Download Unit 2: The Natural World Glossary and pop

Unit 2: The Natural World
Glossary and pop Quiz Questions
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As part of the Geography course you will be expected to learn glossary terms and
pop quiz questions. You will be tested on these as the beginning of each GCSE
Geography session.
Your ongoing homework is to be learning BOTH the glossary terms and the pop quiz
questions for the unit you are studying.
Your teacher will also set longer exam questions from this booklet as additional
homework.
Coastal Landscapes – Glossary Terms
You will be assessed on your appropriate use of geographical key terms, including the correct spelling
#
Coasts Key Terms
Definition
1
Attrition
The wearing away of rocks in the sea as they roll around and hit each other
2
Backwash
Movement of waves down the beach (at 90° angle due to gravity)
3
Bar
When a spit continues to grow across a bay and joins two headlands together
4
Bay
An area of soft rock which is eroded rapidly
5
Beach Nourishment
The placing of sand and pebbles onto the beach
6
Biological weathering
Action of plants and animals on the land
7
Chemical weathering
Rainwater contains weak acids that react with certain rock types
8
Cliff
A steep rock face at the edge of the sea
9
Cliff Regrading
The cliff is cut back and given a new gentle slope to prevent slumping
10
Coast
Where the land meets the sea
11
Constructive Waves
12
Corrasion
Responsible for depositing beach material (large swash, small backwash, infrequent,
small, produce gently sloping beaches)
The wearing away of the cliff as rocks in the sea are thrown at it
13
Corrosion
Chemical reaction between certain rock types and the seawater
14
Deposition
When material is dropped
15
Destructive Waves
16
Dredging
17
Erosion
Responsible for coastal erosion and removing beach material (small swash, large
backwash, frequent, large, produce steep beaches)
Clean out the sea bed by scooping out sediment, mud, weeds, and rubbish with a
dredging machine
The wearing away of the land by the sea
18
Fetch
19
20
Freeze thaw
weathering
Geology
21
Gabions
22
Groynes
Distance over which the wind blows before reaching the coastline. The longer the
distance the bigger the wave
Water gets into cracks in rocks and freezes therefore expanding the crack
Rock types in the cliff
Wire cages filled with stones placed in front of the cliff or built into the cliff to help
protect it
Wooden structures at 90° angle to the coastline to trap material on the beach by
preventing longshore drift
23
Hard Engineering
Involves building hard structures to protect the cliff
24
Headland
An area of hard rock which is resistant to erosion
25
Hydraulic Action
26
Impermeable
Pressure of water in waves against the cliff. As water gets into cracks, the air is
compressed which widens the crack
Doesn’t allow water to run through (e.g. clay)
27
Longshore Drift (LSD)
Movement of beach material along a coastline
28
Managed Retreat
Allowing the sea to gradually flood land or erode the cliffs
29
Mass Movement
Material moves downslope due to the pull of gravity (e.g. slumping and soil creep)
30
Offshore Reef
31
Onion skin weathering
32
Permeable
Concrete blocks sunk offshore to alter wave direction and remove wave energy before
reaching the cliffs
In warm conditions the outer edges of rocks can expand whilst in cool conditions the
outer edges contract. This continually happens which weakens the layers of the rock so
they peel off
Allows water to run through (e.g. limestone)
33
Prevailing Wind
The most common wind direction
34
Recession
Another word for erosion
35
Rip – Rap
Large granite rocks placed in front of the cliff to protect it
36
Sea Wall
Concrete walls placed in front of the cliff to protect it
37
Slumping
Large amount of cliff suddenly collapses
38
Soft Engineering
39
Soil Creep
Works with the natural processes on the coastline to protect it and does not involve
building hard structures
Slow downhill movement of soil down a cliff
40
Spit
Stretch of deposited material attached to a headland and sticking out to sea
41
Stack
A column of rock separated from the cliff
42
Swash
Movement of waves up the beach (at an angle due to prevailing winds)
Coastal Landscapes – Pop Quiz Questions
#
Question / clue
Answer
1
What do destructive waves do to a coastline?
Erode
2
What do constructive waves do to a coastline?
Build up the beach
3
More than 10
4
How many times per minute do destructive waves break onto a
beach?
What type of beach do constructive waves create?
5
What type of beach do destructive waves create?
Steep
6
What causes a wave to deposit material?
Loss of energy
7
Why do waves generally approach a coastline at an angle?
Prevailing wind direction
8
Which type of erosion involves rocks bashing into each other in the
sea?
What does hydraulic action and freeze-thaw weathering have in
common?
What type of erosion involves a chemical reaction?
Attrition
Freeze thaw weathering
12
When temperatures fall below 0°C this type of physical weathering
may occur
What is the difference between erosion and weathering?
13
What is mass movement?
14
What are the 2 types of mass movement?
Erosion involves weakened material being
carried away whereas weathering
happens in situ
Material moves down slope due to the
pull of gravity
Slumping and Soil creep
15
Which type of mass movement is most rapid?
Slumping
16
What would you see on a cliff if soil creep had occurred?
Ripples
17
Headlands and bays
18
What landform will be created along a coastline that has alternating
bands of hard and soft rock?
What feature forms in a bay?
19
What is a stack?
Column of rock separated from headland
20
Give an example of a stack
Old Harry
21
How does the process of caves, arches, stacks and stumps begin?
22
If a wide wave cut platform forms in front of a cliff, what happens to
the rate of erosion? Why?
Material is transported along a coastline. What is this process called?
Hydraulic action widening cracks in a
headland
It slows down because the waves energy
is removed by travelling over the material
Longshore drift (LSD)
9
10
11
23
Gentle / shallow sloping
Both involve water entering a crack
Corrosion
Beach
24
What is a spit?
