Download Historical Period 3: 1754 1800

Historical Period 3: 1754 1800
In a “Nutshell”
Henretta Chapters 4-6
AMSCO Chapters 4-6
Assessment Weight = 45%
Period 3: 1754-1800: British imperial attempts to reassert control over its colonies and the colonial
reaction to these attempts produced a new American republic, along with struggles over the new
nation’s social, political, and economic identity.
Essential Questions:
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How did the French and Indian War affect the Native American population and the relations
between Britain and its colonies?
How did the ideas of the Enlightenment and the First Great Awakening foster the drive toward
American independence from England?
How did conceptions of American identity and democratic ideals emerge and shape the
movement for independence.
Why did the colonist rebel against Britain?
How did the Declaration of Independence reflect the colonists’ belief in the superiority of
republican self-government based on the natural rights of the people?
What were the political, economic, and social results of the American Revolution?
What was the immediate and long-term significance of the Declaration of Independence?
How did the Declaration of Independence shape belief systems and independence movements
in the Atlantic World?
Why did the rebels win the war for independence?
Why did the experience of the newly liberated colonies under the Articles of
Confederation result in a new federal Constitution?
What were the major compromises of the Constitutional Convention and the major
arguments for and against the ratification of the Constitution?
What were the migration patterns of British and Spanish settlers in North America?
To what extent was the relationship between Native Americans and British colonists altered
following the French and Indian War and the American Revolution?
What problems arose and what political and/or diplomatic initiatives were taken by the U.S.
government as Americans moved westward?
How did regional identities challenge the formation of a national identity as the new American
nation expanded westward?
How and why did the first major party system develop in the early Republic?
What were Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson’s competing conceptions
of national identity, foreign policy, and the future of America?
Chapter 4
4-1.
4-2.
4-3.
4-4.
Salutary Neglect
Albany Plan of Union
Iroquois Confederacy
French and Indian
War
4-5. Peace of Paris 1763
4-6. Proclamation of 1763
4-7. Regulator Movement
Required IDs for Unit 3
Chapter 5
5.1
5-2.
5-3.
5-4.
5-5.
5-6.
5-7.
5-8.
5-9.
5-10.
5-11.
5-12.
5-13.
5-14.
5-15.
5-16.
5-17.
5-18.
5-19.
5-20.
5-21.
5-22.
5-23.
5-24.
5-25.
5-26.
Henretta
John Dickenson, Letters
From a Farmer In
Pennsylvania (AMSCO)
Stamp Act Crisis
Patrick Henry/VA
Resolves
Boston Massacre
Representation: Virtual
vs Direct
Boston Tea Party
Coercive Acts
(Intolerable Acts)
Stamp Act Crisis
Samuel Adams
Sons and Daughters
of Liberty
James Otis
Declaratory Act
Quartering Act
Townshend Duties
Internal vs. External
Taxation
Tea Act 1773
Gaspee Affair
Quebec Act
First Continental
Congress
Suffolk Resolves
Committees of
Correspondence
Lexington and Concord
Second Continental
Congress
Olive Branch Petition
Common Sense
Declaration of
Independence
Chapter 6
6-1.
6-2.
6-3.
6-4.
6-5.
6-6.
6-7.
Battle of Saratoga
Yorktown
Treaty of Paris, 1783
Newburgh Conspiracy
Articles of Confederation
Land Ordinance of 1785
Northwest Ordinance,
1787
6-8. Shay’s Rebellion
6-9. Battle of Fallen Timbers
6-10. Treaty of Greenville
6-11. Annapolis Convention
6-12. Constitutional Convention
6-13. The Great Compromise
6-14. The Federalist Papers
6-15. Federalists
6-16. Anti-Federalists
6-17. Bill of Rights
6-18. Hamilton’s Financial Plan
6-19. Whiskey Rebellion
6-20. French Revolution
6-21. Citizen Genet
6-22. Proclamation of Neutrality
6-23. Jay’s Treaty
6-24. Pinckney’s Treaty
6-25. Washington’s Farewell
Address
6-26. Quasi War With France
6-27. XYZ Affair
6-28. Alien and Sedition Acts
6-29. Virginia and Kentucky
Resolutions
6-30. Revolution of 1800
6-31. Midnight Appointments
AMSCO
Possible Essay Questions for Period 3: 1754-1800
1.
