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Plroto Credits Cover National Archives; P.2 ©AP /Wide World Photos; P.3 ©AP /WideWorld; P.4 ©Bettmann/Corbis; P.S ©Bettmann/Corbis; P.6 ©Bettmann/Corbis; P.7 ©Hulton/Gettylmages; P.B National Archives; P.9 ©Corbis; P.10 ©The Women's Collection, Texas Women's University; P.11 ©The Women's Collection, Texas Women's University; P.12 ©Bettmann/Corbis; P.13 Printed by permission of the Norman Rockwell Family Agency; ©1943 the Norman Rockwell Family entities; P.14-15 Courtesy Laurie Murphy; P.16 Franklin D. Roosevelt Library; P.17 ©Gettyimages; P.18 ©Corbis; P.19 ©AP/Wide World Photos; P.20 ©Bettmann/Corbis; P.20 inset ©Minnesota Historical Society /Corbis; P.22-23 ©Corbis; P.24 ©AP /Wide World Photos Book Design Art Director: Barbara Love Ong-Shen Designers: Laurie Murphy, Colleen Pidel, Sufjan Stevens, jacqueline L. Kelly, William Kelly and Monica Crigler Copyright © by TIME For Kids Used under exclusive license by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. 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Printed in Mexico ISBN 0-15-339837-X Ordering Options ISBN 0-15-340323-3 ISBN 0-15-339819-1 Grade 4 Collection Grade 4, Book 13, Package of 5 5 6 7 8 9 10 126 10 09 08 07 by Madeline Boskey ~Harcourt SCHOOL PUBLISHERS Orlando Austin New York Visit San Diego Toronto The Learning Site! www.harcourtschool.com London The War Begins In 1939 World War II began. Germany, Japan, and Italy fought on one side. Britain and France fought on the other side. Before 1941, most Americans did not believe the war could change their lives. They kept up with news of the war through newspapers and radio reports. But to most people it remained a foreign war. Many people in the United States did not want their country to fight. They remembered World War I (1914-1918). The United States was still in the Great Depression. Millions of people were having trouble finding jobs and putting food on their tables. As World War II continued, the United States government set up a draft to call men to serve in the armed forces. The United States sent weapons, food, and other goods to help the British. Still, many Americans hoped the nation would not enter the war. Then something happened. Crowds outside the U.S. State Department building in Washington, D.C., read newspaper headlines about the war in Europe. 2 The United States Enters the War On December 7, 1941, Japanese planes attacked Pearl Harbor, a United States Navy base in Hawaii. Three hundred and sixty-five Japanese planes attacked the base just after dawn. More than 2,300 people lost their lives. Nineteen ships were sunk or damaged. Two hundred planes were destroyed. The next day President Franklin D. Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan. Millions of Americans listened to Roosevelt's speech on the radio. Several days later, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States. The United States joined the Allies. The Allies included Britain, France, and the Soviet Union. The United States had entered World War II. Life for Americans began to change. The day after the attack on Pearl Harbor, President RooseveH asked Congress to declare a state of war. 4 Workforce Changes From 1941 to 1945, more than 15 million American men fought overseas. That left many industries in need of workers. Who would fill these jobs? During the war, people moved to California to find jobs in factories that made planes and ships. The population of many California cities grew quickly. For example, San Diego, a quiet town, became an industrial city. Between 1941 and 1944, its population grew from 203,000 to almost 500,000 people. In 1943 the San Francisco Chronicle ran the headline "The Second Gold Rush Hits the West." It compared the number of people who moved West during World War II to the Gold Rush of the 1840s. American industries also turned to the nation's women to fill jobs. Before the war, many cared for their families and homes. But the war changed all of that. Many women welcomed this change. Jobs gave women a chance to earn money. Women also worked to show their support for the men overseas. 'ffii'l DID YOU KNOW To hide the large number of factories producing aircraft and ships in Southern California, Hollywood movie designers constructed fake trees and animals above factory roofs and the Pacific Highway. Companies said that the work was just for the war. Once the war was over, women could go back to their "nornul" lives. Not everyone thought that women could do "men's" work. Yet, women showed they could do well in jobs that had once been done only by men. Few women had ever worked in the shipbuilding industry, for example. But by 1944, one out of every ten shipbuilders was a woman. In Minneapolis, Minnesota, one company was run by women during the war years. In 1943, Douglas Aircraft Company was the country's largest employer