Download Biol 211 (2) Chapter 29 KEY

Professor: Hufford/Biederman
S.I. Leader: Stephanie Schneider
Biology 211 (2) Week 1!
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Chapter 29!
VOCABULARY:!
Aerobic respiration:
Referring to any
metabolic process,
cell, or organism that
uses oxygen as an
electron acceptor
Anaerobic
respiration: Referring
to any metabolic
process, cell, or
organism an electron
acceptor other than
oxygen
Anoxygenic
photosynthesis:
Process that does not
produce oxygen, but
produces elements
such as sulfur
Archaea: A domain
that includes
unicellular
prokaryotes, does not
have peptidoglycan in
cell wall
Bacteria: A domain
that includes
unicellular
prokaryotes, has
peptidoglycan in cell
wall
Binary Fission: The
process of cell
division used for
asexual reproduction
of many prokaryotic
cells
Cellular respiration: A
common pathway for
production of ATP,
involving transfer of
electrons from compounds
with high potential energy
through an electron
transport chain and
acceptor
Chemolithotrophs:
Gets energy from
inorganic molecules
Chemoorganotrophs:
Gets energy from
organic molecules
cyanobacteria: A
lineage of
photosynthetic
bacteria, likely the
first life-forms to
carry out oxygenic
photosynthesis
Cocci: circle shaped
Conjugation: When
genetic material is
transferred between
two cells that are
temporarily joined
Gram Negative: Pink,
thin layer of
peptidoglycan, outer
phospholipid bilayer
Gram Positive:
Purple, thick layer of
peptidoglycan, no
outer phospholipid
bilayer
Heterotrophs: Cannot
synthesize Carbon
from inorganic
sources, must obtain
them from other
organisms
Microbes: Any
microscopic
organism, including
bacteria, archaea,
and various tiny
eukaryotes
Nitrogen Fixing: Using
atmospheric nitrogen
(N2) into ammonia
(NH3), which can be
used to make up
organic compounds
Oxygen Revolution:
Change in the
atmosphere from the
proliferation of
cyanobacteria
Oxygenic
Phototrophs:
photosynthesis: When Produces ATP through
organisms release
photosynthesis
oxygen during
photosynthesis
Spirochete: Spiral
shaped organisms
Transformation: The
genetic material in a
cell is altered by the
uptake of foreign DNA
from the cell’s
surroundings
Transduction:
Bacteriophages
(viruses that infect
bacteria) carry
bacteria genes from
one host cell to the
other
Plasmids: a “second”
genome of DNA,
transferable
Professor: Hufford/Biederman
S.I. Leader: Stephanie Schneider
Symbiotic
relationship: Close,
prolonged physical
relationship between
individuals of two
different species
KEY CONCEPTS:!
1. Looking at a simple phylogenetic tree of the 3 domains, which domain shares to most
common ancestry with Domain Eukarya – Bacteria or Archaea?
a. Archaea and Eukarya share more common ancestry. The DNA polymerases, RNA
polymerases, transcription initiation proteins, and ribosomes found in Archaea
and Eukarya are distinct from those in Bacteria and similar to each other. These
differences have practical consequences: Antibiotics that poison bacterial
ribosomes do not affect the ribosomes of archaea or eukaryotes. If all
ribosomes were identical, these antibiotics would kill you along with the
bacterial species.
2. What do we mean when we say bacteria are ubiquitous? Give an example of this
ubiquity.
a. It means they are literally everywhere. They are found even in extreme places,
such as hot springs, or thousands of feet below the oceans surface.
3. How many bacteria are in an on the typical human? How does this compare with the
number of cells that make up the human body?
a. Approximately 10 trillion cells in your body are outnumbered ten to one by
bacterial and archaeal cells.
4. What two things do ALL organisms need, metabolically? Compare and contrast
phototrophs, chemoorganotrophs, chemolithotrophs, autotrophs and heterotrophs.
a. They need energy and carbon.
b. Phototrophs: from sunlight
c. Chemoorganotrophs: from organic molecules
d. Chemolithotrophs: from inorganic molecules
e. Autotrophs: self synthesized from simple molecules
f. Heterotrophs: from molecules produced by other organisms
5. What are the four nuances in metabolism in prokaryotes?
a.
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6. What limits reproduction in prokaryotes?
a. Run out of nutrient supplies.
b. Accumulate toxic metabolic wastes
Professor: Hufford/Biederman
S.I. Leader: Stephanie Schneider
c. Competition with other microorganisms
7. List the three types of Genetic Recombination and explain.
8. Which organism(s) have circular DNA?
a. Bacterial only
b. Bacteria and Archaea
c. Archaea only
d. Archaea and Eukaryotes
9. How do prokaryotes reproduce
a. Sexual reproduction
b. Meiosis
c. Binary fission
d. Mitosis
10. Which of the following organisms are poisoned by oxygen
a. Faculative anaerobes
b. Obligate aerobes
c. Aerotolerant anaerobes
d. Obligate anaerobes
11. Obligate aerobes
a. Require oxygen
b. Are poisoned by oxygen
c. Neither require nor are poisoned by oxygen
d. CAN use oxygen, but don’t NEED it
12. Chemoorganoheterotrophs get their energy from_____and carbon from_____.
a. Organic materials;organic
13. Which organism(s) have peptidogylycan in their cell wall?
a. Bacteria and Archaea
b. Archaea only
c. Bacteria only
d. Eukaryotes
14. Draw and label the four different shapes of prokaryotes.
a. Bacilli (rod shape)
b. Cocci (circles)
c. Spirochetes (spiral)
d. Vibrios (comma-shaped_
15. What colors do Gram negative and Gram positive stain? How does the Gram negative
cell wall differ from the Gram positive cell wall? Which is susceptible to penicillin?
a. Gram positive have a thick layer of peptidoglycan (purple and very susceptible
to penicillin
b. Gram negative has a thin layer of peptidoglycan (pink and resistant to
penicillin)
16. Give two examples of cyanobacteria and why they are so important
a. Anabaena- a filamentous cyanobacteria, fixes nitrogen, photosynthetic
b. Stromatolites: responsible for the oxygenation of the atmosphere
17. What is a symbiotic relationship? Explain the difference between parasitism and
mutualism.
a. Parasitism (+,-)
b. Mutualism (+,+)
Professor: Hufford/Biederman
S.I. Leader: Stephanie Schneider
18. What are some examples of a “good” bacteria partnership?
a. Human microbiome
b. Decomposition
c. Termite guts
d. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation
e. Nitrogen cycle
19. The change in the atmosphere from the proliferation of cyanobacteria is referred to as
a. Global warming
b. The oxygen revolution
c. Ozone effect
d. Carbon dioxide increase