24
Why do salt marshes develop behind a spit?
Stretch of deposited material attached to
a headland and sticking out to sea
Sheltered water
25
How would a spit become a bar?
Form across a bay and link two headlands
26
Why do spits often form curved ends?
Secondary wind direction
27
Give two disadvantages of hard engineering
Expensive, man-made, ugly
28
Name 2 types of hard engineering
29
What do gabions look like?
Sea wall, revetment, rip rap, groyne,
gabion, offshore reef
Cages of stones
30
What is managed retreat?
31
What is cliff regrading?
32
Name 1 type of soft engineering
33
What is meant by fetch?
34
Would the fetch be long or short if destructive waves are produced?
Allowing the sea to gradually flood land or
erode cliffs
Cutting the cliff back to create a more
gentle slope to stop slumping
Beach nourishment, cliff regrading,
managed retreat
The distance a wave travels over to reach
a coastline
Long
35
What is meant by geology?
The structure of the rock in a cliff
36
What is the Shoreline Management Plan?
37
38
How much money does the government save by not building
defences in North Norfolk?
Which holes are under threat from coastal erosion at Sheringham?
Managed retreat in the future of the
North Norfolk coastline
£41 million
39
Which road in Happisburgh has fallen into the sea?
Beach Road
40
When did the council stop repairing the revetments in Happisburgh?
1995
41
Houses which were worth £80,000 are now worth how much?
£1
42
What did the district council buy to defend Happisburgh in 2007?
Rip Rap
43
How does coastal erosion affect Dawlish in Devon?
44
Who predicts the likelihood of a flood?
Train line runs along coastline leading to
cancelled and delayed trains
Met Office
45
Who releases flood warning codes to the public via their website?
Environment Agency
46
Which part of Walton on the Naze is protected, how and when?
47
The northern part of Walton was protected in 1999 but how?
South. Seawall, groynes, cliff regrading
(1977). Rip rap (1998).
Beach nourishment
5 and 6
Coastal Landscapes – Exam Questions
1. How could building design reduce the effects of a flood? (2)
2. There are many factors that affect the rate of coastal erosion. Explain how the rock type and
structure can affect the rate of coastal erosion. (4)
3. Describe the effect that coastal erosion has on people and the environment. Use examples
in your answer. (4)
4. Explain how a bar is formed. You may use a diagram to help your answer. (4)
5. What is a cliff? (1)
6. Coastal flooding can be predicted. Justify this statement. (3)
7. Name three causes of cliff recession. (3)
8. How do groynes protect cliffs from erosion by the sea? (3)
9. Explain the soft engineering techniques which are now being used to protect coastlines. (3)
10. What is the difference between corrosion and corrasion? (2)
11. State three differences between constructive and destructive waves. (3)
12. With the aid of a diagram, explain the process of longshore drift. (4)
13. Explain how a stump is formed. You may use a diagram. (6)
14. Describe how mass movement causes cliffs to retreat. (3)
15. For a coastal area you have studied explain the methods used to manage the coastline. (6)
16. Suggest how wave fetch can cause different rates of coastal erosion (3)
17. Compare the characteristics of constructive and destructive waves (4)
18. Outline the process of slumping (2)
19. Explain the formation of a spit. Use a diagram in your answer (4)
20. Describe the advantages of one type of hard engineering (3)
21. Explain how the effects of coastal flooding are reduced. Use examples in your answer (6)
22. Explain how coastal flooding can be reduced through planning and forecasting (4)
23. Describe the effects of mass movement on people (3)
24. Explain the formation of headlands and bays. You may use a diagram(s) in your answer (4)
25. Explain the process of physical weathering (3)
26. Soft engineering is a way of managing the coastline. Outline the advantages and
disadvantages of soft engineering techniques (4)
27. Explain the formation of cliffs and wave cut platforms. Use an annotated diagram or
diagrams in your answer (4)
28. Explain the effects of coastal recession on people and the environment. Use examples in
your answer (6)
29. Outline the differences between the two types of mass movement (4)
30. Describe one way in which cliff erosion can affect the economy of a local area (2)
31. For a coastal area you have studied, explain the variety of methods used to manage the
coastline (6)
Coastal Landscapes – Model Exam Answers:
Outline the characteristic features of a destructive wave (4)
These waves break 10-14 times per minute (1). They have a bigger backwash than swash
because they break high up on the beach (1) and therefore use little energy in the swash leaving
it all for the backwash (1). Due to this they erode the beach (1).
Explain how variations on the length of fetch and the geology might increase the rate of
coastal recession (4)
Fetch is the distance the waves travel to reach the coastline therefore the larger the fetch the larger
the waves (1) therefore the waves have more energy when they reach the coastline and erode
more (1).
Geology is the rock type in a cliff. Softer rock will provide less resistance to the waves compared
to harder rock (1) therefore increasing coastal erosion (1)
Outline the process of slumping (2)
This is the rapid collapse of a cliff (1) triggered by poor weather and rainfall (1).
Explain the process of physical weathering (3)
Freeze thaw is a type of physical weathering which is caused by changes in temperature around
0ºC (1). Water enters a crack in a cliff during the day. This freezes at night when the temperatures
fall which widens the crack (1). The water thaws and runs out of the now widened crack (1).
OR:
Onion skin weathering is a type of physical weathering which is caused by the heating and cooling
of the cliff face (1). This leads to the expansion and contraction of the outer layers of the rock (1)
and layers peel off (1).