of women. Women worked in factories and lumber and steel mills. They joined metal parts and made tanks to heat water. About 400,000 women served in the military. Each branch of the armed forces-the Army, Navy, Army Air Forces, Marines, and Coast Guard-had women. These women drove jeeps, handled communications, and became instructors. The armed forces used the slogan "Free a Man to Fight" to get women to join. The more women who joined up, they said, the more men could be sent to fight overseas. Maggie Gee of California was one of two Chinese-American women to serve during World War II as a member of the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP) . Women had to find ways to care for their young children. Mothers often depended on family members or neighbors to help. Some cities and towns started child-care programs. Some companies had child care on their property. Others found that women could work at home. For example, one company hired women to weave grips. These were devices that held lengths of telephone cable together. Women were able to weave the grips in their kitchens. A worker could make as many as 20 grips in an hour. She was paid four cents for each finished grip. This would add up to more than $30 a week. At the time this was good pay. Women in military uniforms at Long Beach Army Air Base 10 About 6 million women worked during World War II. Many women planned to stop working once the war ended. But some women continued to work outside the home. During World War II, the San Francisco Stock Exchange employed women on its floors for the first time in the history of the exchange. 12 N Rosie the Riveter Based on a female factory worker, Rosie the Riveter was one of the most famous women of the 1940s. She was the star of a 1943 song written by Redd Evans and John Jacob Loeb. The song described a real and new idea-women at work in factories-and became very popular. A painting by Norman Rockwell made Rosie even more famous. It showed a defense factory worker on her lunch break, a riveter resting on her lap. On May 29, 1943, the painting appeared on the cover of the popular magazine The Saturday Evening Post. Women across the United States identified with the image because it represented them and their work. Changes During the War People on the home front faced a shortage of goods. There were many reasons for this. Many factories made war goods instead of automobiles and clothing. Ships that brought goods from South America were now used to carry troops. Metals used to make things such as bicycles and paper clips were needed to make war goods. Some goods could no longer be bought from other countries. Rubber and silk from Southeast Asia weren't available. Japan had taken over the countries that produced these goods. The United States government was forced to ration (RASH•uhn) goods. It put limits on the rubber, shoes, butter, sugar, gasoline, and coffee that people could buy. During the war, every adult and child in the United States ;1: I 1 14 • I I I I I ' I I I I I I I I I I I received a ratio n book each year. T h e book had stamps that could be used to buy certain goods. H aving money wasn't en o ugh . A customer had to have the righ t num b er of ration stamps as well. R ationin g worked in two ways. A p erson could buy goods such as sugar, coffee, or gasoline w ith cash and a ration stamp. But the amount people were allowed was not always equal. In San Diego, California, most people were allowed four gallons of gasoline a week. B ut p eople needed for the war effort received more. Food and clothing were rationed by using an equal point system. The point value of the ratio n ed goods could chan ge, depending on the supplies at hand. B ut everyone got the same amount. A set of ration stamps 75~320 BE UNliED STATES OF AME.RlCA OFFlCE OF PRiCE. ADMlNlSTRATlON WAR WION BOOl FOlJR · (Q_______ 11 --}-~·~;;a-lao.-) Js,sued to (l'r uat " ----------Complete address ~- -- t ~ - - -- - ._L~0 1&.< - _ ------ ~ G ~ _) ---- - - - - z READ BEFORE SIGNIN rt of the United . ains the prope th osea In acce-e_ting this booki IwniC:~~ !ui~I!:~ilie manner and or e purp States Governmen~ftice of Price Administrauon. authorized by the -----------------------<si;;;~~;> ________________ Void if Altered It u G • -Herue to .,wlote c:rbmn.Gl ow· ,. nin.l regu.lotio~U• TG &O 15 It was hard for the United States government to run the rationing program. It had to register 500,000 dealers and 150 million consumers. And rationed goods were often bought and sold in ways that broke the law. This was called the black market. The government had to find ways to end it. Often people had to stand in long lines to buy goods. Here's how one woman described shopping for food. "Shortages of meats and vegetables ... mean that instead of the quick dash to the grocery for food, you have to wander around to two or three or even more stores before you can find what you need or want." Most people were willing to help the war effort. They formed carpools to save gasoline. They recycled. They learned to make do with what they had. Girls shop using the point system. 