Download Colonial America - Lincoln Co Schools

Lincoln County Schools Patriot Day Instructional Expectations
Patriot Day 1
School: LCHS
Course/Subject: US History /
Honors US History
Teacher: Wesley &
Monhollen
Learning Target: I can analyze religious development and its significance in colonial America. I can
describe significant aspects of the variety of social structures of colonial America.
Lesson Expectations/Standard:
Standards - US History Quality Core – B. Building a Nation (Colonization –ca.1877) – 1. Colonization and
Forging a New Nation – b. Analyze religious development and its significance in colonial America AND c.
Describe significant aspects of the variety of social structures of colonial America
Expectations – Students will read the lesson and answer the corresponding questions analyzing religious
developments and describing aspects of social structures in colonial America. Students must be 80%
accurate or higher to be considered proficient, thus meeting the benchmark standard for this assignment.
Links to Other Assignment Options (websites or programs):
Links to Resources and Support:
YouTube – “Crash Course: Colonial America”
Teacher Support: (list emails &/or phone numbers here):
[email protected]
Remind “app”
[email protected]
Remind “app”
*Reminder: Assignments are due back to teachers the next day we are in school, if possible, or within 1
week of the Patriot Day.
Colonial America
European settlement in North America began in the 16th century. Although France and the Netherlands built communities in
North America, England controlled much of the settlement on the East Coast. By the 1700s, the English colonies had
developed into three distinct regions based off of geographic, economic, religious, and political motivations.
Colonial Regions in North America
Colonial Region
Colony
Reasons Colony Was Founded
New England
Massachusetts
Religious freedom for Pilgrims and Puritans
New England
New Hampshire
Profit from trade and fishing
New England
Connecticut
Expand trade; religious and political freedom
New England
Rhode Island
Religious freedom
Middle Colonies
New York
Expand trade
Middle Colonies
Delaware
Expand trade
Middle Colonies
New Jersey
Expand trade; religious and political freedom
Colonial Region
Colony
Reasons Colony Was Founded
Middle Colonies
Pennsylvania
Profit from land sales; religious and political freedom
Southern Colonies
Virginia
Trade and farming
Southern Colonies
Maryland
Profit from land sales; religious and political freedom
Southern Colonies
North Carolina
Trade and farming; religious freedom
Southern Colonies
South Carolina
Trade and farming; religious freedom
Southern Colonies
Georgia
Profit; home for debtors; protection from Spain
Settling the Colonies
Early European settlement of America was limited and shaped by geographic conditions. Colonies that hoped to survive
needed to have easy access to waterways. Waterways such as rivers were important because water travel was the most
efficient method of transportation at the time. These waterways also gave colonies access to the sea and other coastal areas,
which allowed them to trade.
New England
The northern colonies on the East Coast became known as New England. At first, this region was considered to have the
poorest economy of the colonial regions, but in time, different industries began to prosper in the area. By the 1700s, there was
a strong shipbuilding industry because there was a large supply of timber and access to the Atlantic Ocean. As a result,
fishing and trading were very important to the economy. Many people worked as skilled craftsmen and shopkeepers. New
Englanders also exported furs to Europe. Farming was limited by the hilly terrain and rocky soil that was found there.
Summers were mild, but winters were very cold.
New England was first settled by the Pilgrims, a radical group of Puritans who had faced persecution for their desire to
separate from the Church of England. Desiring a place to practice their religion in the way they chose, they fled from England,
first to Holland and then to the Americas. This group landed in Plymouth, Massachusetts, and began the first permanent
settlement in the region. The Pilgrims were followed later by other groups of Puritans, particularly those who set up the
Massachusetts Bay Colony. Once the Puritan church established itself in Massachusetts, the Puritans restricted new
colonists in how they worshiped. Some colonists felt more repressed in Massachusetts than they had in England. As a result,
many colonists who disagreed with church teachings were exiled, so they went to establish other colonies. Rhode Island, for
example, was settled as havens of religious freedom by former colonists from Massachusetts.