2.
3.
4.
Why did the colonist rebel against Britain? (Dixon)
How did debates over the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution reflect democratic and republican
values and competing conceptions of national identity? (Dixon)
How did the development of the first major party system reflect democratic and republican values and
competing conceptions of national identity? (Dixon)
How did imperial competition and the exchange of commodities across both sides of the Atlantic Ocean
influence the origins and patterns of development of North American societies in the colonial period?
Provide one example of the competition and one example of exchange in your response. (Hastings)
5.
6.
7.
8.
How did changing religious ideals, Enlightenment beliefs, and republican thought shape the politics, culture,
and society of the time period from the colonial era through the early Republic? (Hastings)
Some historians have argued that the British victory over the French in North America inevitably led to the
American Revolution a few years later. Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.
(SG)
Some historians have argued that the Declaration of Independence and the American Revolution inspired and
accelerated revolutionary movements elsewhere in the Americas and in Europe. Support, modify, or refute
this contention using specific evidence. (SG)
Analyze the struggles of the new American republic to create a new social, political, and economic identity
between the years 1776–1801. (SG)
Other Possible Essay Questions based off of what has been asked on previous AP Exams
Old Format
New Format (John Irish)
9. How did economic, geographic, and social factors
Evaluate the economic, geographic, and social factors which
encourage the growth of slavery as an important part
impacted the growth of slavery in the southern colonies between
of the economy of the southern colonies between
1607 and 1775.
1607 and 1775? (2001 #2 FRQ)
10. Compare and contrast the ways in which economic
development affected politics in Massachusetts and
Virginia in the period from 1607 to 1750. (2005 #2
FRQ)
Compare and contrast the economic and political development
of the New England and Chesapeake colonies from 1607 to 1750.
11. Settlers in the eighteenth-century American
bakcountry sometimes resorted to violent protest to
express their grievances. Analyze the causes and
significance of TWO of the following: March of the
Paxton Boys, Regulator Movement, Shay’s Rebellion,
Whiskey Rebellion (2007 #2 FRQ)
Evaluate the causes and effects of violent protest by American
backcountry settlers during the eighteenth century.
12. Compare and contrast the British, French, and Spanish
imperial goals in North America between 1580 and
1763. (2011 #2 FRQ B)
13. Analyze the role of trans-Atlantic trade and Great
Britain’s mercantilist policies in the economic
development of the British North American colonies in
the period from 1650 to 1750. (2013 #2 FRQ)
a.
Compare and contrast the European imperial goals in
North America between 1580 and 1763.
b. Compare and contrast the British, French, and Spanish
imperial goals in North America between 1580 and
1763.
Explain how trans-Atlantic trade and Great Britain’s mercantilist
policies impacted the economic development of the British north
America in the period from 1650 to 1750
14. In what ways did the French and Indian War (175463) alter the political, economic and ideological
relation between Britain and its American colonies?
Use the documents and your knowledge of the period
1740-1766 in constructing your response. (2004
DBQ)
a.
15. A. Analyze the ways in which British imperial policies
between 1763 and 1776 intensified colonials’
resistance to British rule and their commitment to
republican values. (2009 #2 FRQ)
a.
B. Analyze the effect of the French and Indian
War and its aftermath on the relationship
between Great Britain and the British colonies.
Confine your response to the period from 1754 to
1776. (2012 FRQ)
b.
b.
c.
Evaluate the way the Seven Years War contributed to
maintaining continuity as well as fostering change in
relations between Britain and its American colonies.
Evaluate the extent to which the Seven Years War
altered relations between Britain and its American
colonies.
Evaluate the extent that the Seven Years War (1763)
was a turning point in colonial responses to British
Imperial policy through 1776.
Explain the extent to which British imperial policies
after the Seven Years War (1763) through 1776
intensified colonials’ resistance to British rule.
Explain how the French and Indian War impacted the
relationship between Great Britain and the British
colonies from 1754 to 1776.
16. To what extent had the colonists developed a sense of
their identity and unity as Americans by the eve of the
Revolution? Use the documents and your knowledge
of the period 1750 to 1776 to answer the question
(1999 DBQ)
Evaluate the extent to which a sense of identity and unity
contributed to maintaining continuity as well as fostered change
within the American colonies from the years 1607 to 1776.
