Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
MAKES SENSE HOME GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS HOME Cause/Effect graphic organizers Cause/Effect graphics provide effective visual scaffolds that can help students recognize how different concepts or phenomena can have influence on oneanother. Several variations of webs, frames, circles, and loops can be used to depict cause/effect patterns of thinking. Using Webs to depict cause/effect relationships Cause/effect relationships can be illustrated using semantic webs. The lines used to connect ideas are usually depicted as arrows so that the influence that one factor has on another can be illustrated. For reciprocal or interactional relationships where different factors impact each other, two-way arrows can be used. Causes Starburst Effects Starburst Basic starburst web For less sophisticated learners, the basic “star-burst” (see figures below) works well as beginning point for understanding Cause/Effect information structures. An outwardly pointing arrow illustrates a divergent relationship whereas inwardly pointing arrows depict convergent relationships. As students gain in their understanding of cause/effect relationships and become more sophisticated about webbing ideas, you can expand the basic starbursts into semantic webs depicting multiple layers of information. © 2001 Masterminds publishing, ll ® graphicorganizers.com Poor circulation Lung Cancer Lip, Tongue, Throat Cancer Addiction Heart disease Medical Bills Cancer Decreased athletic ability Health Science example The Divergent Cause/Effect Web could be used to facilitate understanding of the effects of specific life styles or behaviors.... Heart attack Shortness of breath Expensive Burn holes in clothes Fire hazard SMOKING Bed, Furniture, Cars, Home burn-up Coughing Reduced sense of taste Personal appearance Respiratory Infections Food tastes bland Stained teeth, hands Smelly breath, hair, clothes loss of appetite Emphysema Bronchitis The Convergent Cause/Effect Web could be used to facilitate understanding of the different factors that influence a specific behavior.... "Do as I say, don't do as I do" (modeling) Parents not around much lack of effective education about hazards feeling invincible lot of profit in cigarette sales girlfriends smoke lack of structure at home disposable income importance of saving not stressed © 2001 Masterminds publishing, ll ® tobacco co. targeting girls peer pressure why so many girls smoke erroneous beliefs parents don't want daughter to be deprived so loose with $$ teenagers easily influenced by slick ads female exclusion from sports graphicorganizers.com told not to express personal power seems grown up female indoc-trination want to feel "included" want to be in control media images of desirable women older "successful" women smoke a lot how women are portrayed on TV & movies The Reciprocal Cause/Effect Web This type of web shows how two factors reciprocally influence each other. The second layer of information (sub-topics) depicts ways they were impacted as a result of the interaction. Psychology example When teaching social concepts, Reciprocal Cause/Effect Webs could be used to show how the behaviors of two individuals interact and influence each. Lightens up and uses more humor more when students smile Is more helpful when students seem to appreciate help Gets more animated & interesting when students ask questions Teacher Asks more questions if the teacher makes them feel safe to do so Interaction Tends to teach in a boring way when students act bored Tends to seek more help if they are not embarrassed by the teacher Tends to act bored if the teacher is boring Becomes hostile when students act hostile or act out © 2001 Masterminds publishing, ll ® Student Smiles more if they think the teacher is really interested in them, personally graphicorganizers.com Tends to act hostile when the teacher seems hostile The Interacting Ideas Web As illustrated below, webs can also be used to depict Cause/Effect interactions between two concepts. The Interacting Ideas Web below depicts the outcome when two concepts interact to produce a whole new concept. Earth Science example The Interacting Ideas Web could be used to depict how different factors combine to produce geological outcomes... crust pushed over other parts of crust folded the crust glaciers smoothed out some surfaces Collision of Earth’s plates Interaction (INTERNAL) Ice sheet covered N. America, then melted (EXTERNAL) breaks in the crust called faults Canadian Shieldmineral rich region from Canada to N.E. US Formation of plains, regions, & mountainous systems Atlantic Coastal Plain - flatland & hills in south & east US Appalachians smooth mts. from Canada to Ala Both internal and external factors effected the surface of earth graphicorganizers.com sediment deposited in different areas Rocky Mts. high, rugged range from Alaska to New Mexico So what? What is important to understand about this? © 2001 Masterminds publishing, ll ® melting ice eroded top layers Health Science example Negative Effects of Exposure to Radiation Brief exposure to large amounts of radiation is nuclear power hazardous plant radiation leak Background radiation is slight and present no health risks Radioactive elements found in all living things Natural levels of radiation Interaction Unnatural exposure to radiation Long exposure to small amounts of radiation is hazardous Glow in the dark watches Serious health risk to humans Damaged reproductive cells may be passed from generation to generation Can result in cancer Cell and organs in humans can be damaged or destroyed So what? What is important to understand about this? We need to protect ourselves from both small and large amounts of radiation What is this whole thing about? The Sequence Web The Sequence web can be used to depict cause/effect patterns of thinking as