Download The Middle East

The Middle East
Background, Times of Crisis, and
Current Events
Middle East: Questions, Questions
• What three major religions were
established in this region?
• Why is there so much conflict in this
region?
• Why is terrorism prominent in the region?
• What is the United States doing there?
• Why can it be dangerous if Iran builds
nuclear weapons?
Three Religions
• Judaism – Jewish
• Christianity – Followers of Jesus Christ –
related to Judaism – same God but
believing Jesus Christ was God’s Son
• Islam – Muslims believe that they follow
the same God as Jews and Christians but
that those two faiths misunderstand the
holy scriptures
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam:
Similarities and Differences
• One God
• Following basic, principles for living –
respecting God and others
• Strict Jews and Muslims adhere to similar
dietary laws
• Muslims respect Abraham (father of the
Jews and Muslims), Moses (Ten
Commandments, bringer of God’s law),
and Jesus (He was a great teacher).
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam:
Similarities and Differences
• God comes first in life then relations with others
(family, friends, neighbors)
• Daily prayer and relationship with God
• Jews and Muslims follow similar dietary laws –
ex. No pork
• Jews, Christians, and Muslims believe that
women and men should be chaste until marriage
and to honor marriage
• Christians and Muslims believe in heaven, hell,
and a Last Judgment of souls
Jerusalem: Holy Place for Three
Religions
• Judaism – capital of ancient Israel, site of
Solomon’s Temple
• Christianity – site of Jesus’ crucifixion,
burial, and resurrection
• Islam – site where Muhammad, the
Prophet, met Allah
Judaism: Basics
• Worshipping one God – Yahweh, Jehovah
• Following Ten Commandments – no other gods,
no making idols, respecting the Sabbath,
positive treatment of neighbors (no murder,
stealing, adultery, coveting)
• Following the Law of Moses – certain restrictions
on living, celebrating key holidays ex. Passover
• Importance of their Holy Land, the place that
God gave to them.
• Holy book – Torah (for Christians – the Old
Testament)
• Hebrew – language of Jews
Christianity: Basics
• Respect for Jews – Old Testament, Jesus was a
Jew
• Jesus was Son of God (Jews and Muslims do NOT
believe this), born to Virgin Mary, conceived by Holy
Spirit
• Became full-time minister at 30, taught about God
and heaven, how to treat people, final judgment,
and performed miracles and healed people.
• Crucified by Romans, resurrected from the dead on
the third day (Easter) – Jews and Muslims do not
believe this
• Holy book – the Holy Bible (Old and New
Testaments in one book. Old=before Jesus came to
Earth, New=when Jesus came to Earth)
Islam: Basics
• Founded in 600s by Muhammad, The Prophet
• Allah (God) spoke through the Angel Gabriel,
who visited Muhammad several times explaining
the will of Allah
• Muhammad made Mecca the capital of his
Islamic kingdom – holy site – the Kaaba
• Jews and Christians were brothers who
misunderstood the true God and needed to be
corrected
• Islam expanded through the Middle East and
North Africa even into Spain
The Great Mosque in Mecca, Saudi
Arabia
Visiting the Kaaba (built by
Abraham and Ishmael) in Mecca
Islam: Basics continued
• Holy book – Koran – visions given to the
Prophet Muhammad
• Most blessed version written in Arabic
• Five Pillars of Islam – like Ten
Commandments for Jews and Christians
– Daily profession of faith – One God Allah and
His Prophet Muhammad
– Prayer five times a day
– Giving alms to the poor
– Fasting during Ramadan (holy month, changes
from year to year)
– Pilgrimage to Mecca
Zionism, Middle East, Jews, and
Arabs
• Zionism
• How were Jews persecuted in Medieval
and Early Modern Europe?
• What was the effect of the Dreyfus Affair?
• Sykes-Picot Agreement
• Balfour Declaration
• Kibbutz/kibbutzim
• What do you think?
