Download Presentation Huda - NRC 2017 Neonatal Review Course

SENSORY PROCESSING
&
EFFECT ON EARLY DEVELOPMENT
Huda Sadek
Consultant Pediatric Neurodevelopment
OBJECTIVES
Definition
Facts and Myths
Brain development
Sensory development
Summary
DEFINITIONS
1- Development is an event constituting a new stage in a changing
situation.
2- The biological, physiological and emotional changes that occur in
humans between birth and end of adolescence, as individual
progress from dependency to increasing autonomy.
• Child developmental processes begin in pregnancy.
• Maximum rate during first 5 years of life
• Brain continue to grow slowly but steadily until 18 years of age.
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
Identify environment
Development of communication
Logic thinking
and
interpretation,
developing
own idea and
hypostasis
Train up a child in the way he should go, and when he is old he will not depart
from it. NKJV
A MYTH AND A FACT
How the brain develops depends on the genes the
child born with.
How the brain develops hinges on a complex
interplay between the genes and the experience the
child has.
The experience the child has before age three have
a limited impact on later development
Early experiences have a decisive impact on the
architecture of the brain, and on the nature and
extent of adult capacities.
A secure relationship with primary caregiver creates
a favorable context for early development and
learning.
Early interactions do not just create a context, they
directly effect the way that the brain is “wired”.
Brain development is linear; the brain capacity to
learn and change grows steadily as an infant
progresses towards adulthood
Brain development is non-linear; there are prime
times of acquiring different kind of knowledge and
skills.
A toddler's brain is much less active than the brain of
a college student
By the time children reach age three, their brains are
twice as active as those of adults. Activity levels drop
during adolescence.
NEW BORN BRAIN
The process of development occurs 
sequentially from the “ bottom up”, i.e.
from more primitive sections of brain to
the more sophisticated section (Perry
2000a)
Migration, multiplication and differentiation
(Perry 2000)
Function Hierarchy Of The Brain
Cortex
Limbic
Midbrain
Brainstem
Courtesy of Bruce Perry MD PhD
Abstract thought
Concrete thought
Affiliation
Attachment
Sexual behaviour
Emotional
reactivity
Motor regulation
“Arousal”
Appetite/Satiety
Sleep
Blood Pressure
Heart Rate
Body Temperature
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y
(Perry 2000a)
NEW BORN BRAIN
Parts of the brain that fully develop first are the brainstem and
midbrain, they govern the bodily functions necessary for life
(autonomic functions)
At birth, lower portions of nervous system are very well developed,
Whereas the higher regions (cerebral cortex, limbic system are
primitive (zero to three 2009)
Breath, eat, sleep, see, hear, smell, make noise, feel sensations,
recognize the people close to them.
BRAIN DEVELOPMENT
Average brain weights (BW)
AGE
--------
BW - Male (grams) BW - Female (grams)
----------------- -----------------
Newborn
380
360
1 year
970
940
2 years
1,120
1,040
3 years
1,270
1,090
10-12 years
1,440
1,260
19-21 years
1,450
1,310
56-60 years
1,370
1,250
81-85 years
1,310
1,170
(Data from Dekaban, A.S. and Sadowsky, D., Changes in brain weights during the span of human life: relation of
brain weights to body heights and body weights, Ann. Neurology, 4:345-356, 1978)
BRAIN DEVELOPMENT
BRAIN DEVELOPMENT
Brain development is the process of
Creating (synapses)
Strengthening (plasticity)
Discarding (Pruning)
Mylinating
the process of production of
myelin that surrounds the axon of neuron cells
to enhance the speed and efficacy of signal transmission.
SYNAPSES
Wiring process
50 trillion
1000 trillion
NEURONAL PATHWAY
Responding
neuron
Environmental
stimulant
Receptive
Neuron
PLASTICITY
Ability of the brain to change in response to repeated stimulation
1- Allow catch up with delayed skills “sensitive period”
2- Better recovery from brain damage “Developmental Medicine Mac Keith 2000”
3- Ability to accommodate change in environment
The human brain has the ability to reshape and redesign to certain degree through his life.
4- Living in a different environment or climate
5- Continuity of learning ability
6- Cope with changes in life
Negative pathways in response to negative stimulating environment…. Toxic stress effect, lack
of care
SENSITIVE PERIOD
SENSORY SENSES
 TOUCH (Most sensitive sense)
 Develops at 16 weeks gestation.
 The first experience with surrounding environment occurs
through touch
 Sense of touch is essential to children’s development of
physical ability, language, cognitive skills and social
emotional competency.
 Through sense of touch, babies are able to learn about
their world, bond with their mothers and communicate their
needs.
Field, Tiffany. (Touch for socioemotional and physical well- Being. A Review
“Developmental Review:30, issue:Ellservier, Pages 367-383.2011
SENSORY SENSES
 Touch stimulates releasing Oxytocin hormone.
Infants who receive above-average level of affection from their mothers
are shown to be less likely to be hostile, anxious, emotionally distressed.
