Namibia are petroleum, hydropower, imported electricity and coal. 57 % of population use traditional solid fuels such as fuel-wood and charcoal in residential sector for heating, light and cooking. The residential sector contributed 73 % of energy consumption in 2009. Further development of the use of biomass and extension of national electricity grid would reduce this consumption greatly. Self-sufficiency Up to 81 % of energy used in Namibia is imported and 54 % of electricity is imported in 2009 The electricity supply mix is made up of a combination of domestic hydropower and thermal energy, combined with imports from the Southern Africa Power Pool member countries: Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and South Africa. Namibia has no oil refineries (Namibia Oil & Gas Profile) Electricity availability 34 % of the population had access to electricity in 2009. About 98% of the urban population has access to electricity but in the rural areas percentage is much lower around 30-40%. Vastness of the country and low population density makes it extremely difficult and expensive to extend the grid to un-electrified areas. The country’s electricity transmission and distribution systems are considered well-developed. Existing transmission infrastructure from South Africa is currently strengthened by the Caprivi inter-connector, which will link Namibia to Zambia and Zimbabwe. Namibia’s main transmission line extends directly into South Africa to several of its power stations. NAMIBIA report 12 (26) Electricity capacity Over time, static growth in domestic generation has caused the volume of imports to increase to meet demand. This has made Namibia increasingly dependent on power supplies from beyond its borders and control. The country has to rely on outside sources to obtain the majority of their energy, leaving Namibia vulnerable to problems resulting from policy changes and resource depletion in the countries on which it depends. Namibia’s own electricity is generated by three main power stations the hydro powered Ruacana station in northern Namibia generates 240MW, Van Eck power station, outside of Windhoek, operates on coal power and generates roughly 120 MW of power. The Paratus station on the western coast of Namibia is used mostly as a standby station for the coastal area with four diesel powered generators producing at maximum 6.4 MW of power each. The country relies heavily on energy imports from Zambia and South Africa. Power sources are offered through its membership in the association of Southern African Power Pool (SAPP). (Reegle Country Profile) NAMIBIA report 13 (26) Source: IEA Country Energy Balance, 2009 14 (26) NAMIBIA report 2.2 ENERGY POLICY Energy policy publications Organizations responsible for energy policies Targets to increase use of renewable energy Subsidies/ Incentives for Renewable Energy The White Paper on Energy Policy (1998) The Ministry of Mines and Energy 40 MW of renewable capacity (excluding hydro) by 2011 Feed-in Tariffs considered but no current plan for introducing The White Paper on Energy Policy 1998 (link) Sets out specific national energy policy goals for the electricity supply industry as promoting or enhancing: o Effective governance. o Security of supply o Social benefits, including upward mobility for poorer populations o Investment and growth o Economic competitiveness and efficiency o Sustainability Although the promotion of renewable energy technologies (RET) is not mentioned as a special target of energy policies. "Government will promote the use of economically viable renewable energy technologies, as a complement to grid electrification, to improve energy provisions to rural areas." Renewable Energy Programme (link) Government initiated with support from the Global Environment Facility (GEF) in 2005. The Namibia Renewable Energy Programme was designed to increase affordability and access to renewable energy services and accelerate market development for renewable energy technologies by reducing existing barriers, including human capacity, financial, technical, awareness and other market limitations. In the short term, Namibia is focusing on demand side management programs and construction of the new Caprivi Link, creating a new electricity wheeling corridor to mitigate against transmission capacity constraints or the Namibia-Republic of South Africa interconnector. For the longer term, it is looking to build its domestic portfolio with renewable energy. Solar energy is main focus in Namibia National Renewable Energy Programme (NNREP). Solar energy generation has increased from 685 MWh in 2004 to 14,941 MWh in 2008. Intended results o Built capacity in public and private sectors and in NGOs o New policies, laws, regulations and actions in support of renewable energy are in place o Increased public awareness and social acceptability amongst stakeholders o Appropriate financing and product delivery schemes set up and expanded. o Learning, evaluation and adaptive management NAMIBIA report 15 (26) Regional Energy Distribution Master Plan (REDMP) and Off-Grid Energisation Master Plan for Namibia (OGEMP) Regional Energy Distribution Master Plan (REDMP) will connect a large number of