Middle Colonies
The Middle Colonies formed the most diverse region in terms of culture, ethnicity, and religion. The region was already
diverse from Dutch settlers who had colonized the New York area, and it gained more diversity with the founding of
Pennsylvania, where policies of freehold ownership (people could own land themselves instead of paying landlords) and
religious freedom were the norm. Pennsylvania was also different from the other colonies because its territory was acquired by
paying Native Americans a fair price for the land. Quakers were a major presence in the region, and their tolerance of other
religious groups attracted so many immigrants that religious diversity grew alongside population.
Southern Colonies
The Southern Colonies developed an agricultural society due the prevalence of rich farmland. Virginia was home of the
first successful English settlement in North America, Jamestown, which was founded on May 14, 1607. Financed by the
London Company, the original settlers to Jamestown came in search of riches like gold and other precious metals. With little
luck in finding such items, the colony did not begin to make a profit until the discovery and widespread planting of tobacco.
This crop became vital to the economy of early Virginia and many of the Southern Colonies. Other important crops to the
region included sugar, cotton, and indigo.
French Canada
The French began to explore Canada in the early 1500s. In 1534, French explorer Jacques Cartier first explored the area
around the St. Lawrence River. In 1608, Samuel de Champlain established the settlement of Quebec. Because the area was
so rich in wildlife, the French were able to establish a thriving fur trade, especially in beaver fur. This was the first profitable
industry for the French in the New World. The location of Quebec was ideal for a number of reasons. First, it was located on
the St. Lawrence River, which connected it to the Atlantic Ocean. The second benefit of Quebec was its interior location. This
was useful as it was closer to Native American territory than other European colonies. The French were able to use this to
their advantage to dominate the fur trade in North America.
Colonial Economics
Joint Stock Companies
Many of the early English colonies were started and financed by private companies hoping to make a profit on their
investment by the goods obtained through the venture. The Virginia Company refers to two joint stock companies, the
Plymouth Company and the London Company, chartered by King James I in 1606 that created an overlapping territory along
the coast of North America. After an initial failure at settlement in Maine, the Plymouth Company had a permanent settlement
at Plymouth, Massachusetts. Investors in the London Company were disappointed that gold and silver were not found in
Virginia, but the company did establish various kinds of trade, with the biggest breakthrough being in the cultivation and
processing of tobacco.
Indentured Servitude
Many people who wished to leave Europe could not do so on their own. Instead, they entered into an agreement in which
someone else paid for their voyage to America in exchange for a period of labor to pay off the debt. This process was called
indentured servitude. The Southern Colonies originally relied on indentured servants as means to get labor because of the
region's need for farm workers, but this trend changed in the early 1700s. At this time, the British economy improved, causing
the supply of indentured servants traveling to the Americas to decrease. Also, as African Americans were brought from Africa
in greater numbers, indentured servitude was gradually overshadowed by slavery. In the Southern economy, slaves became
a prime commodity—a trade item—and slaves came to form a major portion of the population.
Early Colonial Government
Mayflower Compact
The Mayflower Compact was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony. It was drafted by Pilgrims seeking religious
freedom. It was based on a majoritarian (majority rule) model and the settlers' allegiance to the king. In order to survive,
settlers agreed to follow the compact's rules and regulations. In return, the government formed by the compact would receive
its power from the consent of the governed. It is often referred to as the foundation for the American Constitution.
Halfway Covenant
The Halfway Covenant was created by the Puritans in New England in 1662. It provided partial church membership for
children of church members. This was considered necessary because of the large number of immigrants to the New World
who were not Puritans, and it was applied to the children and grandchildren of church members who were not considered
pious enough for full membership. It was a shortcut to church membership for those who agreed to live by Puritan rules even if
they had not had the required conversion experience.
House of Burgesses
The House of Burgesses was the first elected legislative assembly in the New World, established in Virginia in 1619. Its
purpose was to represent the landowners of Virginia. While its decisions could be overruled by the governor, the council, or
the directors, it enacted laws and gave landowners a voice in government.
Dominion of New England
In 1684, King Charles II revoked the charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company. After Charles II died, King James II, a
Catholic who wanted to limit Protestant power in New England, created the Dominion of New England. The Dominion was a
short-lived union of English colonies in New England. When word reached Massachusetts that James II had been overthrown
by William of Orange, the Dominion collapsed in 1689. For the following two years, the colony of Massachusetts was able to
rule itself. However, King William and Queen Mary chartered Massachusetts as a royal colony in 1691.
