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Bell Ringer
In your journal, list the 4 characteristics
of plants
LEARNING OBJECTIVE 3
 Distinguish among the six kingdoms and three domains,
and give representative organisms for each
Euglena
Hierarchy of Classification
 Domain
 Kingdom
 Phylum
 Class
 Order
 Family
 Genus
 Species
KEY TERMS
 KINGDOM
 A broad taxonomic category made up of related phyla;
many biologists currently recognize six kingdoms of living
organisms
 DOMAIN
 A taxonomic category that includes one or more kingdoms
KEY TERMS
 SPECIES
 A group of organisms with similar structural and functional
characteristics
 In nature, they breed only with one another and have a
close common ancestry
Three-Domain Classification
Domain is above Kingdom
 Archaea
 Kingdom archaea
 Bacteria
 Kingdom bacteria
 Eukarya
 All other kingdoms(4)
Six-Kingdom Classification 1
1. Archaea – often adapted to harsh conditions and
frequently live in oxygen-deficient environments. Ex.
Hot springs, salt ponds, ocean depths
2. Bacteria – thousands of prokaryotes-organisms that lack
nuclei and other membrane-bounded organelles
3. Protista
 protozoa, algae, water molds, slime molds-single celled or
simple multicellular organims
Six-Kingdom Classification 2
4. Fungi
 molds, yeasts and mushrooms – obtain their nutrients by
secreting digestive enzymes into food and them absorb the
predigested nutrients
Six-Kingdom Classification 3
5. Animalia- includes all animals – multicellular organisms
that must eat other organisms to obtain nourishment
Six-Kingdom Classification 4
6. Plantae- includes plants, multicellular organisms that typically
photosynthesize.
Plants – generally possess a cuticle – waxy covering that
prevent water loss
Stomata-tiny openings in leaves and stems for gas
exchange
Multicellular gametangia-reproductive organs that protect
gametes
-Do not possess nervous system
-Plantae includes ferns, conifers, and flowering plants
Kingdoms and Domains
Three Domains:
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Six Kingdoms:
Bacteria
Prokaryotes (lack
membrane-bound
organelles);
unicellular;
most are
heterotrophic
(obtain food by
eating other
organisms),
but some are
photosynthetic or
chemosynthetic
Archaea
Prokaryotes;
unicellular;
microscopic;
most live in
extreme
environments;
differ in
biochemistry
and in cell wall
structure
from bacteria
Protista
Eukaryotes;
mainly
unicellular or
simple
multicellular;
maybe
heterotrophic
or photosynthetic;
include protozoa,
algae, and slime
molds
Plantae
Eukaryotes;
multicellular;
photosynthetic;
life cycle with
alternation of
generations;
cell walls of
cellulose
Animalia
Eukaryotes;
multicellular;
heterotrophic
; most move
about by
muscular
contraction;
nervous
system
coordinates
responses to
stimuli
Fungi
Eukaryotes;
most
multicellular;
heterotrophic;
absorb
nutrients;
do not photosynthesize;
cell walls of
chitin
Fig. 1-11, p.
14
Classification (Binomial System)
LEARNING OBJECTIVE 4
 Summarize the main steps in the scientific method, and
explain how science differs from many other human
endeavors
The Scientific Method 1
1. Recognize a problem
 or an unanswered question
2. Develop a hypothesis
 to explain the problem
3. Design and perform an experiment
 to test the hypothesis
The Scientific Method 2
4. Analyze and interpret the data
 to reach a conclusion
5. Share new knowledge
 with the scientific community
KEY TERMS
 Data-information
collected, not based on
faith emotion or intuition
- HYPOTHESIS
 An educated guess (based on previous observations) that
may be true and is testable by observation and
experimentation
 THEORY
 A widely accepted explanation supported by a large body
of observations and experiments
KEY TERMS
Variables – anything that can influence the experiment
 Control – is identical to the main experiment in all
aspects except that conditions are not altered
 Scientific principles – theories that have withstood
repeated testing and are the strongest statements we
can make about the natural world
Inductive Reasoning vs Deductive
Reasoning
 Inductive – discovery of general concepts by examining
specific cases
 Poppies obtain their energy by photosynthesis
 Daisies obtain their energy by photosynthesis
 Roses obtain their energy by photosynthesis
 All flowering plants obtain their energy by photosynthesis
Inductive Reasoning vs Deductive
Reasoning
 Deductive Reasoning – from generalities to specifics
 A plants aerial parts are covered by a waxy cuticle that
helps reduce water loss.
 Corn is a plant.
 Corn plants possess a cuticle.