rural settlements to Namibia’s main distribution grid over the next 20 years, but it is not economically feasible or technically possible to electrify all off-grid settlements. Approximately 1,543 rural communities will be electrified over the next 20 years by the REDMP, as outlined by the Ministry of Mines and Energy, while there will remain 4,315 un-electrified communities. For those settlements that will remain un-electrified, there is the OGEMP. Off-Grid Energisation Master Plan for Namibia (OGEMP) proposes installing solar powered energy shops in rural, un-electrified areas throughout the country. Such energy shops would provide basic energy services such as cell phone charging and haircutting, and sell energy products such as paraffin gas, candles, and eventually solar panel systems. Subsidies/ Incentives for Renewable Energy No current plan to introduce Feef-in Tariffs for renewable energy but idea is being considered by the government. Plans are underway to transform the national power utility NamPower into a modified single buyer to make the market more competitive. The Electricity Control Board (ECB) is currently engaged as part of a stakeholder group in a consultation process to determine the renewable energy (RE) incentive structures best suited to Namibia. Namibia’s regulator and other stakeholders are currently looking at support mechanisms that will drive forward investment in renewable energy, with the understanding that optimum utilization of renewable energy technology requires a combination of appropriate polices and a favourable investment environment Other A UNDP programme will look at various barriers that prevent the wider use of solar energy technologies. An on-going study for designing a strategy for using biomass resources. The Ministry of Mines and Energy, through the Namibia Renewable Energy Program (NAMREP), released a study in August 2006 entitled “Feasibility Assessment to Replace Diesel Pumps with Solar Pumps (link)”. (Reegle Country Profile) 16 (26) NAMIBIA report 2.3 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES Significant renewable energy resources Proven oil reserves Wide renewable energy resources 0 BBL OPEC Hydroelectricity According to Irene renewable energy country profile potential for hydropower is high in Namibia. Country has developed a hydro power Master Plan. A study on all perennial rivers has been performed. The aim of the study was to identify and estimate cost and production for all potential hydro power projects in the Lower Kunene, Kavango and Lower Orange rivers.(IRENA, Namibia Renewable Energy Country Profile) Wind The total potential for wind power in the country is high. Particularly promising sites can be found along the coastal regions, with several sites having average wind speeds of over 8 m/s, and some sites having wind speeds as high as 15 m/s. The first wind power park in sub-Saharan Africa (or even ‘parks’ as three sites have been identified in the initial planning studies) is under design in Namibia (10 MW to 20 MW for Lüderitz). Aeolus Power Generation; a 50:50 joint-venture between Dutch company Aeolus Association and Namibia’s United Africa Group, was issued a license in April 2008 to develop this N$1.1 bln (USD 130 million) wind energy project powered facility. Solar Namibia has one of the highest solar radiation regimes in the world. It is therefore logical to make use of the abundance of photovoltaic energy as has been done for the last forty years or so. Solar energy is increasingly used for off-grid electrification in the vast rural and, until independence, neglected areas in the country. The first two villages have been totally energized by solar power (with Indian donor assistance), namely Spitzkoppe village and Shianshuli in the Caprivi Region. Biomass Biomass production resources are low due to Kalahari desert covering large areas of Namibia. Biomass use in the country is generally confined to traditional rural household usage, but some studies have indicated potentials of 10 – 42 MWh/ha across the majority of the country. (Renewable Energies in Africa (link), Reegle Country Profile) NAMIBIA report 17 (26) 2.4 SUPPLY & DEMAND FOR ENERGY SOLUTIONS Households Heat for cooking and warm water Power for lighting, communication and electronics Commercial and public services - including healthcare, education, administration, business Power, heat and cooling Infrastructure - including water supply, sanitation, communication, waste management Power, heat and fuels Traffic and transportation Fuels and power for vehicles Agriculture fuels for vehicles Fertilizer Power and heat for processing crop Industry Heat, cooling and power Tourism - including resorts, lodges etc. Heat, cooling, electricity, warm water Regulatory barriers On-going work is required to lessen fragmentation of the regulatory framework and modernize it to encourage investment in renewable energy (RE), among other issues. To date, financing has stemmed essentially from either grants or consumers that generate electricity for their own localized consumption. RE usage for off-grid electrification still remains a regulatory challenge and as part of its consultation process the ECB is looking at ways to