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SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, AND GASES CHAPTER 14 M AT T E R A N D T H E R M A L E N E RG Y SECTION ONE • Kinetic Theory – an explanation of how the particles in gases behave. All matter is composed of tiny particles (atoms, molecules, and ions) These particles are in constant, random motion The particles collide with each other and with the walls of any container where they are held The amount of energy that particles lose from these collisions is negligible LIQUIDS Like gases, particles in a liquid state are constantly moving., although they don’t move as quickly So particles in liquids have less kinetic energy than those in gas state Because of less kinetic energy, the particles stick closer together, thus enabling liquids to flow; why water can be poured Also why liquids have definite volume SOLIDS Unlike gases or liquids, solids have a definite volume and shape Particles are packed together Still particles are moving so have even less kinetic energy than liquids. Many are crystalline – particles have a geometric arrangement CHANGES OF STATE THERMAL EXPANSION Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to change in volume in response to a change in temperature.[1] When a substance is heated, its particles begin moving more and thus usually maintain a greater average separation. Materials which contract with increasing temperature are unusual; this effect is limited in size, and only occurs within limited temperature ranges). The degree of expansion divided by the change in temperature is called the material's coefficient of thermal expansion and generally varies with temperature. PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS SECTION TWO Archimedes Principle Pascal’s Principle Bernoulli’s Principle ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE Buoyancy – the ability of a fluid, liquid or gas, to exert an upward force on an object immersed in it. In the third century, Greek mathematician, Archimedes, found the buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. BUOYANCY ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE or the principle of transmission of fluid-pressure is a principle in fluid mechanics that states that pressure exerted anywhere in a confined incompressible fluid is transmitted equally in all directions throughout the Fluid. The law was established be French mathematician, Blaise Pascal PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE Bernoulli's principle states an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure Bernoulli's principle is named after the Swiss scientist Daniel Bernoulli, who published his principle in his book BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE VISCOSITY Resistance of a fluid to flow Example: Water flows easily because it has low viscosity (oil/syrup bottles) BEHAVIOR OF GASES SECTION THREE Boyle’s Law Charles’ Law Other Temperature in the gas laws must be in Kelvin, K BOYLE’S LAW Robert Boyle, a British scientist, describes the relationship between gas pressure and volume. If you decrease the volume of a container of gas and hold the temperature constant, the pressure will increase. BOYLE’S LAW EQUATION Initial pressure * initial volume = final pressure * final volume PiVi = Pf Vf Page 449 Example problem 3 Practice Problem 20 & 21 CHARLES’ LAW The relationship between temperature and volume was discovered by French scientist, Jacques Charles. The volume of a gas increases with the increase of temperature, as long as the pressure does NOT change. CHARLES’ LAW EQUATION initial volume = final volume initial temperature Vi Ti final temperature = Vf Tf Charles’ Law example problem Page 451 Practice Problems 22 & 23 KEPPLE’S LAW P1 P2 T1 T2 Gay-Lussac or Avogadro’s IDEAL GAS LAW PV=nRT P = pressure V = volume n = moles R = gas law constant T = temperature in Kelvin, K R VALUES FOR IDEAL GAS LAW 0.08206 L*atm/mol*K 8.314 L*KPa/mol*K R value depends on units used for pressure