well. For example, the figure below shows how one set of circumstances led to the next, which in turn led to the next, and so forth. So what? What is important to understand about it? © 2001 Masterminds publishing, ll ® graphicorganizers.com American History example What is this whole thing about? Es N tab a & t'l P lish Fo a ed re rks st s t An t t m o b i-tru on re st op ak la ol up ws ie s e r & ac bo pl la rk ld o hi w C afe s S w la M w uc ro kr t a pr e a ke ob bo rs le ut m s New laws forcing social progress in U.S. n on e ni em U ov m a vi g in s fix lie e o ic op Pr on m L m righ imit in ts ed or o iti f es W s o (v uffr men ot ag 's e) e Citizens taking action to force U.S. to improve Citizens abused by government & business 's en to om ht te W rig vo P C ed AA iz N an g or rs ke y, or a s. W w p hr fe lo ng sa lo un D c ish go ity & on e v 'n sta st ts te Development of the Progressive Movement How pressure from citizens forced the government to pass new laws for social progress So what? What is important to understand about it? Even though a lot of social progress was made, there remained a lot of things that still needed changing (e.g., establishing minority rights) Citizens have more power to effect change than they realize Here, the Sequence Web depicts how people’s reactions to social problems of the time led to political action and subsequent change ... What is this whole idea about? Start with.... Add (or substract) this... Now what? or Supporting points Supporting points Supporting points Using Frames to depict cause/effect relationships Frames provide an additional format for depicting cause/effect relationships. Two variations of frames are presented below. The first variation depicts how one set of conditions effects (or is effected by) another and the resulting conditions. The second variation presents the cause/effect relationship from an “If-Then” perspective. So what? What is important to understand about this? The Cause/Effect Frame presents a linear presentation of the main idea for each component in a cause or effect relationship. This first main idea, labeled “Start with,” depicts a situation before its impacted by another factor. © 2001 Masterminds publishing, ll ® graphicorganizers.com The second main idea, labeled “Add (or subtract) this...” addresses the factor that is either added to or subtracted from the original main idea. The last main idea, labeled “Now what,” addresses the result of the interaction. Details that clarify each of the various main ideas can be depicted on the frame as well. American History example Cause/Effect Main Idea Analysis could be used to explore the impact of historical events... Topic Lousiana Purchase is about... How America doubles its size without using warfare Main Idea Start with... Amer. farmers desire & need Mississippi River for transportation Main Idea Add this... Louisiana Purchase + Esssential Details Esssential Details Main Idea Results... Exploration of new territory & its benefits to our nation = Esssential Details Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Was the purchase Constitutional? ...President has power to make treaties So what? What is important to understand about this? Jefferson tested the strength of the President's power by making the Louisiana Purchase... results were acquisition & exploration of vast territory. Developed by Kathy Thoresen, Simmons Middle School, © 2001 Masterminds publishing, ll ® graphicorganizers.com Environmental Science example Cause/Effect Main Idea Analysis could be used to facilitate understanding of the relationship between man and the environment... Key Topic is about... Endangered Loggerheads How beach development is endangering sea turtles Main idea Start with... Turtles bury eggs in the sand + Main idea Add this... Beach development & tourists Essential details Essential details Results Baby turtles die Main idea = Essential details Sea Turtles crawl onto beach and bury eggs Houses & Hotels line the water front for thousands of miles Baby turtles attracted to bright lights Sun incubates eggs; baby turtles dig out of sand Street lights, Car lights, flashing signs, carnivals Crawl toward bright lights, away from sea Attracted to movement & glimmer of light on water Tourists using the beaches Babies get lost, disoriented Crawl toward light to get to the sea & swim away Beach buggies Eaten by predators & Dehydrated IF we don't turn-off our lights at night THEN the Loggerhead may become extinct If/Then/Because Frames Another way What is this whole idea about? depict Cause/Effect information structures is from the perspective of IfThen relationships and why these occur (e.g., “IF you don’t balance your checkbook regularly, THEN you may bounce checks and loose a lot of money BECAUSE both the bank charges extra for bounced checks and so do the business that to whom you wrote a check”). The frame below shows how these relationships can be depicted. Then... If... Supporting points Because... Supporting points Supporting points So what? What is important to understand about this? © 2001 Masterminds publishing, ll ® graphicorganizers.com The If/Then/Because frame is designed to spell out the main ideas and details of an “If-Then” relationship. The first main idea box denotes an If situation (i.e., “If _____ happens...”). The second main idea box addresses the Then resulting relationship (i.e., “If ____ happens, then ___ results.” The last main idea box, Because, addresses the rationale for this relationship (i.e., “If ____ happens, then ___ results because ____”). Simple If/Then/Because frames are used to depict only the main ideas of a lesson. For example, the figure below captures the essence of the cause and effect relationship associated with use of sunscreen. Health Science example Simple If/Then/Because Frames could be used to teach basic health concepts.... What is this whole idea about? Using