Outline the advantages and disadvantages of soft engineering techniques (4)
The advantages of soft engineering techniques are they tend to be cheaper than hard engineering
ones (1). They have less visual impact on the coastline because they are designed to look natural
(1). The disadvantages of soft engineering techniques are they are less effective than hard
engineering ones (1) because coastal erosion is not always slowed (1).
River Landscapes – Glossary Terms
You will be assessed on your appropriate use of geographical key terms, including the correct spelling.
#
Rivers Key Terms
Definition
1
Afforestation
Planting trees in a rivers drainage basin to intercept rainfall
2
Attrition
The wearing away of rocks within river as they roll around and knock into each other
3
Biological weathering
Action of plants and animals on the land
4
Channelisation
5
Chemical weathering
The river channel may be deepened or widened allowing it to carry more water or
straightened so that water can travel faster
Rainwater contains weak acids that react with certain rock types
6
Cloudburst
A sudden, violent rainstorm
7
Confluence
The point at which 2 rivers meet
8
Corrasion
9
Corrosion
Particles carried along the river are thrown at the banks with considerable force which
breaks off more rock
A chemical reaction between certain rock types and the river water
10
Dams
Built in the course of a river to control the amount of discharge
11
Deforestation
The chopping down and removal of trees to clear an area of forest or woodland
12
Deposition
When material is dropped
13
Discharge
14
Drainage basin
The amount of water passing a specific point at a given time (measured in cubic metres
(m³) per second
The land drained by a river system
15
Embankments
Raised banks along a river
16
Flood relief channels
The course of the river can be altered to divert flood water away from settlements
17
Flood walls
A vertical barrier made from concrete
18
Floodplain
The low, flat area of land either side of a river
19
Floodplain zoning
Policies to control urban development close to or on a floodplain
20
Water gets into cracks in rocks and freezes therefore expanding the crack
21
Freeze thaw
weathering
Gorge
22
Gradient
Slope
A narrow valley with steep, rocky sides located in hills or mountains
23
Hard engineering
A method of river flood management which involves major construction work
24
Hydraulic action
Pressure of the water being pushed against the river banks and bed
25
Impermeable
Doesn’t allow water to run through (e.g. clay)
26
Interception
27
Interlocking spurs
When precipitation is trapped by leaves of trees or vegetation before it reaches the
ground
A landform resulting from the winding path of a river in the upper course
28
Laterally
Sideways
29
Levee
30
Load
The naturally raised bank that extends along a river created by previous deposition in
floods
The material transported by a river
31
Mass Movement
Material moves downslope due to the pull of gravity (e.g. slumping and soil creep)
32
Meander
A bend in a river
33
Mouth
Where a river ends
34
Ox bow lake
A horseshoe shaped lake formed from a cut-off meander
35
Permeable
Allows water to run through (e.g. limestone)
36
River channel
The area in which a river flows
37
River cliff
The steep bank formed by erosion on the outside of a meander bend
38
Slip plane
39
Slip off slope
An area between 2 different rock types which can become saturated and therefore
allows the rock to move
The gently sloping bank formed by deposition on the inside of a meander bend
40
Slumping
Large amount of a river bank suddenly collapses
41
Soft engineering
A method of river flood management which works with natural river processes
42
Soil creep
Slow downhill movement of soil down a slope
43
Source
Where a river starts
44
Storage areas
45
Storm drain
A large hole close to a river that will fill with water if the river floods therefore protecting
the surrounding land
Designed to drain excess rain from pavements and roads
46
Storm hydrograph
Used to measure a river’s flow and show the change in river discharge over a short
period of time after a storm
47
Tributary
A smaller river joining a large one
48
Urbanisation
The growth of towns and cities
49
V-Shaped valley
A narrow, steep sided valley through which a river flows
50
Warning systems
A network of sirens to give people early warning of possible flooding
51
Washlands
52
Watershed
The river is allowed to flood naturally in wasteland areas to prevent flooding in other
areas
The boundary of a drainage basin
53
Waterfall
A vertical fall in a river’s course
River Landscapes – Pop Quiz Questions
#
Question / clue
Answer
1
Where do most rivers begin?
In upland areas
2
What is the source of a river?
The start
3
What is the mouth of a river?
The end
4
Where do most rivers end?
In the sea
5
What is the point called where 2 rivers meet?
Confluence
6
Why does a river deposit its load?
Loss of energy
7
What type of erosion involves a chemical reaction?
Corrosion
8
What are the 2 types of mass movement?
Slumping and soil creep
9
How does corrosion cause the river load to increase?
10
What type of mass movement is the slowest?
Particles are thrown at the river banks
breaking off more pieces
Soil creep
11
What happens to the depth of a river as it travels towards its mouth?
Why?
Why does a river erode vertically in the upper course?
Increases because tributaries add more
water
Gravity
14
How many sections are all rivers split into? What are these sections
called?
What 2 things does the discharge of a river rely upon?
3
Upper, middle and lower course
Velocity and volume
15
How is a river’s velocity determined?
16
Which 3 landforms are found in the upper course of a river?
By the amount of water which is touching
the river bed and banks
V-Shaped valley, interlocking spurs and
waterfalls
12
13
17
Which landform is found in the middle course of a river?
Meanders
18
Which 4 landforms are found in the lower course of a river?
19
With which landform is a plunge pool associated?
Ox bow lakes, floodplains, levees and
deltas
Waterfall
20
What needs to happen for a waterfall to be created?
21
Why does the outside bend of a meander have the deepest water?
A river needs to cross a band of soft rock
after flowing over hard rock
Greatest erosion has occurred
22
What feature forms on the inside bend of a meander?
Slip off slope
23
What could happen if a meander bend got very large?
