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Womeninthedividedcity:Gendereddimensionsofneighbourhoodinequality,
polarization,andsegregationintheTorontoCMA
17October2016
Principal Investigator
with email address
Co-investigator/s
Community Partner/s
1. Rationale
RupaleemBhuyan,Factor-InwentashFacultyofSocialWork
EmilyParadis,NCRP;LeilaSarangi,Women’sHabitat;EffieVlachoyannacos,Maytree
Foundation;RosemaryGartner,CentreofCriminologyandSocio-legalStudies.
Women’sHabitat,WomanAbuseCouncilofToronto(WomanACT),Maytree
TheNCRP’s“threecities”analysisofTorontorevealsadeeplydividedcity:whatwasinthe1970sand80sa
cityofmixed-andmiddle-incomeneighbourhoodshasbecomeapolarizedandsegregatedcity,with
increasingproportionsofhigh-incomeandlow-incomeneighbourhoods.
Buttodate,therehasbeenlittleresearchandanalysisofhowthesetrendsaffectwomen,orwhatprograms
andpoliciescanaddresstheseeffects.
ThisprojectaimstoapplytheNCRP’ssocio-spatialmethodologytoananalysisofgenderandincomeinthe
dividedcity.ItwillbringtogethertheNCRP’smappinganddataanalysistechniqueswithareviewof
empiricalandtheoreticalliteratures,inordertodescribeandexplainToronto’sgenderedincometrends.
Wewillmobilizethisknowledgeattheneighbourhoodlevelthroughparticipatoryresearchandaction,
workingwithlocalorganizationstoidentifyandpromoteprogramsthataddressgender,racial,and
economicinjustice.
Whileextensivelystudiedanddocumented,genderandincometrendsinCanada—includingthe
feminizationofpoverty,thegenderincomegap,andintersectionsofgender-basedviolenceandwomen’s
poverty—tendtobeanalyzedatthenationalandprovinciallevel,notatthecityandneighbourhoodlevel.
Atthesametime,theimpactsofthesetrendsaremostdirectlyexperiencedatthelocallevel,and
increasingly,responsestothesetrendsarealsolocal–whethertheytaketheformofmunicipalpovertyreductionplans,place-basedprograms(suchasToronto’sNeighbourhoodImprovementAreas),and/or
women’santi-povertyorganizinginneighbourhoods.
Justaslocal-levelanalysisprovidesamoregroundedunderstandingofgenderandincometrends,
accountingforgenderalsosharpensourviewofneighbourhoodinequality.Indeed,preliminarymapping
forthisprojectdemonstratesthatwhengender,andintersectingvariablessuchasage,areincludedin
socio-spatialanalysis,theinequalityamongTorontoneighbourhoodsisrevealedtobeevenstarkerthan
previouslyunderstood.Newandevenmoredistantpolaritiesemerge,fromthe47censustractsinwhich
working-agewomen’searningsarelessthanhalfthecity’saverageindividualincome,tothesingleCTin
whichtheaverageincomeforworking-agemenismorethanthirteentimesthecity’saverage.
Analystsagreethatthisdividedcity—markedbystarkneighbourhooddifferencesinincomes,health,
qualityoflife,andlife-chances—hasbeenproducedbyspecificpoliticalandeconomicchangesinthepast
threedecades:theriseofprecariousandnon-standardemployment;thedeclineofmanufacturing,and
ascendancyofapolarizedknowledge-andservice-basedeconomy;restructuringanddownloadingofstate
socialprovisiontothemunicipallevel;deepcutstoincomesecurityprograms,socialhousing,andservices;
astandstillindevelopmentofpurpose-builtrentalhousing,andresidualizationofrentaltenure;growing
immigrationofhighly-educatedworkersfromtheglobalsouth,whofacediscrimination,deskilling,and
under-employmentinthelabourmarket;andimmigrationpolicychangesthatfavourtemporarymigrant
workandproduceprecariousformsofstatus.
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Neighbourhood Change Research Partnership
Research Proposal: Women in the divided city
Eachofthesechangeshasgendereddimensions.Thisprojectwillsynthesizetheliteraturesthatexamine
howthesetrends,andothers,haveaffectedwomen.Wewillalsoconductparticipatory,neighbourhoodbasedfocusgroupsandkeyinformantinterviewstodocumenttheconsequencesofsocio-spatialinequality
andpolarizationforwomeninTorontoneighbourhoods.
