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Mechanical Behavior of Materials Marc A. Meyers & Krishan K. Chawla Cambridge University Press Chapter 1 Materials, Structure, Properties, and Performance Thomas’s Iterative Tetrahedron Properties of Main Classes of Materials Biomaterials: Dental Implants in the Jawbone Steps required for insertion of implant into mandible. (Courtesy of J. Mahooti.) Biomaterials: Typical Hip and Knee Prostheses Total hip replacement prosthesis Total knee replacement prosthesis. Composites: Schematic representations of different classes Composites: Different Types of Reinforcement Specific Modulus and Strength of Some Materials Hierarchical Structure: Biological and Synthetic Materials Tendon Advanced Synthetic Composite Crystal Structures: 7 Crystal Systems, 14 Bravais lattices Directions in Cubic Unit Cell Miller Indices for Planes in Cubic Cell Direction and Planes: Miller Indices Hexagonal Structure Three to four index conversion Three Most Common Crystal Structures (001) Plane in Molybdenum Atomic Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy; Courtesy R. Gronsky FCC and HCP Structures: Stacking of Closest Packed Planes (a)Layer of most closely packed atoms corresponding to (111) in FCC and (00.1) in HCP. (b) Packing sequence of most densely packed planes in AB and AC sequence. (c) Ball model showing the ABAB sequence of the HCP structure. (d) Ball model showing the ABCABC sequence of the FCC structure. Different Structures of Ceramics Ordered Structure: Intermetallic Compound Important Intermetallic Compounds Structure of Glasses Ordered crystalline of silica Random-network of glassy silica Structure of Glasses (c) Atomic arrangements in crystalline and glassy metals Glasses and Crystals: Specific Volume Classification of Polymers (a) Homopolymer: one type of repeating unit. (b) Random copolymer: two monomers, A and B, distributed randomly. (c) Block copolymer: a sequence of monomer A, followed by a sequence of monomer B. Different types of molecular chain configurations. (d) Graft copolymer: Monomer A forms the main chain, while monomer B forms the branched chains. Tacticity in Polypropylene Tacticity : Order of placement of side groups. Crystallinity of Polymers A lamellar crystal showing growth spirals around screw dislocations. TEM. (Courtesy of H.D. Keith.) Spherulitic structures: a.Spherulitic structure b. Each spherulite consists of radially arranged, narrow crystalline lamellae. c. Each lamella has tightly packed polymer chains folding back and forth Polymer Chain Configuration Molecular Weight Distribution in Polymers Liquid Crystals Different types of order in the liquid crystalline state Stress-Strain Curves for Biological Materials Urether (After F. C. P. Yin and Y. C. Fung, Am. J. Physiol. 221 (1971), 1484.) Human femur bone (After F. G. Evans, Artificial Limbs, 13 (1969) 37.) Crack Propagation in an Abalone Shell Cross section of abalone shell showing how a crack, starting at left, is deflected by viscoplastic layer between calcium carbonate lamellae (mesoscale). Arrangement of calcium carbonate in nacre, forming a miniature“brick and mortar” structure (microscale). Porous and Cellular Materials Compressive stress–strain curves for foams. (a) Polyethylene with different initial densities. (b) Mullite with relative density = 0.08. (c) Schematic of a sandwich structure. L. J. Gibson and M. F. Ashby, Cellular Solids: Structure and Properties (Oxford, U.K.: Pergamon Press, 1988), pp. 124, 125.) Biological Material: Toucan Beak Toucan beak External shell made of keratin scales Foams: Synthetic and Natural Synthetic aluminum foam Foam found in the inside of toucan beak Courtesy of M. S. Schneider and K. S. Vecchio. Biological Minerals: Atomic Structure Atomic structure of hydroxyapatite: small white atoms (P), large gray atoms (O), black atoms (Ca). Atomic structure of aragonite: large dark atoms (Ca), small gray atoms (C), large white atoms (O). Courtesy K. S. Vecchio Amino Acids Missing eqn Polypeptide Chains Alpha Helix and Beta Sheet Structures Collagen Triple helix structure of collagen Adapted from Y. C. Fung, Biomechanics: Mechanical Properties of Living Tissues (Berlin: Springer, 1993). Collagen: Hierarchical Structure Hierarchical organization of collagen, starting with triple helix, and going to fibrils. (From H. Lodish et al., Molecular Cell Biology, 4th ed. (New York, W.H. Freeman & Company, 1999).) Mechanical Properties of a Collagen Fiber Idealized configuration of a wavy collagen fiber. Stress–strain curve of collagen with three characteristic stages. Muscles:Actin Molecular structure of actin. Muscles: Myosin Muscles: Movement of Actin and Myosin Filaments Action of cross-bridges when actin filament is moved to left with respect to myosin filament; notice how cross-bridges detach themselves, then reattach themselves to actin. Muscle Structure: Sarcomere Units Muscle Structure: Myofibril Muscle Hierarchical Structure: from Fibrils to Fibers Biological Material: Sponge Spicule Stress-deflection responses of synthetic silica rod and sponge spicule in flexuretesting. SEM of fractured sponge spicule showing twodimensional onion-skin structure of concentric layers. (Courtesy of M. Sarikaya and G. Mayer.) (Courtesy of G. Mayer and M. Sarikaya.) Active (Smart) Materials:Ferroelectricity (a)Effect of applied field E on dimension of ferroelectric material. (b) Linear relationship between strain and electric field. (a) (Courtesy of G. Ravichandran.) Electronic Materials Cross section of a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS). (Adapted from W. D. Nix, Met. Trans., 20A (1989) 2217.) Nanomaterials: Carbon Nanotubes Three configurations for single wall carbon nanotubes: arm chair; “zig-zag”; chiral. (Adapted from M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus and R. Saito, Carbon, 33 (1995) 883.) Nanomaterials: Carbon Nanotubes Array of parallel carbon nanotubes grown as a forest. (From R. H. Baughman, A. A. Zakhidov and W. A. de Heer, Science, 297 (2002) 787.) Strength of Copper Whisker Strength of Whiskers Tensile Strength of Whiskers at R. T. Turbine Blade Subjected to Centripetal Forces