Jews and Persecution
• Most Jews left Palestine – the area where
Israel is – after major problems with the
Roman Empire in the first century
• Spread throughout Europe, Africa, Asia
• Heavily persecuted in Europe
– Attacked during Crusades (1195 – 1270)
– Blamed for Black Plague in 1347
– Targeted by Catholics in Spain 1492
– Lived in ghettoes in Renaissance Italian cities
Persecution of Jews in Russia
• May Laws – czarist regime restricted
Russian areas in which Jews could live;
low quotas for admitting Jews to
universities and professions
• Russian Jews formed Zionist clubs –
Chovevi Tzion (Lovers of Zion); BILU (Beit
Ya’cov Ichu vnelcha – To the house of
Jacob go and we will follow)
• Russian pogroms in early 1900s
Zionism
• Movement to regain a Jewish homeland in
Palestine; Zion name for hill of Jerusalem on
which city of David built
• Early 19th century, most rabbis did not believe
this could happen until return of Messiah
• Later 19th century, change of view in some
rabbis
• Olim (ascenders) – Jewish immigrants to
Palestine
• First aliya (going up) – First significant Jewish
immigration to Palestine
Zionism and Zionists
• Zionists – Jewish who wanted to reestablish
Israel in Palestine
• Lived all over the world, put their resources
toward pressuring for this
• Palestine ruled by Ottoman Turks until WWI
• During World War I, Lord Balfour made a
promise to establish a homeland for Jews in
Palestine (in exchange for Zionist support for the
war effort)
Zionists and Kibbutzim
• Zionists began to move back in small
groups and formed communities in
Palestine
• Permission granted by Ottoman Turks,
rulers of Palestine
• Formed kibbutzim (collective farming
communities – close to true communism!)
• Kibbutzim still exist. You may meet an
Israeli some day who lived on a kibbutz!
Theodor Herzl
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Renowned Austrian-Jewish writer
1896 – Der Judenstaat (The Jew’s State)
Spread Zionism to wider audience
First International Zionist Congress
Resolution –
– Promote colonization of Palestine by Jewish farm and
industrial workers
– Organizing and uniting all Jews by means of suitable
local and international institutions in compliance with
the laws of other nations
– Strengthening and encouraging of Jewish national
sentiment and awareness
– Introducing moves towards receiving governmental
approval where needed for the realization of Zionist
goals
Second Aliya
• Herzl toured, lectured, and wrote more
books promoting Zionism
• Widespread appeal; died in 1904 but
Zionism lived
• Second Aliya – 1905 – 1914
• Building up institutions in their
communities – schools, newspapers,
theaters, sport clubs, trade unions, workerowned factories
What was the Sykes Picot
Agreement?
• What nations were a part of the
agreement?
• What did elements of this agreement say
about the parties involved?
Early Jewish Settlers
• 20,000 Jewish settlers in Palestine;
570,000 local Arabic-speaking inhabitants
• Jews were less than 10 percent
• Bought land and farmed it
• Palestine was ruled by Ottoman Empire,
corrupt, inefficient, and suspicious of
Zionists
The Dreyfus Affair (1894 – 1906)
• French Army Captain Alfred Dreyfus, an Alsatian
Jew, accused and convicted of treason 1894;
accused of giving military secrets to the German
embassy in Paris.
• Sent to notorious prison colony Devil’s Island in
French Guiana.
• 1896 – New evidence – real culprit French Army
Major Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy
• High ranking military officials suppressed new
evidence; Esterhazy was acquitted
• Furthermore, French counter-intelligence officer
Hubert-Joseph Henry provided false documents
to re-confirm Dreyfus conviction
Alfred Dreyfus Stripped of Rank
(1896)
Dreyfus Affair continued
• News of the cover-up began to spread due
to editorials in a Parisian newspaper
• French people were divided – Dreyfusards
vs. anti-Dreyfusards, who were spurred by
anti-Semitism
• 1899 – Dreyfus brought back for new trial;
exonerated and reinstated in as a major in
1906; served in WWI and reached rank of
Lieutenant Colonel
• What did the Dreyfus Affair demonstrate?
Why Palestine/Israel?
• In the 19th century, British government
offered Zionists to settle in Kenya’s White
Highlands (inaccurately known as the
Uganda scheme).
• Zionism without the Zion – refused
• Wanted to be back in the ancient heartland
of Judaism
Palestine
• Site of ancient
nation of Israel
• Conquered by
ancient Romans –
called Judea
• Jews left 1st – 2nd
century
• Neighboring
peoples moved in –
referred to as
Palestinians
• Spread of Islam
and importance of
Jerusalem made
Palestine very
important
Arch of Titus
• Romans celebrated their conquest of
Jerusalem.