Thisexploratoryprojectproposestodevelopaknowledgebasethatcancontributetoansweringthe
questionsbelow.Themaps,data,literaturesynthesis,andlocalknowledgegeneratedthroughthisproject
willsupportfurtherresearchandadvocacyonthecausesandconsequencesof,andsolutionsfor,women’s
economicdisadvantageinCanadiancities.
2. PotentialPolicyRelevance
TheNCRPhasdocumenteddifferencesbetweenCanada’slargecitiesintheprevalenceofinequality,
segregation,andpolarization.Thesedifferencescanbeattributedtoeconomicanddemographictrends,
butalsotoprovincialandmunicipalpolicesandprograms,andlocalorganizing.Recentanalysisshows
differencesamongCanadiancitiesinwomen’squalityoflifeandincomes(McInturff,CCPA,2015).This
studywillexaminelocalpolicies,programs,andcampaignsthatmaycontributetothesedifferences,witha
focusonmunicipalandregionalpovertyreductionstrategies.TheCityofTorontoandPeelRegionarein
theprocessofimplementingpovertyreductionplans;thisprojectwillprovideagenderedperspectiveon
suchinitiatives.
Throughitscommunity-based,participatorymethodology,theprojectwillalsobuildcapacityamong
organizationsinthewomen’santi-povertyandanti-violencesectorstoidentifyandadvocateformunicipallevelpolicyandprograminterventionstoaddressgenderedandracializedinequality,polarization,
segregation,andviolence.
3. ResearchQuestions
1) Howarewomen—whohavealwaysfacedhigherratesofpovertyanddisadvantage—affectedby
Toronto’sincreasingsocio-spatialpolarization,segregationandinequality?
a) Whatisthespatialdistributionofwomen’sincomesandthegenderedincomegapacrossneighbourhoodsin
theTorontoCMA?
b) Howdovariablessuchasrace,immigrantstatus,age,education,familystatus,householdcomposition,
housingtenure,andhousingconditions,intersectwiththespatialdistributionofwomen’sincomesandthe
genderedincomegap?
c) Whatdotherelevantliteratures,andanalysisofourowndata,suggestaboutthefactorsinfluencingthe
geographyofwomen’sdisadvantageinToronto?Inparticular,inwhatwaysdotrendsinthelabourmarket,
immigration,andhousingoperatetoproduceandentrenchToronto’sdeeplyunevenlandscapeforwomen?
d) Whatisthegeographyofgender-basedviolence,andhowdoesitcorrelatewithgenderandincometrends?
Howdoscholarsandpractitionersexplainthesecorrelations,andwhataretheirramificationsforwomen?
e) Howaregenderedandracializedinequality,polarization,segregation,andviolenceaffectingwomen’sdaily
livesinToronto’slow-incomeneighbourhoods?
2) Whatlocalpolicies,programs,andcampaignscanmitigatetheimpactsofgenderedandracialized
inequality,segregation,andviolence,andimprovequalityoflifeandlifechancesforwomeninToronto
neighbourhoods?
a) Inparticular,howmightmunicipalpoverty-reductionstrategies,suchasthoserecentlydevelopedbytheCity
ofTorontoandPeelRegion,addresswomen’seconomicdisadvantageandgender-basedviolence?
b) Whatareexamplesofsuccessfulinitiativesinotherjurisdictions?
c) Whatformsoflocalorganizing—inTorontoandinotherjurisdictions—haveproveneffectiveinencouraging
theadoptionandadequatefundingofsuchmeasures?
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Neighbourhood Change Research Partnership
Research Proposal: Women in the divided city
4. SpecificFitwiththeNCRPObjectives&ResearchQuestions
ThisprojectdrawsupontheNCRP’sdatasetsandmappingcapacitiestoanalyzethenature,causes,and
consequencesofsocio-spatialinequalityandpolarizationforwomeninTorontoneighbourhoods.Italso
examineslocalpolicies,programs,andotherinterventionsthatcanmitigatethesetrends.Indoingso,it
respondstothekeyquestionsintheNCRPproposal,andfillsanimportantgapingenderanalysis.The
project’sparticipatoryapproachgroundedincommunitypartnerships,anditsfocusonmunicipal-level
policies,alsoreflecttheNCRP’sknowledgemobilizationobjectives.
5. ResearchDesign&Methods
Thisexploratoryprojecthasthreekeyobjectives:
•
•
•
Todescribeandexplaincurrentsocio-spatialtrendsingender,income,andviolenceagainstwomen
inTorontoCMA,andtheirconsequencesforwomeninTorontoneighbourhoods;
Toidentifymunicipalpoliciesandprogramsthatcanrespondtowomen’spovertyandgenderbasedviolence;
Tobuildthecapacityofwomen’santi-violenceandanti-povertyorganizationstounderstandand
explaingenderandincometrends;andadvocateforpolicyandprogramsolutions,particularlyat
themunicipallevel.
