Download The Islamic World and Africa

The Islamic World and Africa
‫العالم اإلسالمي وأفريقيا‬
The Rise of Islam
• During the 5th century
the Byzantine and
Persian empires were
warring.
• The Spice Trade route
had originally been an
overland route called the
Silk Road. Outlined in red
• Because of the warfare it
was forced to change to a
water route that passed
by the Arabian peninsula.
Outlined in blue
The Rise of Islam
• Cities that were located
along this new trade route
became more important.
• Two of these cities were
Mecca and Medina on the
Arabian Peninsula.
• It was in this city of Mecca
that Mohammad was born
in 570 A.D..
Mohammed, the Prophet of Islam
• Islam was founded by Mohammed.
• A vision convinced Mohammed to convert Arabs
from a polytheistic religion (belief in many gods) to a
monotheistic religion (belief in a single God) called
Allah.
• This Allah was the same God worshipped by
Jews and Christians.
• A follower Islam is called a Muslim.
The Hegira
• Mohammed became so successful at converting
Arabs to Islam that some people became jealous
of his growing influence in the city of Mecca.
• In 622 A.D., Mohammed’s life was threatened
and he was forced to flee to Medina.
• This journey was called the
Hegira and it marks the starting
point
of the Muslim calendar.
Check the dates
Jihad
• Mohammed continued to be a
popular religious leader in Medina.
• Mohammed gathered an army to retake the city
of Mecca in a jihad or ‘holy war’.
• Two years after a successful jihad, Mohammed
became ill and died.
• By the time of his death most of the Arabian
peninsula had united and converted to Islam.
The Quran (Koran)
• The Quran is the sacred text
of Islam.
• It contains the words God
gave to Mohammed.
• It discusses proper worship,
treatment of women, etc.
• It contains the fundamental
doctrine of Islam –
– ‘There is no God but Allah and
Mohammed is his prophet”
Five Pillars of Faith
• Muslims differ from Christians
since Muslims worship God
directly without a priest.
• The pillars establish how a good
Muslim should live:
– Pray 5 times daily facing east
towards Mecca
– Fast during Ramadan (holy month)
– Make pilgrimage to Mecca Mecca
– Charity towards the poor
– Faith “There is no God but Allah and
Mohammed is his prophet”
The Spread of Islam
• Islam united different
Arab tribes with a
common:
– language (Arabic)
– religion (Islam).
• Using the jihad to
conquer non-believers
they gained new lands.
• Only the loss at the
Battle of Tours stopped
Muslim expansion and
the spread of Islam into
Europe.
Purple is Islamic
controlled lands
Christians
Muslims
The Spread of Islam
Islam is the dominate
religion throughout
the :
 Middle East,
 Northern Africa,
 Southeast Asia.
As Islam spread so
did the ideas, art,
literature, science,
and math of the
Islamic culture.
The Caliphates
• A caliph was a successor to Mohammed.
• After Mohammed’s death the Muslim world split
in to two caliphates (or branches):
– Shiite, small group who believed the caliph should
be a descendent of Mohammed.
– Sunni, larger group that didn’t care
• These caliphates used the jihad to conquer other
nations.
• This helped to spread the influence of Islam into
other societies.
Golden Age of Muslim Culture
• Arab Muslims absorbed the cultural achievements of
the Greeks, Persians, Jews, and Byzantines.
• The empire was located at the crossroads of Europe,
Africa, and Asia and they controlled a vast trading
area.
• The Arabic language became the common language
of literature, philosophy and art.
• Christians and Jews were treated fairly and given
many freedoms because they worshipped the same
God as the Muslims.
Muslim Cultural Achievements
Art
• Mohammed forbade
making images of God or
people.
• Islamic art is largely made
up of geometric designs,
Arabic lettering, flowers,
and stars.
Muslim Cultural Achievements
Architecture
• Muslim rulers built
beautiful palaces and
mosques (churches) .
• They were decorated with
mosaics, calligraphy and
geometrical designs.