Key Questions: Britain, Palestine,
and Zionism
• How did Britain fail in dealing with
Palestine and Zionism from World War I
through World War II? How did Britain fail
in handling Palestine and Zionism?
• What impact did Britain’s failure have on
the future of Palestine?
World War I and Zionism
• Members of both the Allies and the Central
Powers sought Jewish support for the war.
• Zionists found it easier to side with the Central
Powers (many politically-interested Jews lived in
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman
Empire.
• Germany wanted to support Zionism more but
their ally the Ottomans disliked Zionism.
• Britain, who did not have as large of a Jewish
population, took the lead in courting Zionists with
Balfour Declaration.
Balfour Declaration
• Issued by Lord Arthur Balfour, British
foreign secretary to Lord Rothschild, a
prominent British Zionist.
• Declaration said that Britain would work
toward helping create a Jewish homeland
in Palestine but not at the expense of the
rights of non-Jews (Muslims, Christians) in
Palestine.
Balfour Declaration
• His Majesty’s Government view with favor the
establishment in Palestine of a national home for
the Jewish people, and will use their best
endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this
object, it being clearly understood that nothing
shall be done which may prejudice the civil and
religious rights of the existing non-Jewish
communities in Palestine, or the rights and
political status enjoyed by Jews in any other
country
Palestine --- British Mandate:
Difficulty
• Britain was put in charge of Palestine after WWI
(temporary military occupation)
• It had to fulfill its promise to Zionists and
manage the migration of willing Jews to
Palestine
• Britain knew how to deal with Arabs better
(Egypt and Sudan); most olim (Jewish
immigrants) were Eastern European (Brits
unfamiliar with them)
• Britain was afraid to incite neighboring peoples
in Middle East and Muslims in India (major Brit
colony)
Palestinian and Zionist Resentment
• April 1920, Palestinians revolted by
attacking Jewish communities
• Zionists accused British of encouraging it
by punishing rebels too lightly and
protecting the settlers too little
Palestinian Mandate
• Britain went in two different directions
– Back in Britain and in the international arena,
it affiliated itself more with the Zionists
– In Palestine, Brit officials favored Arabs
influenced by a concern over Muslim public
opinion
– League of Nations gave Palestine to Britain
as a mandate; responsibility to encourage
Jews to settle there, help create the Jewish
national “home” (refused to use the term
“state”), and set up a Jewish agency to assist
Brit authorities in developing the national
home
Palestine different from Syria and
Iraq Mandates
• Syria and Iraq Mandates were promised
that they would be set up to achieve their
independence
• Palestine, which had a majority Arab
population, was going to be used for a
Jewish home – a Western colonial entity
• Arabs felt like they were going to be held
in colonial bondage by British until Jews
had a majority and could est. a state
British Policies toward Palestinian
Mandate
• Set up quotas restricting Jewish
immigration based on Palestine’s
“absorbative capacity”
• Not a problem in 1920s (quotas were
larger than number of olim); problem when
Hitler came to power
• Britain gave 2/3 of Palestine east of the
Jordan River to King Abdallah as the
Emirate of Transjordan
Jewish Discontent in Palestine
• Most Jewish leaders continued to work
with British.
• REVISIONISTS – angry Jewish group in
Palestine that advocated creating a state
that would include both Palestine and
Transjordan (in other words, taking back
what Britain gave away to King Abdallah)
cleansed of any Arabs who would oppose
it.
• Revisionist ideas influenced Benjamin
Netanyahu and Ariel Sharon.
Jewish Governor
• Sir Herbert Samuel – Zionist who tried to
be fair to all sides; appointed prominent
Arab to be chief Muslim legal officer in
Jerusalem.
• This guy undermined the collaborative
process; appointed more extreme
Palestinian Arabs to key posts –
Palestinian Arab nationalism (Britain would
try to deport him later)
Possible to Keep Working Together
• Jewish immigration decreased between 1926 –
1928 (difficult life in Palestine)
• Complimentary relationship between Jews and
Arabs – Jewish technical expertise and Arab
know-how of land; Jewish capital and Arab labor.
• Some Jews advocated friendly relations with
Arabs.
• Some Arabs quietly welcomed Jewish
immigration and investment.