Early Colonial Conflicts
Second Anglo-Dutch War
The Second Anglo-Dutch War was fought to decide who would control world trade and the Atlantic shipping lanes. The
war followed the British takeover of New Amsterdam, located on the tip of Manhattan Island. This was a strategic location
because it allowed for protection of the Hudson River and for fur trade operations. The Treaty of Breda, signed in 1667,
allowed the British to keep the city, which was renamed New York.
Salem Witch Trials
The Salem Witch Trials were trials of people accused of witchcraft in Massachusetts in the late 17th century. Puritans had
created a form of theocracy (a form of government in which a deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler) similar to medieval
Roman Catholicism, in which the church ruled in legal matters. This included the right to sentence a person to death for
violating church beliefs. Although the best known trials were conducted in Salem, witch trials were conducted in towns across
the province. Twenty-nine people were convicted, and most of them were hanged in trials held in 1692 and 1693.
Powhatan
Powhatan was the name of a Native American tribe, as well as the name of a confederacy of tribes in Virginia. The Native
Americans and the settlers fought several times in the early 17th century, but eventually the British fought back and nearly
eliminated the Powhatan.
Bacon's Rebellion
Bacon's Rebellion took place in the Virginia colony in 1676. Led by Nathaniel Bacon, this was the first rebellion that took
place in the American colonies. As poor farmers of Virginia were forced inland to lands that were at the highest risk of Native
American attacks, there were clashes between the Native Americans and the settlers. The rebellion was aimed at Governor
William Berkeley, who refused to act in order to protect colonists from being attacked by Native Americans.
Colonial America
The independent spirit of the American Revolution was inspired by ideologies of the First Great Awakening. The Revolution
affected the way other countries and territories reacted to their governments, and the American government blended several
ideas into their political policies.
The Great Awakening
The First Great Awakening began in the 1730s. The ideas of the Great Awakening were influential to many people, and
followers began to encourage doing good works as a way to worship God as well as strive for a more personal relationship
with God in general. Many people who would later become leaders of the American Revolution, Benjamin Franklin for
example, lived during the Great Awakening.
Blended Politics
The founders of the United States took aspects from many types of government to create the U.S. government and political
system. They include:
•
civic republicanism: emphasis on the citizen to be virtuous and participate in his government; government would be controlled
by the people through elected officials
•
liberal principles: mostly from John Locke, the idea that every citizen should have the right to life, liberty, and property and
should rebel if they do not have those rights
•
English parliament: two houses that represent the people through elections; this legislative branch works in a system of
checks and balances with the other two branches and creates laws for the people
Effects of the Revolution on Other Nations
The American Revolution was very heavily influenced by ideas associated with the Enlightenment. Documents like the
Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights reflected many Enlightenment ideas. The American Revolution also
showed the world that Enlightenment ideals could be put into action in creating a democratic government. Benjamin Franklin
and other leaders of the American Revolution spent time in France and helped spread Enlightenment ideals. In this way, the
American Revolution and the Enlightenment both helped influence the French Revolution.
Colonial America Quiz
1. In the early days of colonial North America, which region was considered to have the poorest
economy?
A.
New England
B.
Southern colonies
C.
Northwest Territories
D.
middle colonies
2. Slaves in the Chesapeake region expanded their numbers through natural increases in birthrate,
yet those in South Carolina did not. What is the most likely reason for this difference?
A.
The Chesapeake slaves lived and worked under better conditions.
B.
The Chesapeake slaves were not encouraged to bear offspring.
C.
The South Carolina slaves were not encouraged to bear offspring.
D.
The South Carolina slaves lived and worked under better conditions.
3. What is the best explanation of why early colonial North America developed into three distinct
regions?
A.
Each region was settled by people of different origins and was shaped by the natural resources available.
B.
Each region was settled by people from England and shaped by their specific plans for the governmental
structure.
C.
Each region was settled by people of different origins and shaped by their growing dependence on slavery.
D.
