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Emily McDonald
1607
 Year in which representatives of the Virginia Company
of London established the first permanent English
settlement in North America at Jamestown, Virginia.
Fundamental Orders of
Connecticut
 First written constitution in the colonies; document
that people had the right to elect governors, judges,
and a legislature. Was written by the people; the fact
that it was written down gave the document credibility.
Mayflower Compact
 Written in 1620 by male Pilgrims on the Mayflower.
Created government where none had existed based on
majority rule. A social contract where all agreed to
abide by these rules in the colonies.
Mercantilism
 Economic theory in which a nation’s wealth is based
on the amount of revenue is generated from its
colonies. The more gold and silver a nation has
determine its wealth.
Slave Trade
 The buying and selling of millions of Africans to North
America.
Triangular Trade Route
 Trade route from: Europe→AfricaAfrica→West
IndiesWest Indies→Europe
Plantation System
 System of agricultural production based on large scale
landownership; depended upon slave labor; Assisted
in the development of an agrarian society in the South
House of Burgesses
 First elected body of representatives in the American
colonies; met in Williamsburg, Virginia. Based on
Parliament.
New England Colonies
 Along the Atlantic Coast Subsistence farming Poor soil
Cold climate Forests Economic factors: raw materials,
logging, fishing shipbuilding. Political factors: town
meetings, representative government. Social factors:
small coastal towns (Boston only large city). Religious
factors: Puritans, Pilgrims
Middle Colonies
 Rich soil, Broad, deep rivers, More natural ports, River
valleys, Mild winters, Raw materials, Economic
factors: large farms, logging, fishing, shipbuilding,
Political factors: more tolerance; diversity, Social
factors small coastal towns (Philadelphia, Baltimore,
New York were large cities), Religious factors: Quakers,
Catholics
Southern Colonies
 Appalachian Mountains, Navigable rivers, Richer soil,
Warm climate, Raw materials, Economic factors:
plantations, cash crops, tobacco, rice, cotton, Political
factors: more slaves, penis, more class-based society,
Social factors and small coastal towns (Savannah,
Charleston were large cities), Religious factors: Church
of England, Catholics (Maryland), more diverse
Effects of Physical and Human Geographic
Factors on Major Historical and
Contemporary Events
 Physical geographic factors – proximity to Atlantic coastline determined where
settlements/colonies were created
 The NewEngland Middle colonies had access to waterways that resulted in high
population and larger urban areas.
 Southern colonies had an abundant amount of fertile soil that resulted in an agricultural
society
 Human geographic factors – removal of the Native Americans, disease and conflict (ex.
Georgia as a buffer between the other British colonies and Spanish Florida)
Great Awakening
 Religious movement in the 1730s and 1740s.
 Preached personal salvation as opposed to the Puritan beliefs of pre-
destination.
 JONATHAN EDWARDS – one of the best known preachers of the time
– his sermon, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” urged believers
to develop a personal relationship with God.
 This movement revitalized American religion by adding emotion. The
Abolitionist Movement began in response to the Great Awakening.
Benjamin Franklin
 Inventor, Scientist, Founding Father
 1706 – 1790
 Published Poor Richard’s Almanack; sayings in his book helped shape
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the American character, such as “early to bed, early to rise, makes a
man healthy, wealthy, and wise.
Founded the first public library in the colonies, supported education;
Post Master General for all the colonies
Scientist: Enlightenment: believed that through study and knowledge a
person could improve his position in life
Member of the committee that wrote the Declaration of Independence
Created the Albany Plan of Union – the first attempt to unite the
colonies during the French and Indian War
Considered to be the “first civilized American”
Invented the lightening rod, bifocal glasses, and the Franklin stove
William Penn
 William Penn established a colony in North America as a refuge for
Quakers. The land grant from the King was called “Pennsylvania” or
Penn’s Woods. Supported toleration of the Native Americans, freedom
of worship, welcomed immigrants, and did not require citizens to serve
in the militia.
 Believed that each person was equal and allowed them to elect their
own government officials.
Explain the reasons for the
development of representative
government in Colonial America
 Representative governments often develop to meet the
political, economic, and social needs of the people
who hold similar beliefs.
Major Eras and Events in U.S.