Wailing Wall Incident and Effects
• 1929 Wailing Wall incident damaged relations
• British did not address it adequately (court of
inquiry sided with Arabs; blamed Jews for
purchasing too much land – making Arabs
homeless); tightened quotas
• Clashes between Arabs and Jews in streets
• Arabs attacked areas with significant Jewish
minorities (massacre at Hebron)
• Zionists pressured Britain, which issued a white
paper reversing its findings on the causes of
clash – showed how Britain was susceptible to
Zionist political pressure
Britain’s Indecisiveness
• When British Colonial Office took over
Palestine from the army, it should have
devised a clearer and fairer policy toward
both Jews and Arabs.
• It did not.
Palestine After World War I through
World War II (1919 – 1946)
• Became a British protectorate
• British attempted to maintain peace between
Palestinians and Zionists who returned
• Britain controlled Jewish immigration to
Palestine (keeping peace in area)
• Leading to Holocaust, many more Jews began
returning (saw that Hitler was an evil man during
1930s).
• Britain capped immigration to satisfy Palestinian
Muslims, trapping European Jews to meet their
fate.
Holocaust
• Jews were targeted by Nazis – 6 million
dead
• During and after WWII, Poles, Russians,
and other Eastern Europeans blamed
Jews for the problems they experienced –
continued to persecute them
After World War II and the Holocaust
• World sympathy for Jews, greater support for a
Jewish homeland in Palestine
• Many Jews from all over the world return to the
Holy Land – UN creates plan for a Jewish state
and a Palestinian state – rejected by
Palestinians
• 1947 – Britain turned Palestine over to UN and
leave in 1948
• Jews proclaim the State of Israel in 1948
• United States is the first nation to recognize the
existence of Israel before the United Nations.
• Wars with neighboring Islamic nations begin
immediately
• Some nations vow to never rest until Israel is
destroyed
Palestinians
• They lived and spread in the area after the
Jews left
• Converted to Islam in the 600s
• Palestine became theirs from 2nd century
into the 20th century.
• What happens to them as a result of the
returning Jews?
Two Peoples Claim the Same Land
• Jews and Muslims feel entitled to
Palestine
• “On that day the Lord made a covenant
with Abram, saying, ‘To your descendants I
give this land…” --- Genesis 15:18
• “He (Allah) has chosen you and has
placed no hardship on you in practicing
your religions – the religion of your father
Abraham.” --- Koran 22:78
Israeli Soldier and Palestinian
Arabs
Israel, Wars with Neighbors and
Occupied Territories
• Wars in 1948, 1956, 1967, and 1973
• 1967 – Israel launches attack, takes control of
areas controlled by Jordan and Egypt since
1948 – West Bank, East Jerusalem, and the
Gaza Strip.
• Also took control of Sinai Peninsula from Egypt
and Golan Heights from Syria.
• 1973 – Egypt and Syria attack Israel on Yom
Kippur, one of the holiest days of the Jewish
year.
• Fail to regain lost lands, which Palestinians
called occupied territories. Israel’s government
helps Israelis to build settlements in the
occupied territories. This angers Palestinians.
Key Terms
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1948 War for Independence
IDF
Abdel Nasser
Suez Affair 1956 (aka Suez Crisis)
Negev Desert
Gulf of Aqba
Eilat
Tiran Straits
Golan Heights
1948 War for Independence
• May 14 1948 Israel proclaims independence;
gets invaded by armies from Egypt, Transjordan,
several other nations
• Israeli Defense Force (IDF) grew to 100,000
men, women, and children – brought together
Israeli terrorist organizations, militias
• Arab militaries underestimated (a force of less
than 80 Israeli men, women, teens held up an
Egyptian brigade headed for Tel Aviv for six
days) than overestimated the powers of the IDF
– low morale
1948 War for Independence
• UN intervened. There were periods of
cease-fire then more fighting.