develop an RE procurement support mechanism. This will incorporate RE in mainstream electricity supply as well as provide electricity to off-grid customers in rural areas who are not likely to be connected within the next 20 years, in light of infrastructure limitations. (Reegle Country Profile) 18 (26) NAMIBIA report -3ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE 3.1 Description of Environmental Governance 3.2 Environmental & Social Requirements for Projects NAMIBIA report 19 (26) 3.1 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE Namibia is one of the driest countries in southern Africa and the world. The cold Benguela current along the west coast and Namibia’s location influence the main features of the climate, making Namibia particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. According to Ruppel and Ruppel-Schlichting (2011, xxv), Namibia is in a good position due to its pristine natural environment and rich biodiversity, good governance and sound environmental management. However, Namibia at the same time faces challenges especially related to poverty, climate change, desertification, flooding and erosion. The majority on Namibian population lives in rural areas, especially vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Climate change is expected to have various impacts that further reduce the livelihood options of the poorest: reduction of biodiversity and food security, increase of the prevalence of drought and flooding; a further rise in sea levels and changes in precipitation patterns. The adaptive capacity is limited, although there are programmes especially directed to climate adaptation. (Ruppel-Schlichting 2011, 31). The development of Namibian environmental laws and governance is closely linked to South Africa due to country’s history. Some of the environmental laws date from pre-independence, but Namibia has also taken many legislative steps since independence. The Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET) has four directorates: Parks and Wildlife Management, Scientific Services, Environmental Affairs and Tourism. The Directorate of Environmental Affairs is responsible for Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA). Namibia has drafted a Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan but it has not been approved yet. Mitigation is addressed in it through sustainable energy provision and low-carbon development and transport. (Ruppel et al. 2011, 135.) The Strategic Action Plan for the Implementation of Renewable Energy Policies provides that the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Institute should be responsible also for environmental considerations. The Institute should establish EIAs that consider energy needs within a socio-economic framework. (Ibid. 106). 3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PROJECTS The Government guidelines (Procedures and Guidelines for Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) and Environmental Management Plan (EMP)), list activities for which a full SEA is required. Activities possibly related to renewable energy include: the erection or construction of facilities for the commercial generation of electricity with an output of more than one megawatt the erection or construction of facilities for the commercial transmission and supply of electricity with the exception of power supply lines of less than 2 kilometres in length the erection and construction of sewage treatment plants and associated infrastructure 20 (26) NAMIBIA report the erection and construction of waste sites, including any facility for the final disposal or treatment of waste the rezoning of land from o residential use to industrial or commercial use o light industrial use to heavy industrial use o agricultural use to industrial use o use for nature conservation or zoned open space to any other land-use the import, processing, transit or export of waste An EIA can also be a necessity for projects that seek international financing. The terms for EIA may vary according to the funder or financial institution, and they do not necessarily approve national terms. Financial institutions often follow “Equator Principles” or “IFC Standards” and, for example, the AfDB has its own guidelines. Both Namibian and international EIA regulations stress strong stakeholder participation. According to Namibian guidelines, only once residents have stated their views on the nature of specific impacts, will it be possible to decide which impacts should be completely avoided from a social and cultural perspective and which require mitigating action. If opinions differ between different groups, consensus should be sought. (MET, no date, 48). According to an evaluation of EIA practice in Namibia, the foundation for EIA is solid with the systematic development of policy and legal framework. However, even though the policy environment is good and the structures for administration, guidance and quality control are partially in place, the system falls short when it comes to implementation and monitoring. EIA is often applied in a selective and subjective way. (Tarr & Tarr, 2003, no page numbering). The Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) has studied the potential for wind energy at two locations in Namibia. The studies included an Environmental Impact Assessment with site visits and data evaluation. According to the study, noise and shadow flicker are not a problem in project areas. However, a study undertaken by the Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET) identified a possible danger for migratory and resident birds in certain areas. As a result of studies, Luderitz was chosen a potential site for wind parks. 