sunscreen If... ...you don’t put on sunscreen Then... ...you may eventually get skin cancer that could kill you Because... ..UV rays from the sun gradually accmulate over seveal years and cause cancer Sometimes its more advantageous to depict both the main ideas and specific details associate with each. Thus, the complete Tf/Then/Because frames could be used. © 2001 Masterminds publishing, ll ® graphicorganizers.com Political Science example If/Then/Because frame could be used to explore concepts associated with facilitating social change... © 1999 E.S. Ellis What is this whole idea about? Using peaceful resistance to change unfair laws If... Large numbers of public peaceful protesters Civil Rights Movements 1960's Then... Because... Social policies/laws more likely to change Media builds public awareness & support Civil Rights Act Supporting points Supporting points public speeches voting rights ensure voting registration & opportunity going limp when arrested housing rights laws prohibiting sales based on race sit-ins Supporting points media wants "exciting" video -- equal opportunity - jobs sing-ins prohibiting job discrim. "affirmative action" integration of schools protest marches (no more "separate but equal" policies) focuses on violent reactions agaist protestors (police beatings, water cannon, etc.) public wants to know why its happening -- media reports public revulsion to violence - -sympathy for victims pressure on politicians to change unfair laws So what? What’s important to understand about this? One of the ways to facilitate change of unfair laws is through peaceful resistance and protest that is very public. What is this whole thing about? IF the overall problem is... THEN the overall solution is..... Problem elements Basic problem Basic solution Solution elements Problem elements Basic problem Basic solution Solution elements Using Problem/Solution Frames to depict cause/effect relationships Understanding a problem and its various components as well as a potential solutions can be depicted graphically as a cause/effect relationship. In the problem/Solution Frame below, the problem is stated as an overall big idea, and then each of the major Problem elements Basic problem Basic solution Solution elements What is important to understand about this? © 2001 Masterminds publishing, ll ® graphicorganizers.com components of the problems are stated as main ideas. The Frame also provides space for depicting specific details about each problem component. Social Studies A Problem/Solution graphic could be used to clarify current events... What is this whole thing about? Enormous U.S. budget deficit IF the overall problem is... THEN the overall solution is..... Unnecessary spending Problem elements Responsible spending Basic problem Basic solution Congress spends BIG $$ to get reelected Prof. lobbyists -"wine & dine" Better legislative checks & balances "Pork-barrel" spending Excessive "military might" Solution elements Presidential "line item" veto Limited terms for congress Close unnecessary military bases Military Defense Industrial/military complex Automatically go up Entitlements Don't represent the nation's needs Downsize military Create control mechanisms Better monitoring of contracts Eliminate "most $$ for leastgood" Every increase subject to Congressional vote What is important to understand about this? There are solutions to the huge budget deficit, but they will require politicians to act a LOT more responsibly and work harder. © 2001 Masterminds publishing, ll ® graphicorganizers.com Social Studies A Problem/Solution graphic could be used to clarify current events... What is this whole thing about? Restructuring Government IF the overall problem is... THEN the overall solution is..... Imposing limitations via a constitution Uncontrolled power of leaders Problem elements power seized via force; passed on from father to son dynasties formed Basic problem Inherited power Representative government Centralized power Disperse power by separating government Unchallenged decision making dictatorial leadership leader considered super-human or godlike must participate in ceremonies where leader as god-like Basic solution Religious influence Separate church & state Solution elements candidates elected by popular vote limited terms of office checks & balances 3 branches of government leadership understood to be human citizens allowed religious freedom to choose What is important to understand about this? The less of centralized the leadership, the more likely government will be effective and governed by the people © 2001 Masterminds publishing, ll ® graphicorganizers.com Using Concentric Circles to depict cause/effect relationships Cause/Effect relationships can also be depicted using a series of concentric circles and arrows stemming out from the center. The figure allows you to show how the concept in the center influences those listed in the second ring, and in turn, how these influence those in the next ring, and so on. Health Science example When studying health issues, Concentric Circles can be used to depict the ripple effect of various unhealthy behaviors such as substance abuse. Social Outcast Social Withdrawal Loss of Friends Aggressive Poor diet Behavior Changes Sell drugs to support habit Expense Jail Low self concept Drug Use Liver Damage Addiction Stealing Mind Changes Impaired memory Loss of Intelligence © 2001 Masterminds publishing, ll ® graphicorganizers.com Overdose Brain Damage Death Using Loops to depict cause/effect relationships Simple loops can be used to depict simple reciprocal cause/effect relationships between concepts. Psychology example This loop was used to depict the reciprocal relationship between dependency personality types and behaviors. MAKES SENSE HOME © 2001 Masterminds publishing, ll ® GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS HOME graphicorganizers.com