Wewillpursuetheseobjectivesthroughfourmaintasks:
1. Mappinganddataanalysis
•
•
•
ProducemapsandothervisualizationsofdataNCRPhasinhand,includingT1FFincomedata,census2006,
rentalhousingdata,andpolicecallsforservicedata.
Identifyandacquireadditionalsourcesofdata(forexample,datafromtheGenderandWorkDatabase
http://www.genderwork.ca/gwd/;othervariablesavailableforT1FFsuchasmedianincomesand
breakdownofincomesourcesbygender;socialassistancedata;dataonviolenceagainstwomenshelters).
Analyzethesemapsanddatatodescribesocio-spatialtrendsinthedistributionofwomen’spoverty,the
genderedincomegap,andgender-basedviolence.
2. Literaturereviewandsynthesis
•
Conductareviewofscholarlyworks,greyliterature,andcommunity-basedreportsthatcanhelpexplainand
addressthetrendsidentifiedthroughmappinganddataanalysis,including:
o
o
o
o
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empiricalandtheoreticalscholarship(particularlythatgroundedincriticalrace,feminist,andpolitical
economyframeworks)oncurrentgenderandincometrends,includingthefeminizationofpoverty,the
genderincomegap,gendereddifferencesinoccupationsandlabourmarketparticipation,and
intersectionsofgender-basedviolenceandwomen’spoverty;
analysesfocusedongenderinthe“dividedcities”literature;
assessmentsofmunicipalpoliciesandprogramstoaddressgenderedandracializedneighbourhood
economicdisadvantage,includingpoverty-reductionstrategiesandplace-basedpolicies;
community-basedreportsonregional,municipal,andneighbourhood-basedinitiativestoimprove
women’squalityoflifeandadvocateforgender,racial,andeconomicjustice.
Producealiteraturesynthesissummarizingkeyinsightsandtheirapplicationtosocio-spatialtrendsin
genderandincomeinTorontoCMA,andpotentialprogramandpolicyresponses.
3. Community-basedparticipatoryresearchwithwomen’santi-povertyandanti-violenceorganizations
•
Conveneacommunityadvisoryboardtooverseeandadvisethroughouttheresearchprocess,includinginput
intothedesignandimplementationoftheresearch,reviewofthepreliminaryfindings,anddevelopmentof
outputsandknowledgemobilizationstrategy.
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Neighbourhood Change Research Partnership
Research Proposal: Women in the divided city
•
•
Hostmeetingsandworkshopswithrepresentativesfromwomen’santi-violenceandanti-poverty
organizations,policyexperts,andscholarsfocusedongenderandincome,tofurtherrefinetheresearch
questions,methodology,andpreliminaryanalyses.
Conductkeyinformantinterviews,andparticipatory,neighbourhood-basedfocusgroupswith
representativesofwomen’santi-violenceandanti-povertyorganizations,policymakers,womenfacing
poverty,andotherlocalexperts,toexaminehowracializedandgenderedeconomicinjusticeandviolenceare
affectingwomen’sdailylivesinTorontoneighbourhoods,andtolearnwhatinitiativesarebeingundertaken
toimprovewomen’squalityoflifeandadvocateforsocialandeconomicchange.
4. Knowledgetranslationandsynthesis
•
Developplain-languagethematicsummaries,illustratedwithmapsandgraphs,thatcanbeusedbypartners
intheircommunityeducationandadvocacyactivities.
Inadditiontotheresearchandknowledgemobilizationtasksdiscussedabove,wewillidentifyandapply
forfundingopportunitiestosupportongoingcommunity-basedresearchandactionongender,income,
andviolenceagainstwomen.
6. RoleofCommunityPartners
Thisprojectwasinitiatedbycommunitypartners.Uponapprovalforfunding,theco-leadswilldrawupon
theirextensivenetworkstoidentifyadditionalpartnersfromthewomen’santi-povertyandanti-violence
sectorsinToronto,PeelRegionandYorkRegion.
Theprojectwillemployanintegratedknowledgetranslationapproachinwhichcommunitypartnersand
researchersworktogethertodefineresearchquestions,developthemethodology,gatherdata,interpret
findings,andmobilizeknowledge.
Partnerswillplayarangeofroles,includingco-leadingtheresearch;servingonacommunityadvisory
boardthatwilloverseetheresearchandprovideguidancethroughouttheprocess;andhostingthe
neighbourhood-basedfocusgroups.
