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EATING BEHAVIOUR What is a healthy diet? • basic constituents: carbohydrate, protein and fat How does diet affect health • Diet and illness onset • Diet and treating illness Developmental models of eating behaviour • emphasizes the importance of learning and experience and focuses on the development of food preferences in childhood • the development of food preferences can be understood in terms of exposure, social learning and associative learning. 1. Exposure • Human beings need to consume a variety of foods in order to have a balanced diet and neophobia • Neophobia: males > females, to run in families, toddlers, pre-school children and adults • Research mere exposure to novel foods can change children’s preferences • impact of exposure is the ‘learned safety’ view preference increases because eating the food has not resulted in any negative consequences. 2. Social learning • describes the impact of observing other people’s behaviour on one’s own behaviour and is sometimes referred to as ‘modelling’ or ‘observational learning’. • Parental – media (television and food advertising) 3. Associative learning • refers to the impact of contingent factors on behaviour – Rewarding eating behaviour – Food as the reward – Food and control – Food and physiological consequences Cognitive models of eating behaviour • Research important role for attitudes towards a food and a role for an individual’s beliefs about behavioural control • There is no evidence for either social norms or other hypothesized variables. 1. The meaning of food and weight • food is associated with many meanings such as a treat, a celebration, the forbidden fruit, a family gettogether, being a good mother-child • food can change the body’s weight and shape, meanings such as attractiveness, control and success • Women show weight concern in the form of body dissatisfaction dieting Body Dissatisfaction can be conceptualized as • a discrepancy between individuals perception of their body size and their real body size • a discrepancy between their perception of their actual shape and their ideal shape The causes of body dissatisfaction 1. Social factors 2. Psychological factors Social factors • • • • The role of the media Ethnicity Social class The family Psychological factors • Beliefs – Competitiveness – Achievement – Material success – The role of women stereotypes of beauty – The child–parent relationship Dieting • Body dissatisfaction is consistently related to dieting and attempting to eat less • Dieters show signs of both undereating and overeating. The causes of overeating The causes of overeating 1. The causal analysis of overeating Herman and Polivy: • ‘restraint not only precedes overeating but contributes to it causally’ 2. The boundary model of overeating • an integration of physiological and cognitive perspectives on food intake 3. Cognitive shifts • a breakdown in the dieter’s selfcontrol reflecting a ‘motivational collapse’ 4. Mood modification • in response to lowered mood 5. The role of denial • thought suppression and thought control can have the paradoxical effect of making the thoughts that the individual is trying to suppress more salient 6. Escape theory • overeating as a consequence of ‘a motivated shift to low levels of self-awareness’ 7. Overeating as a relapse 8. The role of control the women described their dieting behaviour in terms of the impact on • their family life • a preoccupation with food and weight • changes in mood Thank You Reference: Health Psychology A Textbook, 4th edition, Jane Ogden