21 (26) NAMIBIA report -4ORANIZATIONS, SOURCES, REFERENCES 4.1 Organizations & Funding Possibilities 4.2 Sources of Information, References & Links NAMIBIA report 22 (26) 4.1 ORGANIZATIONS & FUNDING POSSIBILITIES ENERGY The Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) (link) Enforces compliance with legal requirements on energy legislation and regulations, as well as conducting research on renewable sources for energy. MME also issue petroleum licenses, set petroleum prices, administers the National Energy Fund, regulates the oil industry, oversees rural electrification and administers the Solar Electrification Revolving Fund. Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Institute (REEEI) (link) Is an arm of the Namibian Ministry of Mines and Energy created in collaboration with the Polytechnic Institute of Namibia 2006 to serve as a national information resource centre for renewable energy and sustainable energy use and management. REEEI has taken over some of Ministry of Mines and Energy functions, like research and setting up energy shops. The Energy Control Board (ECB) (link) Was created under the Electricity Act (2000). The Electricity Control Board (ECB) regulates the electricity sector in terms of generation, transmission, distribution, supply, import and export. It is also pursuant to powers given to it by the Electricity Act promulgated in 2000 and amended in 2007, following the enactment of the Namibia Renewable Energy Programme. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (link) Has energy and environment as one of its focuses in Namibia. Current projects on climate change focus on adaptation and energy efficiency. UNDP supports the Global Environment Facility (GEF) that provides project funding. GEF is implemented by UNDP, the World Bank and UNEP in Namibia. UNEP is one of the active organisations in Namibia, although it does not have an office there. OTHER Ministry of Environment and Tourism (link) Environmental matters are the responsibility of the Ministry of Environment and Tourism through its Directorate of Environmental Affairs. Is the designated national authority for Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). There are no registered CDM projects in Namibia. NAMIBIA report 23 (26) Namibia Chamber of Commerce and Industry (link) Offers various advocacy, information and capacity building services. The NCCI hosted a Namibia – Finland Trade and Business Forum in May 2012. Finland has an embassy in Windhoek. The University of Namibia (link) Has been complimented for its efforts on the progression toward climate change and environmental sustainability. The university has environmental initiatives such as solar heaters in the hostels, and the use of airplays (non-fuel consuming vehicles) on its campus. Climate change is high on the university’s agenda and it has been incorporated in many relevant courses run by the various faculties of the university. (Ruppel ym. 364). The University of Namibia is involved in United Nations University programme Capacity-Building in South Africa, Namibia and Ghana to Create Sustainable, Non-Food Bio-Oil Supply Chains. The African Development Bank (AfDB) (link) Has a few projects in Namibia. The World Bank (link) Has three active projects in Namibia and a country office in Windhoek. There is a large number of NGOs in Namibia. One of these is the Namibia Nature Foundation (link). On the webpage are also links to several other NGOs or environmental project pages. International NGOs, like IUCN and WWF, have projects in Namibia. 24 (26) NAMIBIA report 4.2 SOURCES OF INFORMATION, REFERENCES & LINKS Namibia: General facts Finpro Country analysis Business Link Namibia Chamber of Commerce and Industry Trade Business Link National Board of Customs of Finland Finnish trade (export and import) to specific countries Business Link Business Link Business Link Education Link World Bank General Link The World Fact Book CIA General Link The Economist The Economist Intelligence Unit Latest data and analysis over countries (newspaper) General Link World Bank Country Fact Sheet General Link Wikipedia General Link Embassy of Finland General Link Suomi-Namibia Seura ry General Link University of Namibia General Link Environmental Governance Link Government Link Africa Project Finpro Finpro Enesco Namibia Nature Foundation The project results help Finnish growth companies to succeed in Africa’s growing markets (project completed by now). Finpro South Africa Trade Center answers also request for Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Education information in Namibia NGO Information Government of Namibia eHow Business Etiquette Society Link Culture Crossing Business Etiquette Society