Organizationsandindividualsparticipatinginthekeyinformantinterviewsandfocusgroupswillalsohave
theopportunitytoremainincontactwiththeprojectandwillreceivethefinalreport.
7. RoleofStudents/ResearchAssistantsandContributionstoTraining
Agraduatestudentwillcarryouttheliteraturereview,whileacommunity-basedresearcherwill
coordinatethefocusgroups.Bothwillworkwiththeco-investigators,communitypartners,andadvisory
boardtodesignandcarryouttheresearchandknowledgemobilization,gainingskillsinresearchdesign,
partnerengagement,andqualitativeandethnographicmethods.
8. Schedule
•
•
•
•
•
•
October-November2016:Conveneadvisorycommittee;conductmeetingsandworkshopswith
communitypartners,researchers,andotherexpertstorefineresearchquestionsandworkplan;
developethicsreview.
November2016–January2017:Mapping,dataanalysis,literaturereview.
January–April2017:Draftliteraturesynthesisandplain-languagethematicsummaries
April–June2017:Conductkeyinformantinterviewsandneighbourhood-basedparticipatoryfocus
groups.Sharedraftthematicsummariesandreviseinresponsetofeedback.
July–September2017:PrepareNCRPreportonfindingsandjournalarticle.
Throughoutproject:Submitapplicationsforotherfundingsourcestosustainresearchandaction.
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Neighbourhood Change Research Partnership
Research Proposal: Women in the divided city
9. Outcomes/Deliverables
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•
•
•
•
ThematicsummariesonkeytrendsingenderedandracializedeconomicinjusticeinToronto,
illustratedwithmapsandtables(draftApril2017,finalSeptember2017)
Neighbourhood-basedparticipatoryfocusgroupstosharekeyfindingsandidentifyactions(April–
June2017)
NCRPreport(September2017)
Journalarticle(December2017)
Otherfundingapplications(TBD–dependingondeadlines)
10. BudgetExplanation
TotalNCRPcosttoNCRP:$33,000.
•
•
•
Studentsalariesandbenefits:$8,500(300hours@$28.50/hour):graduateresearchassistantto
conductliteraturereview(acommunity-basedresearcherwillbehiredthroughaCityemployment
programtocoordinatethecommunity-basedparticipatoryresearch).
NCRPstafftime:NCRP’sresearchmanagerwillbesecondedpart-timetobetheleadinvestigator/
managerofthisproject(i.e.,thisispartofherregularsalary,notinaddition).40days@$400/day
=$16,000.
Otherexpenses:$8,500
o
o
o
($2,500)Honorariaforresidents/representativesofunfundedorganizationsparticipatingin
advisoryboard,participatoryfocusgroups,andkeyinformantinterviews.
($3,000)Servicesofpartnerorganizationstohostandprovideinterpretationfor
neighbourhood-basedworkshops.
($2,000)Othercostsofneighbourhood-basedworkshops(food,childcare,TTCfare,etc.)
p
Sent to the NCRP’s Research Advisory Board for comment: date __________________ deadline: ________________
p
Funding approved by the NCRP’s Board: $_______________
date____________________
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Neighbourhood Change Research Partnership
Research Proposal: Women in the divided city
SSHRC Budget Worksheet
Amount
requested from
NCRP
Contributions
(In-Kind / Cash)
Contribution source
Total Project
Cost
Personnel costs
Student salaries and benefits/Stipends
Undergraduate *
Masters *
Doctorate *
8500
Non-student salaries and benefits/Stipends
Postdoctoral
NCRP staff time
16,000
Other
Community-based researcher
8500
8500 (to be
confirmed)
Co-investigators’ time – 8
days @ $500 (Leila Sarangi
and Effie Vlachoyannacos)
Community-based
researcher - Women’s
Habitat
To apply for Investing in
Neighbourhoods grant
8000 (in-kind)
Women’s Habitat,
Maytree
3000 (in-kind)
Community partners –
advisory board
participation, hosting
workshops, etc
16,000
8500
8000
Travel and subsistence costs
Applicant/Team member(s)
travel
Students
travel
Other expenses
Non-disposable equipment (specify)
Other expenses (specify)
Honoraria
Partner organizations –
staff time to host focus
groups
Focus group costs (food,
childcare, TTC, etc)
Total
2500
3000
2000
2500
6000
3000
32,000
19,500
* Hourly rates for students: $28.50 ($25/hour plus 14% MERCS)
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51,500