• IDF drove Syrian forces out into Lebanon
• Israeli forces attacked Arab positions
around Hebron and Bethlehem
• Israeli forces pushed Egyptian and Arab
Legion forces out of Gaza and into
southern Negev; then Arab Legion lost
control of the Negev
1948 War Aftermath
• Israel made peace agreement with Egypt
• Delegations did not meet face to face in Rhodes
conference
• Agreement arranged by Ralph Bunche from US
– UN negotiator
• Israel gained access to Gulf of Aqba (cut off
direct land route from Egypt to Transjordan);
signed armistice with Lebanon (March 1949),
Syria (July 1949); Iraq never signed armistice
and opposed peace with Israel
• 725,000 Palestinian Arabs became refugees –
arguments between Zionists and Arabs over why
this occurred
Israel’s Situation in 1950s
• All road and rail connections between Israel and
neighbors cut
• Planes going to and from Israel could not fly
over Arab nations
• Arab states refused to trade with Israel and
boycotted any products of foreign firms doing
business there
• Ships carrying goods to Israel could not use
Suez Canal or enter Arab ports
• Egypt blockaded Gulf of Aqba hurting growth at
Eilat (port city)
• Raids by displaced Palestinians against Jewish
settlements (violence perpetrated by both sides)
The Suez Affair 1956
• Egypt had been running the Suez Canal
• Israel invaded and took over the Sinai Peninsula
• British and French paratroopers took over Port Said and
gained control of northern part of the Suez Canal
• US and Soviet Union condemned the attack which
Egyptians called “tripartite aggression” (Brit, France,
Israel)
• Israel withdrew from Sinai after US pressure; Egypt
promised to lift blockade of Gulf of Aqba
• UN troops sent in to keep peace around Suez Canal and
Tiran Straits (Gulf of Aqba to Red Sea)
• Lasted until May 1967
The June 1967 War: Prelude
• Syria had been firing on Jewish settlements in
Golan Heights; air fight between Syrian MiG
fighters and Israeli jets, six planes shot down
• Egypt’s President Abdel Nasser asked UN to
remove troops(UN Secretary General withdrew
them without consulting Security Council)
• Nasser sent military units into key points in Gaza
and Sinai (Sharm al-Shaykh – Tiran Straits);
resumed blockade of Gulf of Aqba
• King Husayn of Jordan made agreement with
Nasser on joint military command in May 1967
• What message does this send to Israel?
June 1967 War (aka Six Day War)
• Israel called up its reserves doubling size of its
armies
• Political parties put differences aside and join up
to form an emergency cabinet
• Israel launched preemptive air strike against
Egyptian, Jordanian, and Syrian air bases to
completely wipe out their war-making capacity
• Israeli troops moved into Sinai and occupied it
(Arabs accused IDF of dropping napalm on
Jordanian troops; using scare tactics against
Palestinian refugee camps and West Bank
villages); 200,000 Palestinian refugees
June 1967 War – Six Day War
• Match up – Arabs had 2,700 tanks vs. Israel’s
800; Arabs 800 fighter planes vs. Israel’s 190;
Arabs 217 ships vs. Israel’s 37
• Why did Israel win? It attacked first. Wiped out
Egyptian air force before it could get off the
ground
• Unity (politically, militarily) vs. Arabs who were
suspicious of each other and divided by rivalries
• NY Times reported Israel had more troops on
the field, deployed better firepower, and used
greater mobility in battle
• Egyptian military bogged down in Yemen civil
war
Six Day War Aftermath
• By June 10 1967, Israel expanded 3X
what it was six days before.
• What happened as soon as Israel
proclaimed its statehood? What were the
results?
• What were some of the difficulties that
Israel had to deal with regarding its
neighbors?
• What was the Suez Affair? When did it
happen?
• What happened during the Six-Day War
(June 1967 War)?
• Which group really seemed to be the
victims in all of this?
IDF Soldiers –
First Israelis to
come back to
the Western
Wall
Arab-Israeli Conflict
• First and Second Intifada – Palestinian
resistance to Israel; protests, guerilla warfare,
terrorism
• Oslo I Accords (1993) – “Declaration of
Principles” – Israel to remove troops from Gaza
and Jericho so Palestinians could set up
government
• Israel controls Jerusalem and Golan Heights;
Palestinian Authority controls West Bank and
Gaza Strip.
• Israel maintains blockade of Gaza. Why?
• Muslims have access to East Jerusalem (Temple
Mount) but do not control it.
Oslo Accord I (1993) – A Historic
Handshake
• Yitzhak
Rabin
(Israel)
• President
Clinton
• Yasser
Arafat
(Palestin.)
Review
• What are three similarities among
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam?
• How are they different?
• What was the Balfour Declaration? How
did it affect Middle East relations?
