Download 0-10V, PWM, TRIAC Dimmable LED panel

0-10V, PWM, TRIAC Dimmable LED panel
0-10V Dimming
0-10 V is one of the earliest and simplest electronic lighting control signaling systems; simply
put, the control signal is a DC voltage that varies between zero and ten volts. The controlled
lighting should scale its output so that at 10 V, the controlled light should be at 100% of its
potential output, at 1v it should be at minimum output, and at 0 V it should at 0% output (i.e.
“Off”). Dimming devices may be designed to respond in various patterns to the intermediate
voltages, giving outputcurves that are linear for: voltage output, actual light output, power
output, or perceived light output.
Advantages and disadvantages
The simplicity of the lighting system makes it straightforward to understand, implement and
diagnose, and its low current (typically 1 mA) means it can be run along relatively thin cables
with little voltage drop. However, since it requires one wire per control channel (plus a common
return wire), a sophisticated system could have hundreds of wires, requiring expensive
multicore cables and connectors. Over a long cable, the voltage drop requires every channel of
the receiving device to be calibrated to compensate for the voltage losses. (This is only a
theoretical limitation as the resistance of the thinnest practical wire is around 20 Ω/1000 m.)
Interference from nearby ac power cables can affect the signal to the fitting and even cause
flickering. Signal wire running parallel to power cables for a fair distance would need to be
screened.
PWM Dimmable
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0-10V, PWM, TRIAC Dimmable LED panel
Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a commonly used
technique for controlling power to inertial electrical devices, made practical by modern
electronic power switches.
The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a
switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on, there is almost no voltage drop
across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases
close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature,
can easily set the needed duty cycle.
The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch
between supply and load on and off at a fast pace. The longer the switch is on compared to the
off periods, the higher the power supplied to the load is.
The PWM switching frequency has to be much faster than what would affect the load, which is
to say the device that uses the power. Typically switchings have to be done several times a
minute in an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for
a motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer power
supplies.
The term duty cycle describes the proportion of ‘on’ time to the regular interval or ‘period’ of
time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time.
Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.
TRIAC Dimming
TRIAC, from Triode for Alternating Current, is a genericized tradename for an electronic
component that can conduct current in either direction when it is triggered (turned on), and is
formally called a bidirectional triode thyristor or bilateral triode thyristor.
TRIACs belong to the thyristor family and are closely related to Silicon-controlled rectifiers
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0-10V, PWM, TRIAC Dimmable LED panel
(SCR). However, unlike SCRs, which are unidirectional devices (i.e. can conduct current only in
one direction), TRIACs are bidirectional and so current can flow through them in either direction.
Another difference from SCRs is that TRIACs can be triggered by either a positive or a negative
current applied to its gate electrode, whereas SCRs can be triggered only by currents going into
the gate. In order to create a triggering current, a positive or negative voltage has to be applied
to the gate with respect to the A1 terminal (otherwise known as MT1).
Once triggered, the device continues to conduct until the current drops below a certain
threshold, called the holding current.
The bidirectionality makes TRIAC very convenient switches for AC circuits, also allowing them
to control very large power flows with milliampere-scale gate currents. In addition, applying a
trigger pulse at a controlled phase angle in an AC cycle allows one to control the percentage of
current that flows through the TRIAC to the load (phase control), which is commonly used, for
example, in controlling the speed of low-power induction motors, in dimming lamps and in
controlling AC heating resistors.
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0-10V, PWM, TRIAC Dimmable LED panel
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