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Michelle Stone EMAT 681-Dr. Bush Spring 2010 GACE Study Guide Standard: SS5H7 The student will discuss the origins and consequences of the Cold War. a. Explain the origin and meaning of the term “Iron Curtain.” b. Explain how the United States sought to stop the spread of communism through the Berlin airlift, the Korean War, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. c. Identify Joseph McCarthy and Nikita Khrushchev. The “Iron Curtain” The "Iron Curtain", a phrase coined by Winston Churchill, was a symbol of the differences between communist and noncommunist countries. It was an invisible fence dividing Europe after WWII. The “Iron Curtain” countries are: Soviet Union, Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia. All but Yugoslavia were members of the Warsaw Pact. The term Iron Curtain was used in literature, but made famous by Churchill in his speech in March 1946. It was first a mental barrier of separation, but then it became an ideological barrier as well. Berlin Wall was a symbol of the separation. In some countries, the division was a fence, others an area with men standing guard. U.S. stops the spread of communism The United States sought to stop the spread of communism through several means: the Berlin Airlift was a response to the blockade of Berlin by the Soviet Union; the United States, with the backing of the United Nations, entered the Korean War to prevent communist North Korea from taking over noncommunist South Korea; the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is an alliance among the United States, Canada, Great Britain, and most of the noncommunist countries of Europe created to prevent the Soviet Union from forcing communism on other countries. Berlin Airlift: American and British planes flew in supplies and food for 327 days. During the airlift, pilots decided to drop candy in parachutes made of handkerchiefs to help boost the children’s spirits. Korean War: U.S. fought in South Korea to help contain Asian Communism in nations split by Soviets. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): Established by a treaty in 1949 where its members agreed to mutual defense in an attack by another party. The original members were: U.S., U.K., Canada, France, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Denmark, Belgium, Portugal, Luxemburg, and the Netherlands. Later, Greece and West Germany joined in. The communist response to NATO was forming the Warsaw Pact in 1955. Members of the Warsaw Pact were: Poland, East Germany, Hungary, Bulgaria, Albania, USSR, Romania, and the Czechoslovak Republic. Joseph McCarthy He was elected to Senate in 1946. He became one of the most infamous anticommunist activists. He said he knew of men in the State Department who were members of the Communist Party who were part of a spy ring. People believed him for years and in 1954, Eisenhower and the U.S. Army fought back after he made accusations against them. The investigation was televised and people had had enough of him and his popularity decreased greatly. He died in 1957 due to health related problems from alcohol abuse. Nikita Khrushchev 1953 takes over the USSR when Stalin dies and led them during the Cold War. He was not known, unlike Stalin, for his firm version of Communism. He was able to release thousands of political prisoners whom Stalin had imprisoned in Siberian labor camps. He tried to raise the Soviet standard of living and expand his country’s space program. He also changed the Soviet foreign policy. He wanted to avoid war in the west and at the same time increase the economic competition between Communist and Non-communist countries. This is called peaceful co-existence. In 1962, he wanted to place nuclear missiles in Cuba to restore the balance of the Cold War. This was supposed to be done in secret, but the Americans had discovered the missiles. This led to the Cuban Missile Crisis. Khrushchev did not know what to do, but in the end he got the American missiles removed and the U.S. promised not to invade Cuba. 2 years after the Cuban Missile Crisis, Khrushchev was removed from power due to Communist Party Officials not being pleased over the agreement. References http://www.wisegeek.com/what-was-the-iron-curtain.htm http://www.slideshare.net/udteacher/cold-war-1945-1960 http://www.nps.gov/archive/elro/glossary/khrushchev-nikita.htm http://library.thinkquest.org/11046/people/khrushchev.html