History – Colonial America
 Exploration and Colonization
 Establishment of the 13 colonies
 Representative Democracy
 Mercantilism
 Religious Freedom
What are some reasons for
European Exploration
Reasons for Exploration:
 Religion
 Wealth
 Fame
 National pride
 Curiosity
 Faster, cheaper trade routes to Asia
What are some reasons for
European colonization of North
America
Reasons for Colonization:
 Religious freedom
 Political freedom
 Economic opportunity (mercantilism)
 Social mobility
 A better way of life
Political reasons for establishing
the 13 English Colonies
Political Reasons for establishing the 13 English
Colonies:
 Political
 Competition with Spain and France who already had
many colonies in North America
 Increase trade and markets for English exports
(mercantilism)
 Source of raw materials
Religious reasons for establishing
the 13 English Colonies
 Religious reasons for establishing the 13 English
Colonies:
 Seeking religious freedom
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 Freedom from persecution for religious beliefs
Social reasons for establishing
the 13 English Colonies:
Social reasons for establishing the 13 English Colonies:
 Opportunity for adventure and a better way of life
 England was overcrowded and settlers desired their
own land
Reasons for Growth of Representative
Government and Institutions During the Colonial
Period
 Distance from England created a need for colonists to make their own
laws and keep peace and order
 Colonists were accustomed to English traditions and structures
(Parliament)
 Most colonies were self-governing, electing members of their
community to a general assembly, which made their laws
How did Religion and Virtue Contribute to the
Growth of Representative Government in the
American Colonies
 Religious freedom was a cause for the establishment of the American
colonies.
 Religious groups: Quakers, Pilgrims, Puritans, and others) creating
communities that were self-governed.
 Penn colony (Pennsylvania) was an experiment in the possibility of
equality and citizens involved in the government.
Effects of Political, Economic, and Social
Factors on Slaves During the Colonial
Period
Slaves During the Colonial Period:
 Political – no political voice; no rights
 Economic – labor of the Plantation System; considered
property; children considered property and sold with no
regard to parents
 Social – viewed as property; viewed as outside the
American identity
Effects of Political, Economic, and Social
Factors on Free Blacks During the
Colonial Period
Free Blacks During the Colonial Period:
 Political – no political voice; limited / restricted rights
 Economic – low wage earners
 Social – lowest social class; limited access to education;
socially isolated
Physical and Human Geographic
Factors on Colonization:
 Proximity to the Atlantic coastline determined where
settlements/colonies were created
 Human geographic factors – removal of the Native
Americans, disease and conflict; for example, Georgia
was a buffer between the other British colonies and
Spanish Florida
American Revolution Era, 1775 1783
 Taxation without Representation
 Boston Massacre
 Boston Tea Party
 Unalienable Rights
 Battles of Lexington and Concord, Saratoga, and Yorktown
 Declaration of Independence
 Articles of Confederation
1776
 Adoption of the Declaration of Independence
 *Main Author: Thomas Jefferson
 *Committee Included: Ben Franklin, John Adams,
Roger Livingston
 *“Common Sense”
 Written by: Thomas Paine
Causes of the American Revolution
 Proclamation of 1763
 Stamp Act
 Intolerable Acts
 Mercantilism
 Lack of representation in Congress
 British economic policies following the French and
Indian War
Proclamation of 1763
 British Parliament law; colonists were forbidden to
settle west of the Appalachian Mountains, *Britain
wanted a buffer zone between the colonists and the
Native Americans, but the colonists wanted to settle
the fertile Ohio River Valley
Stamp Act, 1765
 Required all legal documents and papers have an official stamp
showing that a tax had been paid.
 British used this to generate revenue to help cover the cost of the
French and Indian War;
 colonists reacted by rioting through groups such as the Sons of Liberty;
 Stamp Act Congress meets in October, 1765, to take action and ask
Parliament to repeal the act
Coercive / Intolerable Acts, 1774
British reaction to the Boston Tea Party
 Closed the port of Boston until tea was paid for
 Restructured Massachusetts government by taking away local control
 Troops were quartered in Boston and British officials accused of crimes
were sent to England or Canada for trial
 Colonists reacted by boycotting British goods
 First Continental Congress is formed, September, 1774
Mercantilism
 A system by which a nation increases its wealth and power by obtaining
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from its colonies gold, silver, and other raw materials.
It includes a favorable balance of trade.
The colonies became a source of raw materials for the mother country
(England.)
The colonies are expected to be the purchasers of manufactured goods
from the mother country.
Belief that a colony exists for the economic benefit of the mother
country.
Taxation without Representation
 Since the formation of the colonies, the colonists had set
up their own legislative assemblies.
 Colonists were unhappy about Britain’s insistence on the
supremacy of Parliament (taxation).
 The debate turned into one regarding representation in
Britain’s law-making body (Parliament).
 Britain argued that the colonies had “virtual
representation.”