17. Analyze the impact of the American Revolution on
both slavery and the status of women in the period
from 1775-1800. (2004 #2 FRQ)
Evaluate the impact of the American Revolution on both slavery
and the status of women.
18. To what extent did the American Revolution
fundamentally change American society? In your
answer, be sure to address the political, social and
economic effects of the Revolution in the period from
1775 to 1800. (2005 DBQ)
Evaluate the extent to which the American Revolution changed
the political, economic, and social aspects of American society
from 1775 to 1800.
19. Analyze the political, diplomatic, and military reasons
for the United States victory in the Revolutionary War.
Confine your answer to the period 1775-1783. (2010
#2 FRQ )
20. Evaluate the extent to which the Articles of
Confederation were effective in solving the problems
that confronted the new nation. (2003 #2 FRQ)
a.
Explain the political, diplomatic, and military causes
which led to the victory in the American Revolution.
b. Explain the political and economic causes which led to
the independence movement from the end of the Seven
Years War until the end of the American Revolution.
Evaluate the major causes which led the country to abandon the
Articles of Confederation and ratify the U.S. Constitution.
21. To what extent was the United States Constitution a
radical departure from the Articles of Confederation?
(2005 FRQ #3 Form B)
Compare and contrast the Articles of Confederation and the U.S.
Constitution.
22. Analyze how the ideas and experiences of the
revolutionary era influenced the principles embodied
in the Articles of Confederation. (2009B #2 FRQ)
Evaluate the extent to which revolutionary ideals and
experiences shaped the creation of a new government both
during and after the American Revolution.
23. “The United States Constitution of 1787 represented
an economic and ideological victory for the traditional
American political elite.” Assess the validity of that
statement for the period 1781 to 1789. (2006 #2 FRQ,
B)
Evaluate the extent to which the ratification of the U.S.
Constitution was a turning point for the traditional American
political elite.
24. Analyze the ways in which the political, economic, and
diplomatic crises of the 1780s shaped the provisions
of the United States Constitution. (2011 #3 FRQ B)
Explain the major political, economic, and diplomatic causes and
consequences for the call and for the ratification of the U.S.
Constitution and its adoption in 1787.
25. Analyze the ways in which the United States sought to
advance its interests in world affairs between 1789
and 1823 (2013 #3 FRQ)
Evaluate the extent to which American foreign policy
contributed to maintaining continuity as well as fostered change
with regard to United States involvement in world affairs from
176 to 1823.
Historical Period 3: 1754 1800
In a “Nutshell” Part II
Listed below are the key concepts and themes
from the AP Curriculum Framework. This is the
information that College Board expects you to
know at the end of this unit of study. You
should be able to apply specific examples from
the reading to the key concepts and themes.
Key Concept 3.1: Britain’s victory over France in the imperial struggle for North America
led to new conflicts among the British government, the North American colonists, and
American Indians, culminating in the creation of a new nation, the United States.
I. Throughout the second half of the 18th century,
various American Indian groups repeatedly
evaluated and adjusted their alliances with
Europeans, other tribes, and the new United States
government.
A. English population growth and expansion
into the interior disrupted existing French-Indian fur trade networks and caused
various Indian nations to shift alliances
among competing European powers.
Thematic Objectives covered by this key concept:
ID-4: Explain how conceptions of group identity and
autonomy emerged out of cultural interactions between
colonizing groups, Africans, and American Indians in the
colonial era.
POL-1: Analyze the factors behind competition,
cooperation, and conflict among different societies and
social groups in North America during the colonial period.
ENV-2: Explain how the natural environment contributed
to the development of distinct regional group identities,
institutions, and conflicts in the precontact period
through the independence period.
ENV-4: Analyze how the search for economic resources
affected social and political developments from the
colonial period through Reconstruction.
CUL-1: Compare the cultural values and attitudes of
different European, African American, and native peoples
in the colonial period and explain how contact affected
intergroup relationships and conflicts.
B. After the British defeat of the French,
white--Indian conflicts continued to erupt
as native groups sought both to continue
trading with Europeans and to resist the
encroachment of British colonists on
traditional tribal lands.
C. During and after the colonial war for
independence, various tribes attempted to
forge advantageous political alliances with
one another and with European powers to
protect their interests, limit migration for
white settlers, and maintain their tribal
lands.