Gardnar, Amanda. “Can a mother’s Affection Prevent Anexity in Adulthood?” July 2010.
 Children who are deprived from close tactile contacts with parents are
more liable to struggle in their social relationship as adults. Also increase
aggression and behavioural problems. Field, Tiffany. “Touch for socio-emotional and physical
well-being: A Review “Developmental Review. Volume:30, Issue:4, Elsevier, pages:367-383. 2011
SENSORY SENSES
 HEARING (Most Critical sense) Sense develops at 25 weeks gestation
 At birth babies are familiar with their mother voice, can hear high pitched
sound.
 Hearing is essential in developing language.
 Essential in developing social interaction and strengthen child-parents
bond.
1. Graven SN, Browne JV. Auditory development in the fetus and infant. Newborn Infant Nurs Rev. 2008; 8:187-193.
2. 2.Weisleder, Adriana, and Anne Fernald. "Talking to children matters early language experience strengthens
processing and builds vocabulary." Psychological science 24.11 (2013): 2143-2152.
SENSORY SENSES
 TASTE: the weakest sense
 at birth a baby can discriminate sweat from sour
Help to chose type of food
Affected by type of food mother has during pregnancy and
during breast feeding time
 SMELL: (strong link with memory)
babies are able to smell at 28 weeks gestation
 At birth the sense is strong enough that the baby can smell
the difference between his mother and another mum’s
breast milk.
 Familiar senses can be comforting to the baby. Enjoyable
scents has been shown to improve mood, calmness and
alertness.
SENSORY SENSES
Mean Responses to Memories
Using Different Sensory Cues
 SMELL:
Scent of mother can make bedtime easier and calm a crying baby
 sense of smell has strong link with memory and emotions
Responses were made using a 1–9 Likert scale.
*P < .05 vs verbal, visual, and auditory.
Adapted from Herz 2004
1. Schaal, Benoist, Pierre Orgeur, and Christian Rognon. "Odor Sensing in the Human Fetus: Anatomical, Functional, and Chemoecological Bases." In Prenatal Development, A
Psychobiological Perspective (eds. J.P. Lecanuet, N.A. Krasnegor, W.A. Fifer and W. Smotherman). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1995. 205-237. Print.
2.Pyatkina, G. A. "Development of the Olfactory Epithelium in Man." Zeitschrift fur mikroskopisch-anatomische Forschung 96.2 (1981): 361-372.
3.Schaal, Benoist, Luc Marlier, and Robert Soussignan. "Olfactory Function in the Human Fetus: Evidence from Selective Neonatal Responsiveness to the Odor of
4. Amniotic Fluid." Behavioral neuroscience 112.6 (1998): 1438-1449.
4.Varendi, H., and R. H. Porter. “Breast Odour as the Only Maternal Stimulus Elicits Crawling Towards the Odour Source.” Acta Paediatricia 90.4 (2001): 372-375.
5.Porter, Richard H., Jennifer M. Cernoch, and Shannon Perry. "The Importance of Odors in Mother–Infant Interactions." Maternal-Child Nursing Journal (1983).
6.Rovee‐Collier, Carolyn Kent, and Joanne Bitetti Capatides. "Positive Behavioral Contrast In 3‐Month‐Old Infants On Multiple Conjugate Reinforcement Schedules." Journal of
the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 32.1 (1979): 15-27.
SENSORY SENSES
 VISION: Preferable sense
 At birth has blurred black and white vision, limited distance.
 Important tool in early communication
 provides along with touch sense foundation for social development.
1.Farroni T, Csibra G, Simion F, et al. Eye contact detection in humans from birth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
2002;99(14):9602-9605.
CARE OF A BABY
 Daily routine includes bathing, massaging, gentle touch improves quality of
sleep. Field, Tiffany, and Maria Hernandez-Reif. Sleep Problems in Infants Decrease following Massage therapy.
Early child development and care 168.1 (2001):95-104
 Routine massage in preterms increases physical activity.
Lee.H.K, the effect of infant
Massage on Weight Gain, Psychological and Behavioural Responses in Premature Infants. “Taehan Kanho Hakhoe
Chi 35.8(2005):1451-1460
Kangaroo Care: Positive effect on brain development, thermal regulation,
physical growth, reduces stress hormone levels and increase immunity.
Anderzen-Carlesson A, Lamy ZC, Tingvall M, Eriksson M. “parenta expereinces of providing skin to skin care to their
newborn infant- Part 2:A qualilative meta-synthesis. Int J Qual Stud Healthy Well-being. 2014; 9:24907
MULTISENSORIAL STIMULATION
SUMMARY
 Every thing the baby experiences through the first five senses
supplies him with constant stream of information that stores in his brain.
As he grows and develops, he will use this information to build a picture
of the world around him.
 A daily routine in which a parent and infant spend a considerable
time together provides extra-ordinary developmental advantages.
 Parents can promote optimal growth and well-being through
constant love and affection to the children especially during first years
of their life.
THANK YOU