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Geography
Chapter 1
Physical Geography
Looking at the Earth
Geography involves the study of places: their locations, their characteristics, and how humans
use and move around them.
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Geography
Chapter 1
Physical Geography
Looking at the Earth
SECTION 1
The Five Themes of Geography
SECTION 2
The Geographer’s Tools
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Geography
Chapter 1
Section-1
The Five Themes of Geography
• Geographers view the world in terms of the use of space.
• Geographers study the world by looking at location, place, region, movement,
and human-environment interaction.
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Geography
Chapter 1
Section-1
The Five Themes of Geography
The Geographer’s Perspective
Geographers and Historians
• Historians look at events over time
• Geographers look at:
− use of space on Earth
− interactions that take place there
− patterns and connections between people and land
• Geography is the study of the distribution and interaction of:
− physical features on Earth
− human features on Earth
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Continued…
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Geography
Chapter 1
The Geographer’s Perspective {continued}
Methods of Geography
• Geographers use a variety of tools:
− maps
− photographs
− charts, graphs, tables
− scale models
− five themes of geography
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Geography
Chapter 1
Theme: Location
Where is it?
• Absolute location—exact place where a geographic feature is found
• Relative location—location of a place compared to places around it
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Geography
Chapter 1
Theme: Location {continued}
Absolute Location
• Earth is divided into two equal halves, vertically and horizontally
• Each vertical and horizontal half is called a hemisphere
• An imaginary line, the Equator, divides north and south halves
• Another imaginary line, the Prime Meridian, divides east and west
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Geography
Chapter 1
Theme: Location {continued}
Latitude Lines
• Geographers use latitude lines to locate places north and south
• Latitude—imaginary lines that run parallel to the equator
Longitude Lines
• Geographers use longitude lines to mark positions east and west
• Longitude—imaginary lines that go over the poles
• Where latitude and longitude lines cross is the absolute location
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Continued…
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Geography
Chapter 1
Theme: Location {continued}
Relative Location
• How a place is related to its surrounding environment
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Geography
Chapter 1
Theme: Place
What is it Like?
• Place includes physical features and cultural characteristics:
− physical features include climate, landforms, vegetation
− cultural characteristics include dams, highways, houses
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Geography
Chapter 1
Theme: Region
How are Places Similar or Different?
• A region is an area united by similar characteristics
• Unifying characteristics—physical, political, economic, cultural
• Three types of regions:
− formal
− functional
− perceptual
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Geography
Chapter 1
1
Theme: Region {continued}
Formal Regions
• Defined by a limited number of related characteristics
• Formal regions of the world:
− The United States and Canada
− Latin America
− Europe
− Russia and the Republics
− Africa
− Southwest Asia
− South Asia
− East Asia
− Southeast Asia, Oceania, and Antarctica
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Geography
Chapter 1
Theme: Region {continued}
Functional Regions
• Organized around interactions and connections between places
• Example: a city and its suburbs are connected through human movement
Perceptual Regions
• Region with characteristics people perceive in much the same way
• Example: the American Midwest
• Sometimes perceptions differ: Does Midwest begin in Ohio or Illinois?
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Geography
Chapter 1
Theme: Human-Environment Interaction
How Do People Relate to the Physical World?
• A relationship exists between people and their environment
• People use and change the environment to meet their needs
• People adapt to environmental conditions they cannot change
• Often, people in similar environments adapt in different ways
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Geography
Chapter 1
Theme: Movement
How Do People, Goods, and Ideas Get from One Place to Another?
• Geographers use three types of distance to analyze movement:
− linear distance
− time distance
− psychological distance
Linear Distance and Time Distance
• Linear distance—how far a person, product, or idea travels
• Time distance—how long it takes for person, product, idea to travel
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Geography
Chapter 1
Theme: Movement {continued}
Psychological Distance
• Refers to the way people perceive distance
• Example: unfamiliar places may seem farther away than familiar ones
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Geography
Chapter 1
Section-2
The Geographer’s Tools
• Geographers use two- and three-dimensional tools to learn about the earth.
• Geographers use computer-assisted technology to study the use of the earth’s surface.
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Geography
Chapter 1
Section-2
The Geographer’s Tools
Maps and Globes
Visualizing Earth
• Oldest known map: Babylonian clay tablet, circa 500 B.C.
• Maps show locations of places, landforms, bodies of water
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Geography
Chapter 1
2
Maps and Globes {continued}
Two or Three Dimensions
• Globe—a three-dimensional representation (a sphere) of Earth
• Map—a two-dimensional graphic representation of Earth’s surface
• Cartographer (mapmaker) tries to accurately reflect earth’s surface
• Map projection—way of showing Earth’s curved surface on a flat map
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Geography
Chapter 1
Maps and Globes {continued}
Types of Maps
• Three types of maps: general reference, thematic, navigational
• A topographic map is one kind of general reference map
• Topographic map—shows natural and man-made features of earth
• Thematic map—shows specific data such as climate, population density
• A navigation map is used by sailors, pilots
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Geography
Chapter 1
2
The Geographer’s Tools
The Science of Mapmaking
Surveying
• Surveyors observe, measure, record what they see in a specific area
• Remote sensing, gathering geographic data from a distance, includes:
− aerial photography
− satellite imaging
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Geography
Chapter 1
The Science of Mapmaking {continued}
Satellites
• Three types of maps: general reference, thematic, navigational
• Best known satellites are Landsat and GOES
• Landsat is a series of satellites; can scan entire planet in 16 days
• Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES):
− orbits in sync with Earth’s rotation
− gathers images of atmospheric conditions
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Geography
Chapter 1
The Science of Mapmaking {continued}
Geographic Information Systems
• Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a digital geographic database
• Combines and displays information from many sources
Global Positioning System (GPS)
• Uses series of 24 Navstar satellites to beam information to Earth
• Hand-held GPS receivers on Earth display exact position
• GPS used by explorers, sailors, drivers; also used to track animals
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Geography
Chapter 1
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Geography
Chapter 1
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