Download Diversity of Organisms and Classification I. Taxonomy A. Early

Diversity of Organisms
and Classification
I. Taxonomy
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A. Early System of Taxonomy
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1. Aristotle
2. Carolus Linnaeus
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– Used 2 kingdoms
• Plant
– Herbs
– Shrubs
– Trees
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• Animal
– Land-dwelling
– Air-dwelling
– Water-dwelling
II. Classification of Organisms
Kingdom
Phylum / Division
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Order
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Family
Genus
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Species
Referred to as the
“Father of Modern
Taxonomy”
Based his system of
classification on
morphology
Created the system
of Binomial
Nomenclature
Example: Blueback Herring
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Class
It is the science of classification
It deals with organizing
Similar to the way in which you might
organize your desk at home
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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Osteicthyes
Subclass: Actinopterygii
Order: Clupiformes
Suborder: Clupeoidei
Family: Alosinae
Genus: Alosa
Species: Aestivalis
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A. Species
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The smallest group of organisms
classified which can interbreed with
each other to produce fertile offspring
Scientific name : unique to all
organisms
e.g. scientific name of human :
Homo sapien-sapien
A. Archeabacteria & Eubacteria
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1. Unicellular,
microscopic
2. No nucleus
III. Six Kingdom System
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B. Protists
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Unicellular; microscopic
Nucleus present
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Autotrophic or heterotrophic
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– Eukaryotic
– Prokaryotic
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3. Attain nutrients
in various ways:
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Animalia
Plantae
– Saprophytic: feed on
dead substances
– Parasitic: obtain
nutrients from living
organisms
– Chemosynthetic:
obtain nutrients via
sulfur and methane
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C. Fungi
D. Animals
Eukaryotic
Made up of hyphae
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– Mycelium : a mass of
hyphae
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No root, stem and leaf
No chlorophyll
– Saprophytic or
parasitic
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Eukaryotic
Divided into two groups according to
the presence or absence of backbone:
– Invertebrates : without backbone
– Vertebrates : with backbone
Reproduce by
forming spores
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1. Invertebrates
Invertebrates
Invertebrates
2. Vertebrates
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Divided into 5 groups:
– Fish
– Amphibians
– Reptiles
– Birds
– Mammals
a. Fish
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Aquatic
Cold-blooded
Body covered with wet
and slimy scales
Streamline body for
easy movement
through water
Fins for balance and to
control movement
Gills for breathing
External fertilization
b. Amphibians
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Cold-blooded
Moist, scale-less skin
Limbs present
– tetrapods
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Larvae (tadpoles) use
gills for breathing;
adults use lungs
External fertilization
– Elasmobranchs are the
exception.
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c. Reptiles
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Cold-blooded
Body covered with
dry, hard scales
Adapted for life on
land
Breathe with lungs
Internal fertilization;
lay shelled eggs
d. Birds
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Warm-blooded
Feathers
Wings
Beak for feeding
Lungs
Internal fertilization;
lay shelled eggs
e. Mammals
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Warm-blooded
Hairs on skin
Females have
mammary glands for
producing milk
Lungs for breathing
Diaphragm present
Internal fertilization;
embryos develop
inside mothers’ bodies
E. Plants
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Eukaryotic
Most plants contains photosynthetic
pigments (e.g. chlorophyll) for
photosynthesis
– Autotrophic
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Can be divided into two groups:
– Non-flowering plants
– Flowering plants
1. Non-flowering plants
2. Algae
3 groups:
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– Mosses
– Ferns
– Gymnosperms
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Aquatic
Simple multicellular
plants
No root, stem or leaf
Contain
photosynthetic
pigments (e.g.
chlorophyll) for
photosynthesis
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1a. Mosses
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1b. Ferns
With simple leaves and stems
No root
– with rhizoids for anchorage and absorption
of water
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No vascular tissues
Reproduce by spores
Found in damp area
With true roots,
stems, leaves and
vascular tissues
Reproduce by
spores
Live in damp
places
2. Flowering Plants Angiosperms
Reproduction by
producing seeds
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– Seeds develop in
cones, not
enclosed by fruits
⇒ naked seeds
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1c. Gymnosperms
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Needle-shaped
leaves to reduce
water loss
With flowers for
reproduction
Seeds are
produced inside
the fruit (matured
ovary)
a. Two groups of flowering plants
Cotyledons
1.Dicots
2.Monocots
Two
One
Leaf venation Netted
Parallel
Root system
Fibrous root
system
Tap root system
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