Each region was settled by people from England and shaped by their specific plans for the natural environment.
4.
Soon after arriving at Jamestown, the colonists were attacked by the Algonquian natives. Within a month,
the colonists built a triangular-shaped, wooden wall to defend their small settlement, which consisted of a
storehouse, church, and several houses. Disease, famine, and the on-going attacks from local tribes strained the
new colony. Its only hope came from the colony's trade with the Powhatan natives. The Powhatans gave the
colonists food in exchange for iron and copper tools. In time, the colonists abandoned their fort and moved the
settlement further inland.
Other than attacks by the Algonquian, what contributed most to the high mortality rates among
Jamestown colonists?
A.
They were not used to the diet introduced by the Native Americans.
B.
They forgot to bring enough provisions to last through the winter.
C.
They only knew how to grow tobacco, which was not good to eat.
D.
They were not used to the area's climate or its natural resources.
5.
"The country of New York is very pleasant in summer, but in the winter very cold, as all the Northern Plantations
are. Their chief commodities are provisions, bread, lumber, and fish in abundance; all which are very good, and
some skins and furs are exported. The city is governed by a mayor (as in England), is seated on an island, and
lies very convenient for trade and defense, having a regular fort."
—John Lawson, 1709
According to the passage, how did geography influence economic trade in New York?
A.
The geography limited the variety of commodities in New York.
B.
The climate made agriculture difficult to cultivate in New York.
C.
The location was ideal for trade from both sea and inland sources.
D.
The location was a great place to farm in the winter months.
6. What is the best reason why early settlements were near waterways?
A.
Waterways were an important component of colonial spiritual life.
B.
Waterways were critical for the colonial American economy.
C.
Waterways were the only source of water for settlers.
D.
Waterways were the only method by which colonial people could travel.
7. Why did geographical barriers such as rivers and mountains limit settlement in colonial North
America?
A.
Religious beliefs prevented colonists from exploring.
B.
Colonists were afraid of uncharted geographical areas.
C.
Colonists were unaware that North America extended further.
D.
Transportation technology was not well-developed.
8. Which geographical region in colonial North America was best known for its focus on agriculture
and society based on English aristocracy?
A.
Jamestown
B.
middle colonies
C.
New England
D.
Southern colonies
9. Which term best describes the primary reason for population growth in the Middle Colonies?
A.
large families
B.
slavery
C.
mercantilism
D.
immigration
10. Jamestown was settled on the James River in a warm, swampy area. What was a negative
result of this location?
A.
The colony was too far from the coast.
B.
Many colonists died from disease.
C.
The area was difficult to defend.
D.
There was no access to fresh water.
11. The Dutch established New Amsterdam, now called New York City, on the southern tip of
Manhattan Island in 1625 near Fort Amsterdam. One of the principal reasons for locating the fort
and the new town on Manhattan was to
A.
safeguard Dutch East India Company's access to the Chesapeake Bay area.
B.
keep British settlements on the Hudson River from having access to the Atlantic.
C.
provide a base of operations for Dutch settlement into Massachusetts.
D.
protect the Hudson River and the Dutch West India Company's fur trade operations.
12. William Penn founded Pennsylvania in 1681 based upon the principles of fair trial by jury,
freedom from unjust imprisonment, free elections, and freedom of religion. The expansion and
growth of Pennsylvania is different from the growth of other colonies in that
A.
Penn promised the Indians protection from the French in exchange for land.
B.
territory was acquired by paying Native Americans a fair price for their land.
C.
there were no Native American tribes who claimed or owned the land.
D.
there were no competing claims for the land by other European countries.
13. Which of the following was a reason for the increase in the slave trade to colonial Virginia in
the 17th century?
A.
The supply of indentured servants declined as the British economy improved.
B.
The price for slaves dropped as larger numbers of slaves became available.
C.
Surrounding colonies limited the number of slaves that could be imported.
D.
The slave trade in the West Indies was disrupted and moved north to Virginia.
14. In 1662, the Halfway Covenant was created by the Puritans in New England. Which of the
following statements is true about the Halfway Covenant?
A.
It granted full membership in the church without requiring an oath of allegiance.
B.
