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CHAPTER 1
Section 1.1 What is Science?
Science From Curiosity
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¨ 
Science - is a system of knowledge and the
methods you use to find that knowledge
Science usually begins with curiosity and ends with
discovery
Science and Technology
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Technology- is the use of knowledge to solve
practical problems.
Science and technology are interdependent.
Advances in one lead to advances in the other.
Branches of Science
Natural Science
Life Science
Physical Science
Earth and Space
Science
Botany
Chemistry
Zoology
Physics
Meteorology
Ecology
Astronomy
Oceanography
Genetics
Geology
Branches of Science
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Chemistry – study of the composition, structure,
properties, and reactions of matter
Physics – study of matter and energy and the
interactions between the 2 through forces and
motion
Branches of Science
¨ 
Geology - study of the origin, history, and structure
of the Earth
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Astronomy- study of the universe
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Biology – study of living things
SECTION 1.2 USING A
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH
Scientific Method
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Scientific Method - an organized plan for
gathering, organizing, and communicating
information.
The goal of the scientific method is to solve a
problem or to better understand an observed event.
Make an observation
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Observation – information you obtain through your
senses.
Forming a Hypothesis
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Hypothesis – a proposed answer to a question
Testing a Hypothesis
Manipulated Variable – variable that causes
change in another variable.
¨  Responding Variable – variable that changes in
response to the manipulated variable
¨  Controlled Experiment – experiment in which only
one variable, the manipulated variable, is
deliberately changed at a time
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Drawing Conclusions
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Determine if the data collected during the
experiment supports your hypothesis.
If not? Hypothesis needs to be revised and retested.
Scientific Laws and Theory
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Scientific Theory– is a well tested explanation for a
set of observations or experimental results.
¤  Never
¨ 
proven
Scientific Law – is a statement that summarizes a
pattern found in nature.
¤  Explanation
theory
of the pattern is provided by a scientific
Scientific Models
Models – representation of an object or event.
Why do scientists use models?
¨  Make it easier to understand things that might be to
difficult to observe directly.
¨ 
SECTION 1.3
MEASUREMENT
Scientific Notation
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Scientific Notation- a way of expressing a value as
the product of a number between 1 and 10 and a
power of 10.
Why do we use scientific notation?
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Scientific notation makes very large numbers or
very small numbers easier to work with.
Standard Form to Scientific Notation
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I  f the number is larger than 1 or you are moving to
the left the exponent will always be positive.
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Example: 1,500,000 = 1.5 x 106
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The number must be between 1 and 10
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If the number is smaller than 1 or you are moving to
the right the exponent will be negative.
Example: 0.00025 = 2.5 x 10-4
Practice
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1.) 0.005
2.) 5050
Scientific Notation to Standard Form
Positive Exponent - move to the right
3
¨   1.5 x 10 = 1500
¨ 
Negtive Exponent - move to the left
-3
¨   1.5 x 10 = .0015
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Practice
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1.) 1.62 x 104
2.) 2.34 x 10-4
Multiplying in scientific notation
A rectangular parking lot has a length of 1.1x10 ³
meters and a width of 2.4x10³ meters. What is the
area of the parking lot?
¨  Area = L x W
¨  A = (1.1x10 ³ )(2.4x10³)
¨  Multiply 1.1 and 2.4 = 2.6
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Exponents are added = 3 +3 = 6
Area = 2.6 x 10
Dividing with scientific notation
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Example:
1.5 x 1011 m
3.0 x 108 m/s
=
= 1.5 x 1011-8
3.0 s
.50 X 103 s is this correct?
Final answer = 5.0 x 102 seconds
=
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Precision – gauge of how exact a measurement is.
Accuracy - is the closeness of a measurement to the
actual value of what is being measured.
If the clock is running 15 minutes slow it is not
accurate, however the clock would remain precise
running to the nearest second.
Not precise or accurate
Precise, but NOT accurate
Accurate, but NOT precise
Precise AND accurate
SECTION 1.4
PRESENTING SCIENTIFIC DATA
Organizing Data
Data Tables, Bar Graphs, Circle Graphs
¨  Line Graphs- show changes that occur in related
variables.
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¤  SLOPE
= rise/run
n  Direct
proportion – the relationship of the two variables is
constant
n  Inverse proportion – the relationship in which the product of
two variables is constant
Other graphs
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Bar Graph
¤  Compares
¨ 
a set of measurements, amounts or change
Circle Graph
¤  Shows
how the parts of something relate to a whole.