Ox bow lake
24
What can ox bow lakes be used for?
25
29
Why does a river drop the heaviest material first when it starts to
flood?
How many bridges collapsed when the River Derwent (UK) flooded in
2007?
How many people were at risk of disease when the River Nile flooded
in 2007?
Why did the flooding of Mekong River in 2011 have a huge effect on
the economy?
Who predicts the likelihood of a river flood?
Sailing
Fishing
The rivers energy decreases rapidly
30
Who releases flood warning codes on their website?
Environment Agency
31
2010
33
Since when has all new housing in flood risk areas had to be built to
be flood resistant?
Why might a river channel be widened or deepened through the
process of channelization?
Why are dams socially unacceptable?
34
Why are washlands good for the environment?
35
Where is the River Nene?
36
2002
38
When did the Environment Agency complete their flood management
of the River Nene in Northampton?
What types of graph are used on a storm hydrograph? What do they
show?
What does the rising limb of a storm hydrograph show?
39
What does the recession limb of a storm hydrograph show?
Falling flood water in a river
40
What is the time difference between the peak of a rain storm and the
peak of the flow of the river known as?
How is the normal discharge of a river shown on a storm hydrograph?
Basin lag time
26
27
28
32
37
41
4
3.5 million
930 factories were closed down
The Met Office
To enable it to carry more water before it
floods
Settlements and farms are sacrificed to
make way for them
Provide potential wetland sites for birds
and plants
Northampton (UK)
Histogram for rainfall
Line graph for discharge
The rising flood water in a river
Base flow (dashed line)
River Landscapes – Exam Questions
1. Explain the formation of a waterfall. You may use a labelled diagram in your answer (4)
2. Outline how mass movement impacts on river landforms (3)
3. Explain how flooding affects people and the environment. Use examples in your answer (6)
4. Describe the effects of flooding on people and the environment (3)
5. Outline how urbanisation increases the risk of flooding (3)
6. Describe how building design and planning can reduce the effects of flooding. Use examples
in your answer (4)
7. Explain how discharge and gradient change with distance downstream (4)
8. Choose a study of a river. Explain how this river is managed (6)
9. Suggest how soft engineering methods can reduce the effects of flooding (4)
10. Explain the formation of a floodplain and levees. You may use a diagram in your answer (4)
11. Choose a river that you have studied. Explain how this river is being managed (6)
12. Mass movement can occur in river valleys. Explain the process of mass movement (3)
13. Explain the formation of an ox-bow lake. You may use a diagram in your answer (4)
14. Outline the advantages and disadvantages of soft engineering techniques (4)
15. Explain how the effects of river flooding can be reduced through prediction and prevention.
Use examples in your answer (6)
16. Explain how erosion will cause a waterfall to retreat (3)
17. Compare the characteristic features of a river in its upper and lower stages (4)
18. Outline the process of slumping (2)
19. State one impact of slumping on river landscapes (1)
20. Explain the formation of levees. Use a diagram in your answer (4)
21. Describe the effects of a flood (3)
22. Explain how the effects of river flooding can be reduced. Use examples in your answer (6)
23. Explain how a waterfall is formed. Use an annotated diagram only for your answer (4)
24. Explain one human and one physical cause of flooding (4)
25. Explain the formation of a meander. You may use a diagram in your answer (4)
26. Which landform can meanders develop into? (1)
27. Describe one human cause that can increase the number of floods in an area (3)
28. Describe how a population may be protected from flooding (4)
29. Explain how human actions may have increased the risk of flooding in some areas (4)
30. Explain how a river cliff is formed. You may use a diagram to help your answer (4
River Landscapes – Model Exam Answers
Explain how a waterfall is formed (4)
A waterfall is formed when a river meets a band of hard and soft rock (1). The soft rock is eroded
more quickly through hydraulic action and corrosion (1). The hard rock is left as an overhang
above the soft rock and eventually collapses (1). The slumped material collects in a plunge pool
at the base of the waterfall. The plunge pool is made larger through the processes of corrasion
(1)
Rivers can be managed in a range of ways. Outline soft engineering methods of river
management (3)
Soft engineering methods are those that blend in with the countryside. Two examples of this are
floodplain zoning and afforestation (1 mark for naming actual techniques). Floodplain zoning
controls the development on floodplains therefore allowing this as a natural area for flooding to
occur (1). Afforestation is the planting of trees on a drainage basin. The trees will intercept
rainfall and slow down its approach to the river channel (1).
Describe how the characteristics of a river change downstream (4)
A river will widen (1) and deepen (1) as it moves from its upper to lower course. The velocity of
the river will increase (1) as will the discharge (1).
Choose a river you have studied. Explain how this river is being managed (6)
The River Nene flows through Northamptonshire and used to flood frequently. A flood is when
the river overflows its banks onto the surrounding area. After a large flood in 1998, it was
decided management was needed and in 2002 the Environment Agency completed the first part.
Both hard and soft engineering methods are used. Hard engineering includes a 450m high flood
embankment at Weedon. The embankment raises the height of the river banks allowing the river
to carry more water. A flood relief channel was also created at Billing. This takes water away
from the city of Northampton. Soft engineering includes a flood warning system which is situated
along the length of the river through Northampton. The aim of this is to give nearby residents 2
hours warning of a possible flood. Washlands have also been created in a number of areas
including Foot Meadow and Upton. These provide protection for a railway station as well as
homes because they are areas the river can safely flood onto.
Tectonic Landscapes – Glossary Terms
You will be assessed on your appropriate use of geographical key terms, including the correct spelling.