II. During and after the imperial struggles of the
mid--18th century, new pressures began to
unite the British colonies against perceived and
real constraints on their economic activities and
political rights, sparking a colonial
independence movement and war with Britain.
A. Great Britain’s massive debt from the
Seven years’ War resulted in renewed
efforts to consolidate imperial control over
North American markets, taxes, and
political institutions -- actions that were
supported by some colonists but resisted by
others.
B. The resulting independence movement was
fueled by established colonial elites, as
well as by grassroots movements that
included newly mobilized laborers,
artisans, and women, and rested on
arguments over the rights of British
subjects, the rights of the individual, and
the ideas of the Enlightenment.
Thematic Objectives covered by this key concept:
ID-1: Analyze how competing conceptions of national
identity were expressed in the development of political
institutions and cultural values from the late colonial through
the antebellum periods.
WXT-1: Explain how patterns of exchanging
commodities, peoples, diseases, and ideas around the
Atlantic World developed after European contact and
shaped North American colonial-era societies.
POL-1: Analyze the factors behind competition,
cooperation, and conflict among different societies and
social groups in North America during the colonial period.
WOR-1: Explain how imperial competition and the
exchange of commodities across both sides of the Atlantic
Ocean influenced the origins and patterns of development
of North American societies in the colonial period.
CUL-2: Analyze how emerging conceptions of national
identity and democratic ideals shaped value systems,
gender roles, and cultural movements in the late 18th
century and the 19th century.
CUL-4: Analyze how changing religious ideals,
Enlightenment beliefs, and republican thought shaped the
politics, culture, and society of the colonial era through
the early Republic.
C. Despite considerable loyalist opposition, as
well as Great Britain’s apparently
overwhelming military and financial
advantages, the patriot cause succeeded
because of the colonists’ greater familiarity
with the land, their resilient military and
political leadership, their ideological
commitment, and their support from
European allies.
III. In response to domestic and international
tensions, the new United States debated and
formulated foreign policy initiatives and
asserted an international presence.
A. The continued presence of European
powers in North America challenged the
United States to find ways to safeguard its
borders, maintain neutral trading rights,
and promote its economic interests.
Thematic Objectives covered by this key concept:
WOR-5: Analyze the motives behind, and results of,
economic, military, and diplomatic initiatives aimed at
expanding U.S. power and territory in the Western
Hemisphere in the years between independence and the
Civil War.
POL-2: Explain how and why major party systems and
political alignments arose and have changed from the
early Republic through the end of the 20th century.
B. The French Revolutions’ spread
throughout Europe and beyond helped fuel
Americans’ debate not only about the
nature of the United States’ domestic
order, but also about its proper role in the
world.
C. Although George Washington’s Farewell
Address warned about the dangers of
divisive political parties and permanent
foreign alliances, European conflict and
tensions with Britain and France fueled
increasingly bitter partisan debates
throughout the 1790s.
Key Concept 3.2: In the late 18th century, new experiments with democratic ideas and republican
forms of government, as well as other new religious, economic, and cultural ideas, challenged
traditional imperial systems across the Atlantic World.
I.
During the 18th century, new ideas about
politics and society led to debates about
religion and governance, and ultimately
inspired experiments with new
governmental structures.
Thematic Objectives covered by this key concept:
ID-1: Analyze how competing conceptions of national
identity were expressed in the development of political
institutions and cultural values from the late colonial through
the antebellum periods.
POL-5: Analyze how arguments over the meaning and
interpretation of the Constitution have affected U.S.
politics since 1787.
WOR-2: Explain how the exchange of ideas among
different parts of the Atlantic World shaped belief systems
and independence movements into the early 19th century.
CUL-4: Analyze how changing religious ideals,
Enlightenment beliefs, and republican thought shaped the
politics, culture, and society of the colonial era through
the early Republic.
A. Protestant evangelical religious fervor
strengthened many British colonists’
understandings of themselves as a chosen
people blessed with liberty, while
B. Enlightenment philosophers and ideas
inspired many American political thinkers
to emphasize individual talent over
hereditary privilege.
C. The colonists’ belief in the superiority of
republican self--government based on the
natural rights of the people found its
clearest American expression the Thomas
Paine’s Common Sense and the in
Declaration of Independence.