It prevented non-Puritans from settling in Puritan towns in Massachusetts.
C.
It provided partial church membership for children of church members.
D.
It excluded church membership for immigrants and grandchildren of members.
15. The Powhatan were a Native American tribe as well as the name of a confederacy of tribes that
lived in the Tidewater area of Virginia. Nearly 40 years after the arrival of settlers in 1607, the two
groups were in conflict though there were periods of peaceful coexistence. In 1622 and again in
1636, the Powhatan tried to drive the Europeans away by attacking settlements along the James
River. The result of these attacks was that
A.
the British fought back and nearly wiped out the Powhatan and their culture.
B.
the Powhatan were pushed further west and reestablished themselves in Kentucky
C.
the Native Americans successfully scared away new settlers for 100 years.
D.
other tribes joined the Powhatan in defying British expansion and laws.
16.
Which event best fits the sequence of events?
A. King Philip's War
B.
The French-Indian War
C.
Bacon's Rebellion
D.
The Indian Removal Act
17. New England was settled by people looking for religious freedom. The Pilgrims who arrived at
Plymouth in 1620 left England, so they could worship in their own ways and without interference
from others. As other settlers arrived, they found themselves in disagreement with one another.
Which of the following statements is true about religious settlement in New England?
A.
Freedom of worship also meant people were allowed to not worship if they wanted.
B.
Plentiful land allowed different religious beliefs to thrive in the same area.
C.
Connecticut was the first colony founded on the belief of religious toleration.
D.
Settlers who disagreed with Puritan theology had to return to England.
18. What drew the French to North America during the early part of the seventeenth century?
A.
gold
B.
copper
C.
fur
D.
land
19. Why were indentured servants attracted to the English colonies?
A.
The colonists were in desperate need of servants, so they paid very well.
B.
Tending the fields and crops in the colonies was much easier than in England.
C.
Work was hard to come by in England, while there was plenty of work in the colonies.
D.
The servants were promised a certain amount of profit on all valuable crops.
20.
The First Great Awakening was a period of religious revival in the American colonies in the early to mid
1700s. People during this time, especially the younger generation, made important choices about fundamental
religious beliefs. Some historians suggest that this experience prepared them to make equally important decisions
about their political beliefs during the time leading up to the American Revolution. Many young men and women
converted to different religious teachings during the First Great Awakening and went against traditional beliefs to
support their new religious convictions. Some people of this generation challenged the authority of statesupported churches, which they believed were enemies to individual religious freedom. Many people during this
time began to believe in the importance of individualism. Added to this, in the years before the Revolution, more
and more people started to support rebellion against the existing authority of both the church and the British
monarchy.
Which of the following best sums up the main point of the passage above?
A.
Political beliefs were unimportant to people when compared to religious beliefs.
B.
Revolutionary ideas of individualism led people to want to practice other religions.
C.
Wanting religious freedom often led people to support the independence movement.
D.
Tensions before the American Revolution were unrelated to religious matters.
Colonial America Answers
1. A
2. A
3. A
4. D
5. C
6. B
7. D
8. D
9. D
10. B
11. D
12. B
13. A
14. C
15. A
16. C
17. B
18. C
19. C
20. C
Explanations
1. In the early days of colonial North America, New England was considered the poorest region.
This was due mostly to the cold climate and rocky soil. New Englanders were able to cultivate small
farms to support their families, but many died in the harsh winters.
2. Slaves in the Chesapeake region worked to grow tobacco while those in South Carolina worked
to grow rice. Rice farming was more physically demanding than tobacco farming, and the swampy
conditions of rice fields meant that slaves were more vulnerable to mosquitoes and the diseases
they carried.
3. Though the colonies were all English, the backgrounds and motives of the people who settled
them were diverse. Regional differences in both climate and natural resources guaranteed that
each section would have a distinct culture. It is no surprise that New England—composed of Puritan
refugees trying to farm on difficult soil—would develop differently than Virginia—a proprietaryturned-royal colony suited to growing crops.
4. The passage refers to disease and famine as straining the colonists. The Jamestown colonists
originally had very little understanding of how to grow crops suitable to the area's environment
(such as corn), and they were not accustomed to surviving in wilderness.