1
Tectonic Landscapes
Key Terms
Action
2
Continental crust
Definition
Measures that will reduce the effects of an earthquake / volcanic eruption after it has
occurred
Less dense crust between 25-100 km thick which is not destroyed
3
Convection currents
Movement of hot rock in the mantle
4
Convergent /
destructive
Conservative /
transform
Crust
Plates moving towards each other
#
5
6
7
Plates moving alongside each other
The outer layer of the Earth made up of two types (oceanic and continental) and broken
up into plates
Plates moving away from each other
8
Divergent /
constructive
Dormant
9
Earthquake
Violent shaking of the Earth’s crust
10
Epicentre
The point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus
11
FEMA
12
Fertile
Federal Emergency Management Agency provide information on how to prepare for an
earthquake
Soil which is rich in minerals needed to produce abundant (lots) of plant life
13
Focus
The point at which energy is released beneath the Earth’s surface
14
Fold mountains
Where plates collide and uplift the surrounding rock
15
Geothermal energy
Energy produced by the heat inside the Earth
16
Hotspot
17
Inner core
A type of volcano not found on a plate boundary. Instead they are areas where the
oceanic crust is thin allowing magma to break through
The hottest part of the Earth, found in the centre and made of solid iron and nickel.
18
Intensity
Violence of Earth motion created by an earthquake
19
Island arc
A number of volcanic islands forming near to each other
20
Landslides
21
Lava
Large amounts of water in soil cause large areas to move downslope and can be triggered
by earthquakes
Molten rock erupted from a volcano
22
Logarithmic scale
Each whole number represents a ten-fold increase in power
A volcano which has not erupted in historic times
23
Magma
Molten (melted) rock under the surface of the Earth
24
Magma chamber
Large underground pool of molten rock found beneath the surface of the Earth
25
Magnitude
The measurement of the strength of an earthquake
26
Mantle
The thickest layer of the Earth made up of a thick liquid
27
Mercalli scale
A scale measuring the intensity of an earthquake
28
Oceanic crust
Dense crust between 5-10 km thick which is constantly being renewed and destroyed
29
Oceanic trench
The deepest part of the ocean where oceanic crust is subducted below continental crust
30
Outer core
Surrounds the inner core and is made of liquid iron and nickel
31
Planning
32
Plate boundary
Preparation measures that can be organised before an earthquake / volcanic eruption to
reduce its effects when it does occur
Where two plates meet
33
Plate tectonics
34
Prediction
Help explain why natural hazards, such as earthquakes and volcanoes, are found where
they are
Methods of knowing when and / or where an earthquake / volcanic eruption will occur
35
Primary effect
An effect occurring at the time of an earthquake / volcanic eruption
36
Richter scale
A scale measuring the magnitude of an earthquake
37
Ring of Fire
Active volcanoes around the entire Pacific Ocean
38
Secondary effect
An effect occurring in the days, months and years after an earthquake / volcanic eruption
39
Seismograph
Instruments used to measure vibrations
40
Shockwaves
Blast upwards and outwards from the focus
41
Subduction
Another word for sliding
42
Subduction zone
The point where one tectonic plate slides beneath another
43
Tiltmeter
Measure tiny changes in the slope angle of the ground
44
Uplift
When rock is pushed upwards
Tectonic Landscapes – Pop Quiz Questions
#
Question / clue
Answer
1
Where do earthquakes normally occur?
2
What are the 3 types of plate boundary called?
3
Where is the largest band of active volcanoes found?
4
At which 2 plate boundaries are volcanoes created?
5
6
Why do volcanoes not occur at conservative / transform plate
boundaries?
What are hotspots?
7
Give two differences between oceanic and continental crust
8
What name is given to the movement of hot rock in the mantle?
9
In which direction do convergent / destructive plate boundaries
move?
In which direction do divergent / constructive plate boundaries
move?
In which direction do conservative / transform plate boundaries
move?
What happens when oceanic crust meets continental crust at a plate
boundary? Why?
What is created at the point where oceanic crust is subducted?
Towards each other
15
What happens when 2 continental crusts meet at a plate boundary?
Why?
What type of plate boundary is the San Andreas fault in the USA?
Fold mountains are created because the 2
crusts are the same density
Conservative / transform
16
Which way of measuring earthquakes is more reliable?
Richter
17
What does the Mercalli scale measure?
Intensity
18
What does the Richter scale measure?
Magnitude
19
How many stages does the Mercalli scale have?
12
20
How many stages does the Richter scale have?
It is never-ending
21
How many times larger is a magnitude 7 earthquake compared to a
magnitude 6?
What is the focus?
10
10
11
12
13
14
22
In long narrow bands on all three types of
plate boundary
Divergent / constructive, Convergent /
destructive, Conservative / transform
The Ring of Fire around the entire Pacific
Ocean
Divergent / constructive and Convergent /
destructive
No crust is destroyed
A type of volcano not found on a plate
boundary where magma breaks through
the thin oceanic crust
Oceanic crust is thinner and denser than
continental crust
Convection currents
Away from each other
Alongside each other
The oceanic crusts subducts beneath the
continental crust because it is denser
Oceanic trench
The point at which energy is released
beneath the Earth’s surface
23
What is the epicentre?
24
25
Why do people risk their lives to farm on the slopes of Mt Vesuvius in
Italy?
Name 2 minerals that can be found in volcanic rock
26
What does Reykjavik, Iceland do to the pavements in the winter?
Heat them with cheap geothermal energy
27
28
What happens when the pressure from rising magma in a volcano
increases?
What is a seismometer?
29
How many seismometers record activity at Montserrat?
The volcano becomes deformed / changes
shape
An instrument which measures ground
vibrations caused by earthquakes
14
30
What is a tiltmeter?