D. Many new state constitutions and the
national Articles of Confederation,
reflecting republican fears of both
centralized power and excessive popular
influence, placed power in the hands of the
legislative branch and maintained property
qualifications for voting and citizenship.
II. After experiencing the limitations of the
Articles of Confederation, American political
leaders wrote a new Constitution based on the
principles of federalism and separation of
powers, crafted a Bill of Rights, and continued
their debates about the proper balance between
liberty and order.
Thematic Objectives covered by this key concept:
WXT-6: Explain how arguments about market capitalism,
the growth of corporate power, and government policies
influenced economic policies from the late 18th century
through the 20th century.
POL-5: Analyze how arguments over the meaning and
interpretation of the Constitution have affected U.S.
politics since 1787.
WOR-5: Analyze the motives behind, and results of,
economic, military, and diplomatic initiatives aimed at
expanding U.S. power and territory in the Western
Hemisphere in the years between independence and the
Civil War.
A. Difficulties over trade,
finances, and interstate
and foreign relations,
as well as internal unrest,
led to calls for significant
revisions to the Articles
of Confederation and a
stronger central government.
“A little rebellion now and then is
a good thing” –Thomas Jefferson
“In monarchies, the crime of
treason and rebellion may admit
of being pardoned or
lightly punished, but the man
who dares rebel against the laws
of a republic ought to
suffer death” –Sam Adams
B. Delegates from the states worked through a
series of compromises to form a Constitution
for a new national government, while providing
limits on federal power.
C. Calls during the ratification process for greater
guarantees of rights resulted in the addition of a
Bill of Rights shortly after the Constitution was
adopted.
D. As the first national administrations began to
govern under the Constitution, continued
debates about such issues as the relationship
between the national government and the states,
economic policy, and the conduct of foreign
affairs led to the creation of political parties.
III. While the new governments continued to limit
rights to some groups, ideas promoting self-government and personal liberty reverberated
around the world.
Thematic Objectives covered by this key concept:
ID-4: Explain how conceptions of group identity and
autonomy emerged out of cultural interactions between
colonizing groups, Africans, and American Indians in the
colonial era.
WOR-2: Explain how the exchange of ideas among
different parts of the Atlantic World shaped belief systems
and independence movements into the early 19th century.
POL-5: Analyze how arguments over the meaning and
interpretation of the Constitution have affected U.S.
politics since 1787.
CUL-2: Analyze how emerging conceptions of national
identity and democratic ideals shaped value systems,
gender roles, and cultural movements in the late 18th
century and the 19th century.
A. During and after the American Revolution, and
increased awareness of the inequalities in
society motivated some individuals and groups
to call for the abolition of slavery and greater
political democracy in the new state and
national governments.
B. The constitutional framers postponed a solution
to the problems of slavery and the slave trade,
setting the stage for recurring conflicts over the
issues in later years.
C. The American Revolution and the ideals set
forth in the Declaration of Independence had
reverberations in France, Haiti, and Latin
America, inspiring future rebellions.
Key Concept 3.3: Migration within North America, cooperative interaction, and competition for
resources raised questions about boundaries and policies, intensified conflicts among peoples and
nations, and led to contests over the creation of multiethnic, multiracial national identity.
I.
As migrants streamed westward from the
British colonies along the Atlantic seaboard,
interactions among different groups that
would continue under an independent United
States resulted in competition for resources,
shifting alliances, and cultural blending.
Thematic Objectives covered by this key concept:
ID-5: Analyze the role of economic, political, social, and
ethnic factors on the formation of regional identities in what
would become the United States from the colonial period
through the 19th century.
ID-6: Analyze how migration patterns to, and migration
within, the United States have influenced the growth of racial
and ethnic identities and conflicts over ethnic assimilation
and distinctiveness.
PEO-5: Explain how free and forced migration to and
within different parts of North America caused regional
development, cultural diversity and blending, and political
and social conflicts through the 19th century.
POL-1: Analyze the factors behind competition,
cooperation, and conflict among different societies and
social groups in North America during the colonial period.
WOR-1: Explain how imperial competition and the
exchange of commodities across both sides of the Atlantic
Ocean influenced the origins and patterns of development
of North American societies in the colonial period.
WOR-5: Analyze the motives behind, and results of,
economic, military, and diplomatic initiatives aimed at
expanding U.S. power and territory in the Western
Hemisphere in the years between independence and the
Civil War.