• Zionism
• Kibbutz
• Palestine and Palestinians
OPEC Members
• Founded in Baghdad, Iraq in 1960
• 12 members
• Middle Eastern – Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar,
Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates
• South American – Venezuela, Ecuador
• African – Libya, Nigeria, Angola, Algeria
Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OPEC)
• Group of 12 nations (6 of whom are Middle
Eastern) that regulates the supply and
price of oil among its member nations
• OPEC’s objective is to coordinate and
unify petroleum policies among Member
Countries in order to secure fair and
stable prices for petroleum producers;
an efficient, economic regular supply of
petroleum to consuming nations; and a fair
return on capital to those investing in the
industry (opec.org).
Suspended
membership
in 2009.
OPEC
• What is the purpose of OPEC?
• Why do you think the Member Nations felt
it necessary to unite?
• Consider the role that Western powers
had played in the history of the Middle
East.
• Why does OPEC have power over
industrialized nations?
Iraq
• Ruled by Ottoman Empire until after World War I
• Became a British protectorate
• Mixed population
– 80% Arab
– 15% Kurdish
– 5% Other groups (Assyrian, Turkish)
• Islamic but mixed
– Sunni Muslims - ~ 35%
– Shi’ite Muslims - ~ 60%
– Other ~ 5%
Iraq: Background
• British protectorate 1919 – British
managed disputes among the different
groups
• Western powers (UK, US, France) played
major role in Iraqi history due to OIL
• 1931 – Independence but with pro-British
government
• World War II – despite pro-Axis
movement, Iraq stayed connected to the
Allies
Iraq – Rise of Saddam
Hussein
• Several different political leaders during
1950s and 1960s
• Overthrowing each other with help of the
US Central Intelligence Agency, whoever
the US thought would be most against
Soviet Union and favorable to US oil
interests (usually the leaders were
dictators
• US helped a leader of the Baath Party
come to power – Saddam Hussein
Saddam Hussein Becomes Leader
• 1979 – Saddam become prime minister of
Iraq
• Consolidates power, becomes dictator
• Places family members and friends from
his hometown (Tikrit) in high government
positions
Iran-Iraq War 1980 - 1988
Iran – Iraq War 1980-1988
• Several border disputes over the years
• Iran took control of some Iraqi border territories
and the Shattab-al-Arab waterway – Iraq’s only
access to sea, and supported a Kurdish revolt
• Iran and Iraq reached a settlement, Iran ceased
to support Kurdish revolt BUT did not return
some lands
• Saddam invaded Iran while it was having a
religious – political revolution
• War for 8 years – 1st Iraq invaded Iran, then Iran
invaded Iraq
• 1 million casualties – stopped fighting when both
sides grew tired
• Both sides used chemical weapons against each
other
Iraq’s only access to Persian Gulf
IRAQ
IRAN
KUWAIT
• Iranian militia
woman
• What might this
suggest about
the fighting
during the IranIraq War?
Saddam Hussein and the Kurds
• Kurds - different ethnic group than the
Arabs of Iraq
• Nationalistic – sought their own country
• Saddam used chemical weapons against
the Kurds - genocide
– Killed 182,000 Kurds
– Created 400,000 Kurdish refugees
– After US forces capture Saddam in 2003, he
is given a public trial for war crimes and
sentenced to death.
– New Iraqi government executes Saddam by
hanging in 2006.
The Kurds
What part of Iraq due
the Kurds occupy?
Persian Gulf War
• Saddam Hussein ordered an invasion of
Kuwait.
Persian Gulf
Iraq Invasion of Kuwait
• Saddam ordered the invasion of Kuwait
accusing Kuwait of stealing Iraqi oil
through slant drilling into Iraq’s Rumaila oil
fields.
• The Iraqi Republican Guard and
mechanized divisions quickly overran
Kuwait capturing the army of Kuwait and
causing them to flee to Saudi Arabia.
• Saddam proclaimed Kuwait the 19th
province of Iraq.
Persian Gulf War
• UN Security Council demanded removal of
Iraqi troops from Kuwait
• When Saddam refused, the UN Security
Council imposed economic sanctions on
Iraq.
• A coalition of 34 nations led by the US,
UK, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt fought to
expel Iraq from Kuwait.
• Coalition of the Gulf War was successful
and pursued Saddam’s forces into Iraq.