31
How many tiltmeters record changes at Montserrat?
An instrument measuring tiny changes in
the slope of the ground
5
32
Why is the 1st September important in Japan?
Disaster Prevention Day
33
Name something that would be practiced during an earthquake drill?
34
What 6 ways does FEMA suggest people should do in preparation for
an earthquake?
35
How is the San Francisco International Airport earthquake proof?
36
How is the Yokohama Landmark Tower in Japan earthquake proof
37
Give one way lava flows can be stopped or diverted
Ducking under desks, standing under a
door-frame
Check for hazards / Identify safe places /
Educate yourself and family / Have
disaster supplies / Develop an emergency
communication plan / Help your
community
267 columns each on a giant ball bearing
enabling the building to roll from side to
side
Flexible structure to absorb the force of
an earthquake
Detonate explosives / Construct earth
walls / spray large volumes of water
38
When did the Japan earthquake occur?
11th March 2011
39
What did the Japan earthquake measure on the Richter scale?
9
40
How many people died in the Japan earthquake?
15,883 deaths
41
What was the main primary effect of the Japan earthquake?
Tsunami
42
Where was the epicentre of the Japan earthquake?
70km off the coast in the Pacific Ocean
43
What type of plate boundary did the Japan earthquake occur on?
Convergent / destructive
44
What was the estimated total cost to rebuild the areas affected by
the Japan earthquake?
Which two plates caused the Japan earthquake?
£185 billion
45
The point on the Earth’s surface directly
above the focus
Fertile soil
Tin, silver, gold, copper and diamonds
Pacific and North American
Tectonic Landscapes – Exam Questions
1.
Explain the formation of a volcano at a hotspot. You may use a labelled diagram in your
answer (4)
2.
Outline two economic reasons why people continue to live in areas of volcanic activity (3)
3.
Choose an earthquake or volcanic eruption you have studied. Explain the causes of the
event (6)
4.
Outline how earthquakes are caused (3)
5.
Describe the distribution of earthquakes worldwide (3)
6.
Explain why people in HICs continue to live in areas affected by volcanoes. Use examples in
your answer (4)
7.
Explain two characteristic features of convergent plate boundaries (4)
8.
Choose a study of an earthquake or a volcanic eruption. Explain the effects of this event (6)
9.
Outline what the Richter scale measures (2)
10. Explain the characteristic features of a divergent plate boundary. You may use a diagram in
your answer (4)
11. Explain how the effects of earthquakes can be reduced through forecasting and building
design. Use examples in your answer (6)
12. The volcano Kilauea is found in the middle of a plate. What type of volcano is this? (1)
13. Explain the formation of volcanoes at convergent plate boundaries. You may use a diagram
in your answer (4)
14. Outline ways in which earthquakes can be measured (3)
15. Suggest reasons why people continue to live in areas affected by earthquakes (4)
16. Explain how the effects of volcanic eruptions are reduced through prediction and prevention.
Use examples in your answer (6)
17. Describe the movement along a divergent plate boundary (3)
18. Explain how volcanoes occur at divergent plate boundaries (4)
19. Compare the characteristic features of convergent plate boundaries and conservative plate
boundaries (4)
20. Describe how planning before the event could have reduced the effects of an earthquake (3)
21. Explain the effects of a volcanic eruption or an earthquake (6)
22. Outline a difference between the focus and epicentre of an earthquake (2)
23. Explain how volcanoes form over hotspots. Use only an annotated diagram for your answer
(4)
24. Explain how volcanoes occur at a convergent plate boundary. You may use a diagram in
your answer (4)
25. Explain why buildings can remain standing in a strong earthquake (3)
26. What is the epicentre? (1)
27. Outline the differences between the Mercalli and Richter scales (3)
28. Choose a volcanic eruption or an earthquake you have studied. Explain the effects of the
volcanic eruption of the earthquake on the people and the environment (6)
29. Choose a volcanic eruption or an earthquake you have studied. Explain the effects of the
volcanic eruption or the earthquake on the economy (6)
30. The boundary on the west coast of the USA is a conservative plate boundary. Describe two
other types of plate boundary (4)
31. Identify two primary effects and two secondary effects of an earthquake (4)
32. Describe how the contents of a disaster survival kit help people survive the first few days
after an earthquake or volcanic eruption (4)
33. Explain the global distribution of active volcanoes is uneven (3)
34. Outline one difference between a divergent and convergent plate boundaries (2)
35. Explain how fold mountains are formed. You may use a diagram to help your answer (4)
Tectonic Landscapes – Model Exam Answers
Choose a volcanic eruption or an earthquake you have studied. Explain the effects of it
on the people (6)
The Japan earthquake occurred on 11th March 2011 approximately 70km off the coast of the
country in Asia. An earthquake is the violent shaking of the earth’s crust when a plate suddenly
moves.
Both primary and secondary effects occurred as a result of the earthquake. A large number of
people died as a result of the earthquake and resulting tsunami – approximately 100 at the time
of the earthquake and 15,500 in the tsunami and afterwards. 138,000 buildings were destroyed;
including people’s homes, schools, hospitals and offices. This means that a significant number
of people were made homeless – it was estimated that in 2012, 330,000 people were still living in
temporary accommodation. The earthquake and tsunami also damaged the infrastructure of the
area. In particular 1 million homes had no clean water which led to further diseases and 6 million
homes had no electricity. A secondary effect of the earthquake was fire and these broke out in
Fukishma nuclear reactor and the town of Sendai – this caused further damage, injury and death.
The nuclear reactor led to 465,000 people being evacuated from their homes due to the pollution
caused.