A. The French withdrawal from North
America and the subsequent attempt of
various native groups to reassert their
power over the interior of the continent
resulted in new white--Indian conflicts
along the western borders of British and,
later, the U.S. colonial settlement and
among settlers looking to assert more
power in interior regions.
B. Migrants from within North America and
around the world continued to launch new
settlements in the West, creating new
distinctive backcountry cultures and
fueling social and ethnic tensions.
C. The Spanish, supported by the bonded
labor of the local Indians, expanded their
mission settlements into California,
providing opportunities for social mobility
among enterprising soldiers and settlers
that led to new cultural blending.
II. The policies of the United States that
encouraged western migration and the orderly
incorporation of new territories into the nation
both extended republican institutions and
intensified conflicts among American Indians
and Europeans in the trans--Appalachian west.
A. As settlers moved westward during the
1780s, Congress enacted the Northwest
Ordinance for admitting new states and
sought to promote public education, the
protection of private property, and the
restriction of slavery in the Northwest
Territory.
Thematic Objectives covered by this key concept:
POL-1: Analyze the factors behind competition,
cooperation, and conflict among different societies and
social groups in North America during the colonial period.
PEO-4: Analyze the effects that migration, disease, and
warfare had on the American Indian population after
contact with Europeans.
WOR-5: Analyze the motives behind, and results of,
economic, military, and diplomatic initiatives aimed at
expanding U.S. power and territory in the Western
Hemisphere in the years between independence and the
Civil War.
B. The Constitutions’ failure to precisely
define the relationship between American
Indian tribes and the national government
led to problems regarding treaties and
Indian legal claims relating to the seizure
of Indian lands.
C. As western settlers sought free navigation
of the Mississippi River, the United States
forged diplomatic initiatives to manage the
conflict with Spain and to deal with the
continued British presence on the
American continent.
III. New voices for national identity challenged
tendencies to cling to regional identities,
contributing to the emergence of distinctly
American cultural expressions.
A. As national political institutions developed
in the new United States, varying
regionally based positions of economic,
political, social, and foreign policy issues
promoted the development of political
parties.
Thematic Objectives covered by this key concept:
ID-5: Analyze the role of economic, political, social, and
ethnic factors on the formation of regional identities in what
would become the United States from the colonial period
through the 19th century.
WXT-2: Analyze how innovations in markets,
transportation, and technology affected the economy and
the different regions of North America from the colonial
period through the end of the Civil War.
WXT-4: Explain the development of labor systems such
as slavery, indentured servitude, and free labor from the
colonial period through the end of the 18th century.
POL-2: Explain how and why major party systems and
political alignments arose and have changed from the
early Republic through the end of the 20th century.
CUL-2: Analyze how emerging conceptions of national
identity and democratic ideals shaped value systems,
gender roles, and cultural movements in the late 18th
century and the 19th century.
ENV-3: Analyze the role of environmental factors in
contributing to regional economic and political identities
in the 19th century and how they affected conflicts such as
the American Revolution and the Civil War.
B. The expansion of slavery in the lower
South and adjacent western lands, and its
gradual disappearance elsewhere, began to
create distinctive regional attitude toward
the institution.
C. Enlightenment ideas and women’s
experiences in the movement for
independence promoted and ideal of
“republican motherhood,” which called on
white women to maintain and teach
republican values within the family and
granted women a new importance in
American political culture.
Identity (ID)
Work, Exchange, and
Technology (WXT)
Peopling (PEO)
Politics and Power
(POL)
America in the World
(WOR)
Environment and
Geography (ENV)
Ideas, Beliefs, and
Culture (CUL)
How did different social group identities evolve during the
revolutionary struggle? How did leaders of the new United States
attempt to form a national identity?
How did the newly independent United States attempt to
formulate a national economy?
How did the revolutionary struggle and its aftermath reorient
white-American Indian relations and affect subsequent
population movements?
How did the ideology behind the revolution affect power
relationships between different ethnic, racial, and social groups?
How did the revolution become an international conflict
involving competing European and American powers?
How did the geographical and environmental characteristics of
regions opened up to white settlement after 1763 affect their
subsequent development?
Why did the patriot cause spread so quickly among the colonists
after 1763? How did the republican ideals of the revolutionary
cause affect the nation’s political culture after independence?