5. New York's economy relied on a variety of commodities from agriculture and other provisions
developed for export. New York City was perfectly located on the banks of the Hudson River,
allowing for bustling trade from both sea and inland sources.
6. While waterways were not the only means by which colonial people could travel, they were the
most effective way to transport goods over long distances. Combined with the fact that these
waterways connected to the Atlantic Ocean, giving access to England and other overseas trade, the
waterways were crucial to America's economy.
7. While colonists often had a desire to settle westward, they lacked the means to do so reliably.
Settlements needed to be near waterways since boats were the most effective way to travel, and
there was very little technology to help people overcome barriers such as mountains.
8. The Southern Colonies were the first of the three regions permanently settled by England. The
area was settled by aristocratic proprietors, and its climate and soil were more favorable to
plantation farming than that of the other colonies. Both of these aspects contributed to the
development of Southern culture.
9. Immigrants were attracted to the available land and more tolerant religious atmosphere of the
Middle Colonies. This was in contrast to the New England Colonies, whose populations increased
mainly through birthrate.
10. Jamestown's warm, swampy environment carried diseases that settlers were not prepared for.
Malaria decimated the colony more than anything else. When Jamestown was founded in May of
1607, there were 104 settlers living in it. By January of 1608, 66 of these settlers had died—mostly
from disease and starvation.
11. New Amsterdam was strategically located at the mouth of the Hudson River. From this point,
the Dutch could control the fur trade along the river and maintain control of New Netherland's
claims to the surrounding territory, including the river estuaries of the Delaware and Connecticut
Rivers.
12. William Penn was a Quaker and a champion for democracy and religious freedom. His beliefs in
treating people fairly extended to his business dealings with the Native Americans. Pennsylvania
territory grew through land purchases instead of wars and fighting for control of the territory.
13. Until the late 17th century, most slaves from Africa were sent to the Caribbean. Slaves
imported in to the American colonies were usually purchased as indentured servants who would be
able to earn or buy their freedom. That changed in the second half of the 17th century as more
opportunities became available in England for poor Britons, and the number of indentured servants
coming in to the colonies dropped dramatically. These workers were replaced by the slave trade.
14. The Halfway Covenant was created in response to the large number of new immigrants to the
New World who were not Puritans. It was also applied to the children and grandchildren of church
members who were not seen as pious enough for full membership. It was a shortcut to church
membership for people who agreed to live by Puritan rules even though they may not have had a
conversion experience.
15. When settlers first arrived from England, they knew they would have to make peace with the
Native Americans if they were to survive. Though there were conflicts between the groups, there
were also periods of peace. But British settlements kept growing and outpaced the growth of the
Powhatan. Fearing they would soon be outnumbered, the Powhatan attacked first hoping to scare
the British away. But the British responded by nearly destroying the Powhatan culture.
16. Nathaniel Bacon's primary complaint against Governor Berkeley and the government in
Jamestown was about the need to stop Indian attacks on the frontier. The poorest farmers were
forced away from the coast to lands at risk of Indian attacks. The governor refused to act because
he was protecting his trade agreements with the Indians.
17. The first Pilgrims came to the New World seeking a place to worship freely. That freedom did
not extend to others who might disagree. So when two preachers and their followers disagreed,
one would move on to another town. Settlements spread throughout the region as people looked
for places to worship according to their own beliefs.
18. The French began to settle throughout North America as early as the mid-1500s. During the
early 1600s, however, the French had a strong presence in Canada, the U.S., and Mexico, as they
began to thrive off of the fur trade.
19. As people in the colonies began to turn a profit, work was becoming harder to find in England.
This led to a high number of young men and women turning to indentured servitude. In most
cases, they would get their trip across the Atlantic paid for in exchange for years of hard work as a
servant. After a set amount of years, the servants left with a knowledge of the work they had
provided and their freedom in America.
20. According to the passage, for some American colonists, the ideas of religious freedom were
often associated with support for the independence movement. This is because challenging the
authority of the church to govern their lives was not so different from challenging the authority of
the monarchy. Historians often suggest that the Great Awakening was one major influence on the
U.S. government embracing ideas of the separation of church and state.