This answer would receive full marks due to its structure, use of key geographical terms and
specific figures.
Explain the formation of a hotspot (4)
A hotspot forms in the middle of a plate rather than on a plate boundary (1). They occur where
the crust is weak and thin (1) which allows the convection currents in the mantle to push the
magma to the surface (1). The magma solidifies into rock and over time may produce volcanic
islands (e.g. Hawaii). (1)
Outline reasons why people live in hazardous areas (3)
People may continue to live in a dangerous area because they have no choice. This is normally
due to poverty and being too poor to move elsewhere (1). Many people choose to make money
from volcanic areas; either from tourism or farming. Farming on the slopes of a volcano is good
because the soil is fertile from previous eruptions (1). At Mt Etna, tourists are encouraged to visit
the active volcano which means people can make money (1).
Explain why volcanoes are created at a convergent plate boundary (4)
A convergent plate boundary is where two plates are pushing together (1). When oceanic and
continental crust meet, the oceanic crust subducts beneath the continental because it is denser
and thinner (1). The point where the subduction occurs is called an oceanic trench. The oceanic
crust is subducted into the mantle where it melts and becomes magma (1). When the amount of
magma is too great it will erupt to the surface as volcano (1).
A Wasteful World – Glossary Terms
You will be assessed on your appropriate use of geographical key terms, including the correct spelling.
#
1
Wasteful World Key
Terms
Biodegradable waste
Definition
Can be broken down by living organisms to eventually become soil
2
Biomass
Decaying plant and animal matter
3
CHP
4
Coal
Combined heat and power systems which recovers heat lost through the production of
electricity and uses it to heat water
Formed from fossilised plants
5
Consumer society
A society where buying goods and services is considered very important
6
Domestic waste
Household waste
7
Energy
8
E-Waste
The ability to do work and is necessary for anything to move or change (measured in
joules)
Waste containing electrical components
9
Fossil Fuels
Come from the Earth and are formed by heat and pressure over millions of years (e.g.
coal, oil and natural gas)
10
Geothermal
Heat energy generated by and stored within the Earth’s surface
11
Grune Punkt logo
Indicates a recyclable product in Germany
12
Hazardous waste
Harmful to humans / environment and should be disposed of separately to normal waste
13
Hydropower
Energy that comes from the force of moving water
14
Incineration
Burning of waste
15
Industrial waste
Waste produced by industrial activity
16
Landfill
Low area of land filled with alternating layers of waste and soil
17
Liquid waste
Wastewater (water affected / contaminated by humans)
18
Municipal waste
Waste collected from homes, businesses and schools
19
Natural gas
Methane gas trapped between seams of rock
20
Non-biodegradable
Cannot be broken down by living organisms
21
Non-hazardous
Not harmful to humans / environment
22
Non-recyclable
Materials cannot be processed into new materials
23
Non-renewable fuel
Once used cannot be used again
24
Oil
Formed from fossilised animals
25
Recyclable
Materials can be processed into new materials
26
Recycling centres
Large scale places accepting a wide range of recyclable goods
27
Recycling sites
Small scale bins at supermarkets / car parks accepting a few types of recyclable goods
28
Renewable fuel
Can be reused and therefore will not run out
29
Sewage
Liquid waste contaminated by faeces or urine
30
Solid waste
Mainly household waste
31
Throwaway society
A society when working products are thrown area for newer models
32
Waste
Unwanted or unusable things
Wasteful World Pop Quiz Questions
#
Question
Answer
1
What is waste?
Unwanted or unusable materials
2
What is sewage?
3
What are the three methods of waste disposal?
Liquid waste contaminated by faeces or
urine
Incineration, Landfill and Recycling
4
What is municipal waste?
5
What is E-Waste?
6
Give an example of E-Waste
7
What is biodegradable waste?
Waste that can be broken down by living
organisms to become part of the soil
8
Who produces more waste? HICs or LICs
HIC
9
What is meant by a consumer society?
10
What is meant by a throwaway society?
11
Which country produces the most e-waste?
A society in which buying goods and
services is considered to be important
A society where working products are
thrown away for newer models
USA
12
Which continent produces the most waste?
Asia
Waste produced by schools, businesses
and homes
Products containing an electrical
component.
Mobile phone, TV, iphone etc
13
14
20% of the world live in HICs but what percentage of the world’s
waste do they produce?
Why is waste and soil placed in landfills in alternating layers?
86%
15
What 3 things happens to a full landfill?
16
What are the by-products of incineration?
Compresses the waste and helps with
decomposition
1. Capped with a gas proof membrane.
2. Monitored for gas release
3. Trees are planted on the site
Scrap metal, heat / energy, gas, ash, salt
17
What is the salt from an incinerator used for?
De-icing roads
18
What is the Grune Punkt emblem?
Placed on recyclable products in Germany
19
How many incinerators does Germany have?
68
20
Which country sends Germany some of its waste to be incinerated?
Italy
21
What does Germany do with its toxic waste?
Exports it
22
14 million tonnes
23
How many tonnes of municipal waste does Germany produce per
year?
Where will low level nuclear waste be stored from 2013?
24
Which case study have we looked at for recycling in the UK?
Reading
25
How many bins does Reading have? What are they?
26
What is the difference between a recycling centre and a recycling
site?
27
Why do recycled cans pass beneath a magnet?
28
How is cullet produced during the recycling process?
4 (Blue = plastic / Green = domestic /
Brown = Garden / Green box = paper)
Centre = large scale depots able to take a
huge variety of waste
Sites = small individual sites at
supermarkets
Extract cans made of steel (leaving behind
the aluminium ones)
By washing and crushing glass
29
Which recyclable material can be used to produce fleece jackets?
