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Transcript
Chapter 4 Ecosystems and Communities 4-1 The Role of Climate Key Concepts How does the greenhouse effect maintain the biosphere's temperature range? What are the Earth's three main climate zones? What is Climate? Weather current conditions at a certain time or place determined by sunlight gases in the atmosphere weather determines the climate Climate average conditions of temperature and precipitation in a certain region over a period of time caused from trapping of heat by atmosphere precipitation amounts winds ocean currents shape of land elevation of land latitude-North and South of the equator **Temperatures are maintained on Earth so life will survive. The Biosphere acts as a blanket to keep the energy from the sun in and atmospheric gases - CO2, CH4, H2O(vapor), traces of others. Greenhouse Effect heat trapped by a layer of gases in the atmosphere Climate Zones result of the Earth being spherical with a tilted axis Three Main Zones Polar Zones sun's rays hit Earth at a low angle = cold areas Temperate Zones changing angle of the sun = climate both hot and cold Tropical Zones receive direct sunlight = usually warm Heat Transportation in the Biosphere Wind and ocean currents are responsible Wind warm air rises and cold air sinks as this movement occurs it causes wind Ocean currents cool or warm air above it affecting the temperature 4.2 What shapes an Ecosystem? Key Concepts How do biotic and abiotic factors influence an ecosystem? What interactions occur within communities? What is ecological succession? Biotic Factors all living things in an ecosystem example - all animals and plants Abiotic Factors physical, or nonliving things in an ecosystem example - temperature, rain, humidity, wind, soil, rocks, sun Removing biotic elements can dramatically affect the ecosystem's abiotic conditions. Example - Trees in forest hold topsoil with their roots, shade the soil, contribute organic matter to the soil in the form of dead leaves, and return water to the atmosphere through evaporation and transpiration. Removing trees from the forest ecosystem reduces these benefits. Niche physical and biological conditions in which or organism lives and the way in which the organism uses these conditions type of food how it gets its food what is its predator Community Interactions Resource any necessity of life water, food, light, nutrients Competition *occurs when two or more organisms of the same or different species attempt to use the same limited resource examples: pollinators, sunlight, animals Predation *one organism kills and eats another organism prey -- organism that is eaten predator -- organism that does the killing and eating Several principles of predation 1. predators are usually beneficial organisms 2. predators prey on surplus animals and do not cause a serious decline in the prey population 3. predators do not cause extinction 4. predators will control population Wolves - top predator in its ecosystem. Wolves were once hunted until they were considered endangered. The populations of deer and other herbivores increased dramatically. As these populations overgrazed the vegetation, many plant species that could not tolerate such grazing pressure disappeared from the ecosystem. In turn, many insects and small animals that depended on the plants for food also disappeared. The elimination of wolves thus produced an ecosystem with considerably less species diversity. How does human activity affect the patterns of predation? Symbiosis two species live closely together Classes of Symbiosis Mutualism *relationship between two species in which both benefit example: ant/blue butterfly ant protects larvae from predators, larvae secrete sugar solution for the ants Commensalism *relationship in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped examples: remoras/sharks, flowers that grow in trees Parasitism *relationship between a host and a parasite host -- organism that gives the parasite nourishment parasite -- organism that lives in or on another organism without immediately killing it woodtick, tapeworm Would a giraffe be a parasite eating leaves? Why or why not? Fox Lab – Prey/Predator Lab - Competition Lab Life Video – Fish-Symbiosis 4-2 Ecological Succession Key Concepts What is ecological succession? Ecological Succession series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time Primary Succession occurs in areas with no soil example: volcanic eruptions, bare rock Pioneer Species first species to populate the area lichens usually are the pioneer species in many area they can grow on bare rock, help break rock up as the lichens grow and when they die they break down to help form soil Secondary Succession occurs in an area where it can be restored to its original condition example: fires Succession in Marine Ecosystem Three Stages 1. Organism dies and falls to the ocean floor 2. Scavengers and decomposers begin to eat the dead organism. Then the scavengers and decomposers attract small fish, crabs, snails, etc. 3. When it is just an organism's bones, bacteria will decompose the bones. This is will release chemical compounds for other bacteria, now other animals will begin to show up.