Link International Tax Deloitte Taxation highlights in Namibia 2012 Business Link Country Energy Information Developing Renewables Business Link Doing Business World Bank Business Link Economic Outlook AfDB, UN, OECD Economy Link Country Risk Classification Finnvera Economy Link Corruption Perceptions Index Transparency International Society Link Country BTI Transformation Level BTI Group Economy Link BTI analyzes and evaluates the quality of democracy, a market economy and political mgmt. in 128 developing and transition countries 25 (26) NAMIBIA report Renewable Energy Country Profiles International Energy Association General Link International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) General Link Country profile, energy maps, tools, programs, organizations & institutions General Link Clean energy info portal General Link Government Link Environmental Governance Link Environmental Governance Link Open Energy Info Country Energy Profile & Information Reegle Renewable Energies in Africa European Commission, Joint Research Centre Global Environment Facility The GEF unites 182 countries in partnership with intl. institutions, civil society organizations, and the private sector to address global env. issues United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Clean Development Mechanism The Energy and Environment Partnership Africa Project funding Business Link MBendi Economy, Risks, Industry, Business, Energy and a lot of other information Business Link African Development Bank (AfDB) Contains structured and analysed information on economic, political and social status General Link Directory of Development Organizations Contains list of development organizations in the country Society Link United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Un-political information on country's status on environmental, social and financial situation General Link Oil and Gas Profile A Barrel Full Business Link Regulations for Strategic Env. Assessment (SEA) and Env. Impact Assessment (EIA) Ministry of Environment and Tourism Environmental Governance Link Namibia's Environmental Assessment (EA) Process Ministry of Environment and Tourism Environmental Governance Link Wind Energy Ministry of Mines and Energy Government Link Environmental Law and Policy in Namibia Ruppel O. RuppelSchlichting K. Environmental Impact Assessment in Southern Africa Tarr Peter, Tarr Jacquie The Southern African Institute for Environmental Assessment Published: Hanns Seidel Foundation 2011 Environmental Governance Published: In Tarr, Peter (ed.) 2003 Environmental Governance Namibia: Focus on Climate Change UNDP Environmental Governance Link The White Paper on Energy Policy 1998 The Ministry of Mines and Energy Government Link Namibia Renewable Energy Programme UNDP General Link The Ministry of Mines and Energy General Link The Ministry of Mines and Energy Business Link The Ministry of Mines and Energy Government Link The Energy Control Board Government Link The Ministry of Environment and Tourism Government Link Off-grid energisation master plan for Namibia 2007 Feasibility Assessment to replace Diesel Pumps with Solar Pumps Robert Schultz Christoph Schumann 26 (26) NAMIBIA report Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) The members of SAPP have created common power grid between their countries and a common market for electricity. SAPP was founded in 1995 The Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Institute Business Link Education Link African Energy Supplying solar, wind and power backup equipment on a wholesale basis Business Link Alternative Energy Africa Information portal about alternative energy in Africa Business Link Inforse-Africa International network for sustainable energy Business Link Business Link Business Link Business Link Business Link Cleantech Knowledge Hub Business Link The World Council for Renewable Energy Business Link International Network for Sustainable Energy Business Link African Wind Energy Association Renewable Energy World Conferences & Expo in Africa Renewable Energy Africa How We Made It in Africa Insight into business in Africa Herana Gateway African higher education research Education Link African Rural Energy Enterprise Development Community-based organization developing a strategy for improved access to energy Government Link African Center for Economic Transformation An economic policy institute supporting the longterm growth with transformation of African economies Government Link Nordic Development Fund Project funding Business Link Government Link Government Link Business Link Africa and Europe in Partnership The Foundation for the Development of Africa Non-profit organization supporting sustainable development European Biomass Industry Association Global Network on Energy for Sustainable Development GNESD is a knowledge network facilitated by UN Environmental Programme Government Link Global Village Energy Partnership GVEP works with local businesses in developing countries to increase access to modern energy Business Link World Resources Institute WRI works with governments, companies, and civil society to build solutions to urgent env. Changes Government Link Economy Link The World Bank