Plastic
30
What is recycling?
31
What is renewable energy? Give an example
32
Name 2 ways energy can be lost from a home
33
What is a carbon footprint?
34
What is meant by an energy surplus?
Taking a product and turning it into
something new
Energy can be reused and won’t run out.
Egs: solar, wind, biomass, hydroelectric
Draughts around windows and doors, no
insulation in the roof or around the hot
water tank. Electrical goods on standby.
Measure of the impact human activities
have on the environment in terms of
greenhouse gas emissions produced
Producing more energy than is being used
35
Name one country with an energy surplus
Konrad in Germany
Cameroon, Canada, Indonesia, Iran,
Nigeria, UK, USA
36
38
How much of every £12 spent is wasted through inefficient
production of goods in the UK iron and steel industry?
What have Oldham City Council provided each household with to
help with energy wastage?
What is the low carbon buildings programme?
39
How much money does one energy saving lightbulb save each year?
40
£1 million
42
The government provides grants to public buildings to go green but
for how much?
How many homes in Aberdeen have had more efficient heating
systems installed?
What does CHP stand for?
43
Why is CHP more energy efficient than a standard heating system?
Recovers lost energy from electricity and
uses it to heat water
37
41
£1
Two free energy saving lightbulbs
Government grants to homes of £2500 for
renewable energy sources
£5
4600
Combined Heat and Power
A Wasteful World – Exam Questions
1. Name one type of solid waste. (1)
2. Explain why France disposes of more waste than Bangladesh. (4)
3. Outline the ways that energy can be wasted in the home. (4)
4. What are the advantages of using non-renewable energy? (3)
5. Explain the different ways that a HIC you have studied disposes of its waste. (6 + 4 SPaG)
6. Give one example of a fossil fuel. (1)
7. Define the term renewable energy. (2)
8. Suggest three reasons why wind farms are unpopular with some people. (3)
9. Suggest reasons why some countries are more successful than others in recycling waste. (4)
10. Explain how the level of development of a country affects its carbon footprint. (6 + 4 SPaG)
11. What is E-waste and why does it produce so much waste? (2)
12. Choose one type of renewable fuel. Describe how it works and what its advantages and
disadvantages are. (6 + 4 SPaG)
13. Explain one way that energy can be saved on a local level. Use an example you have
studied in your answer. (3)
14. Choose a study you have made of how waste is recycled on a local scale. Describe how
the rubbish is collected and the ways in which the recycled rubbish is reused. (6 + 4 SPaG)
15. Explain the link between the wealth of a country and its municipal waste production. (4)
16. Explain why HICs tend to produce more waste than LICs (4)
17. Suggest actions homeowners can take to reduce energy loss (4)
18. For a named country, explain the methods used to dispose of its domestic waste (6 + 4
SPaG)
19. Explain the disadvantages of types of renewable energy (4)
20. Explain how the UK can reduce its energy wastage (6 + 4 SPaG)
21. State one way the carbon footprint for transport can be reduced (1)
22. Define the term carbon footprint (2)
23. Explain how schools and / or homes can reduce the amount of energy that they use (4)
24. HICs have been described as ‘throwaway’ societies. Explain why (4)
25. Name two types of domestic waste that can be recycled locally (2)
26. Explain how one HIC disposes of its municipal waste (4)
27. Outline the benefits of one type of renewable energy source (3)
28. Explain the solutions to energy wastage at a domestic and local scale. Use examples in
your answer. (6 +4 SPaG)
29. Define the term biodegradable waste (1)
30. Outline the differences between a carbon and ecological footprint (3)
31. Explain one way that a named HIC disposes of its waste (2)
32. Using examples, explain why carbon footprints vary from country to country (4)
A Wasteful World – Model Exam Answers
Describe how energy is wasted in the home (3)
By leaving devices such as lights on all day (1). Houses that don’t have double glazing (1)
experience more heat loss (1).
Suggest reasons why people in HICs create more waste than people in LICs (4)
People in HICs have more disposable income (1) which creates a consumer and throwaway
society (1). Products purchased have a lot of packaging which contributes to higher levels of
waste (1); this is normally because the products have been imported (1).
Explain the disadvantages of using some types of renewable energy (4).
Wind turbines are often criticised for being noisy (1) and only work in places that are windy enough
(1). Wind turbines upset people by being ugly and blots on the landscape (1). Hydroelectic power
stations can disrupt the natural ecosystems living in the area (1).
HICs have been described as throwaway societies. Explain why (4)
Throwaway societies have more disposable income (1) so are able to purchase more items (1).
People tend to buy the latest model of items (e.g. mobile phones) rather than reuse or fix older
items (1). This results in more waste turning up in landfill (1).
Countries dispose of their municipal waste in many different ways. For one country you
have studied, describe the methods being used to dispose of its waste (6 marks)
Germany is a large country in Europe. Municipal waste is waste collected from homes,
businesses and schools. Germany disposes of its municipal waste in one of three ways; landfill,
incineration or recycling.
14 million tonnes of municipal waste is produced by Germany every year and 60% is recycled.
The remainder is incinerated (there are 68 incinerators in Germany) and the waste ash is sent to
landfill. Forty years ago, Germany sent most of its waste to landfill because every urban area
had a landfill site amounting to 50,000 in total – this was not good for the environment and
alternatives were encouraged.
German people are aware of what can be recycled because of the Grune Punkt symbol. Products
with this symbol cost more because producers of the products add the cost of recycling to them.
Germany also imports other countries waste, particularly for incineration. For example, Italy sends
160,000 tonnes of waste each year.