El Alhambra in Spain
The Taj Mahal in India
Sankore in Timbuktu
Muslim Cultural Achievements
•
•
•
•
Mathematics
Arabs borrowed concept of
zero from India.
Algebra is an Arabic word for
equation.
Arabic mathematicians made
great advancements in
Algebra and Geometry.
Developed Arabic numerals,
that were adopted by other
cultures, including ours.
Muslim Cultural Achievements
Medicine
• Arab doctors discovered
blood moves to and
from the heart.
• Diagnosed many
diseases including
smallpox and measles.
Invasions
• The prosperous Islamic
Empire attracted invaders
from Central Asia in the
11th century.
• The Seljuk Turks conquered the
empire, but the Seljuk Turks
are the ones who converted to
the new religion of Islam.
Muslims and the Crusades
• In the 12th century, Muslims became engaged in a
war with Christians over control of the Holy Lands.
• For hundreds of years the Christians and Muslims
would kill each other over control of the Holy Lands.
Muslims and the Crusades
• Control of the Holy Lands
see-sawed back and forth.
• Christians captured the holy
city of Jerusalem, but the
Muslim warrior Saladin
became an Islamic hero by
recapturing it.
The Kingdoms of Africa
• Anthropologists believe that the first humans came
from East Africa and migrated around the world.
Early East African Kingdoms
• Because of their location, the
early kingdoms of Kush and
Axum were influenced by the
Egyptians.
• They traded in iron, ivory,
valuable wood, and slaves.
• Ethiopia developed its own
form of Christianity.
Gold and Salt Trade
• The Sahara Desert of northern Africa has rich salt
deposits.
• The salt was valuable for
flavoring and preserving
foods as well as being vital
to human survival.
• Other areas in West Africa
had gold deposits.
• A trade of salt for gold
would soon develop.
Rise of West African Kingdoms
• The salt for gold trade
led to the
development of
powerful kingdoms in
West Africa.
• Kingdoms like :
– Ghana
– Mali
– Songhai
Kingdom of Ghana
(750 – 1200)
• Ghana used superior weapons made of iron to
conquer their neighbors.
• Caravans brought salt to Ghana and returned
with gold.
• The kings of Ghana made a fortune in taxing
the trade that passed through their kingdoms.
• Muslim invaders brought Islam to West Africa
Kingdom of Mali
(1240 – 1400)
• In 1249 the Mali
conquered Ghana.
• Mali gained control of
the valuable salt and
gold trade.
• The Mali adopted the
Ghana religion of Islam.
Mansa Musa
• Mansa Musa practiced Islam
and he made a religious
pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324.
• He brought back Muslim
scholars and architects with
him to Mali.
• Mansa Musa’s great city of
Timbuktu became a center
for trade and Islamic
learning and culture.
Ibn Battuta
• Ibn Battuta was an Arab
traveler during the 1300s.
• He was impressed by the
wealth, respect for law, and
power of Mansa Musa.
• Ibn Battuta’s descriptions of
life in Africa and the Middle
East gives us a view of what it
was like.
Green show travels of Ibn Battuta
Kingdom of Songhai
(1464 – 1600)
• In 1464, Sultan Sunni Ali
captured the great Mali
city of Timbuktu.
• The Kingdom of Songhai
became the largest of
West Africa’s trading
kingdoms.
• Songhai collapsed when
the army of Morocco
used gunpowder to
defeat them.
Other African Kingdoms
• Ife and Benin – developed in
the rainforests of West Africa.
They created great art and
they captured slaves and sold
them along the coast of the
Atlantic Ocean.
• Zimbabwe – Gold made this a
great trading nation, the area
is still rich in gold today.
Family Roles in Africa
• In traditional African societies the boys and
girls are separated from the community and
must undergo special ceremonies at puberty.
• Marriages were arranged by the family with
the groom paying a dowry to the brides family.
• Under Islamic religion women were only
allowed to run the household while men
represented the family outside it.
TEKS
• Category 1
– 1C
– 4 D, E, I, J
• Category 3
– 23 A, B
– 24 A
– 25 D
• Category 5
– 27 A