16 Children and the War Children, too, tried to help on the home front. Children across the United States pulled wagons through their neighborhoods. They collected rubber, paper, and tin needed for the war effort. In Chicago, Illinois, every Wednesday was Paper Day. Teachers gave prizes to students who brought in the most paper. In one five-month period, Chicago students collected 18,000 tons of newspaper! Children helped by buying war bonds. They took nickels and dimes to school, where they bought savings stamps. Schools collected more than $1 billion from the stamps and bonds. The average amount collected was $21 per child. This program helped the government. In 1944, for example, the stamps and bonds program bought 29,000 planes, 33,000 jeeps, and 11,690 parachutes. In this 1942 photograph (right), seventh graders in Monroe, Michigan, turn in a week's worth of waste paper. California high school students (below) form a U.S. Coast Guard shield in support of the "Seventh War loan" drive-one of many war-bond drives supported by students during World War II. 18 Items In Short Supply During World War II • • • • • • Toasters Vacuum cleaners Waffle irons Flashlights Batteries Zippers, snaps, and other fasteners 19 Victory Gardens Some people helped the war effort by gardening. Citizens plowed their backyards as well as vacant lots and parks. The government, private groups, schools, and seed companies worked with first-time gardeners. The groups found land and gave out directions and seeds. They helped people with their gardens. Magazines and newspapers gave gardening tips. A good victory garden produced enough vegetables to feed a family during the summer. Gardeners also grew extra vegetables that could be canned and used the following winter and spring. Citizens who grew their own food didn't need as many rationed foods. That extra food could go to the armed forces overseas. During the war, United States citizens planted 20 million victory gardens. These gardens produced more than one-third of all the vegetables grown in the country! In 1943, children at a school for the blind prepare to plant a victory garden. 21 ADark Side During the war, a real feeling of patriotism could be felt on the home front. But stories about spies were spread by some newspapers and radio programs. Some people worried that enemy spies were being sent to the United States. The stories weren't always true. The Germ.ans made only weak attempts to send spies. The Japanese sent none at all. Still, people were frightened. People in small towns became suspicious of strangers. At the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor, about 125,000 Japanese Americans lived in the United States. Son1.e people began to think that Japanese American people might be enemy spies. Some said that Japanese Americans were in contact with Japanese submarines. No proof of this was ever found. But in 1942 President Roosevelt signed an order. It sent about 110,000 Japanese Americans to "relocation camps" far from their homes. For three years, Japanese Americans were kept in these camps. Many years later, in 1988, a law was passed that ordered each survivor of the camps to receive $20,000 from the United States government. In 1993 President Bill Clinton sent a letter of apology to every survivor. Japanese Americans in California wait to be transported to a relocation camp. 22 The War Ends On May 7, 1945, the Germans surrendered to the Allies. The Japanese surrendered a few months later, on August 14. On September 2 the war was officially over. People all over the United States celebrated. Factories began making a number of goods instead of only war materials. Millions of men returned home to their families. The soldiers had faced the horrible conditions of war, but the people back home had done their part as well. Life on the home front had been unforgettable for millions of Americans. The foreign minister of Japan surrendered in a solemn ceremony aboard the USS Missouri. 24 Think and Respond CD What event made the United States declare war against Japan? 0 Explain why many women began working in factories and other businesses during World War II. @) Describe some of the benefits women felt thatthey gained by working during the war. @) List some everyday items that were rationed during the war. ® What are some problems that women faced during the war? How would you have addressed those problems? Design a Poster Imagine that you are a factory owner and have lost many of your male employees to the war effort. Design a poster that invites women to work at your factory. What colors, pictures, and words will you use? www. timeforkids.com I 9 780153 398377