Abigail Adams
 Wife of John Adams
 Served as John Adams’ confidant and support while he served in the
Continental Congress, when John and others were considering a
declaration of independence.
 Abigail reminded him to “remember the ladies”; take care of the
women who could not hold themselves bound by laws in which they
had no voice.
 Advocate for women’s rights.
John Adams
 Lawyer and politician
 Defended the British soldiers after the Boston Massacre
 A member of the Continental Congress (representing
Massachusetts)
 Strong supporter of independence
 Member of the committee that wrote the Declaration of
Independence
Wentworth Cheswell
 African American Patriot
 Like Paul Revere, he made an all-night ride back from
Boston to warn his community tof the impending
British invasion
 Served in the Continental Army
 Fought at the Battle of Saratoga
Sam Adams
 American Patriot
 Played a role in many of the events which contributed to
the Revolution
 Including: Sons of Liberty, organized opposition to the
Stamp Act and the Boston Massacre
 Member of the Continental Congress (representing
Massachusetts)
 Cousin to John Adams
Mercy Otis Warren
 Wife of a Massachusetts Patriot
 Anonymously wrote several propaganda pieces
supporting the Patriot cause
James Armistead
 *Slave in Virginia
 *Marquis de Lafayette recruited him as a spy for the Continental Army.
 *Posed as a double agent, forger and servant at British headquarters.
 *He moved freely between the lines with vital information on British
troop movements for Lafayette
 *Contributed to the American victory at Yorktown.
Benjamin Franklin
 *A member of the committee that wrote the Declaration of
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Independence.
*Spent most of the time during the American Revolution in France.
*He represented the colonies as the American envoy starting in 1776
and returned in 1785.
*He negotiated the alliance with France for support after the victory at
Saratoga.
*Member of the committee that negotiated the terms for the Treaty of
Paris in 1783 that ended the war.
Bernardo de’ Galvez
 *Spanish nobleman
 *Became governor of the Spanish province of
Louisiana (January 1777)
 *protected American ships in the port of New Orleans
 *helped transport war supplies
 *took up arms to fight the British and protect
Louisiana
Crispus Attucks
 African American male
 Unemployed dockworker in Boston, MA
 Became the first casualty (first to die) of the American
Revolution
 Shot and killed in what became known as the Boston
Massacre, March 5, 1770
King George III
 *King of England during the Revolutionary Era
 *Feared the loss of one group of colonies would lead to the
loss of others and the eventual decline of the empire.
 *To prevent this, the Crown maintained an aggressive
policy against colonial resistance.
 George III struggled to enforce royal authority throughout
his reign.
Haym Solomon
 Polish-born Jewish immigrant to America
 Played an important role in financing the American Revolution
 Arrested by the British as a spy
 Used by the British as an interpreter with their German troops
 Helped British prisoners escape and encouraged German soldiers to
desert the British Army
 Became a broker to the French consul and paymaster to French troops
in the American Revolution
Patrick Henry
 Member of the Virginia House of Burgesses
 Spoke against the Stamp Act
 Famous quote, “Give me liberty, or give me death!”
 During the American Revolution he served in the
Continental Army
Thomas Jefferson
 Virginian
 Early leader in the American Revolution
 Delegate to the Constinental Congress in Philadelphia in
1776
 Member of the committee that wrote the Declaration of
Independence
 Chief author of the Declaration of Independence
Marquis de Lafayette
 *French aristocrat who joined Washington and his troops
at Valley Forge, PA
 *Played a leading role in both the American and French
Revolutions
 *Respected the concepts of liberty and freedom and a
constitutional government
 *Commanded forces under George Washington as a majorgeneral in the Continental Army
Thomas Paine
 Propagandist
 Journalist
 In January, 1776, published a pamphlet, “Common
Sense”
 Persuaded many Americans to join the Patriot cause.
George Washington
 *Virginian
 *surveyor, planter
 *a soldier in the French and Indian War
 *a delegate to the First and Second Continental Congresses
 *commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the
American Revolution
Issues Surrounding Important
Events of the American Revolution
 Declaring Independence
 Writing the Articles of Confederation
 Battles of Lexington and Concord
 Battle of Saratoga
 Battle of Yorktown
 Enduring the winter at Valley Forge
 Signing the Treaty of Paris 1783
Declaration of Independence
 Reaction to King George III’s refusal to acknowledge the colonial
requests/demands, “dissolve the political bands” with Britain, provided
philosophy for the establishment of the new nation
 “…all men are created equal and endowed by their creator with unalienable
rights, that among these are life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness”
 Listed grievances against the King of England
 Written by Thomas Jefferson
 July 4, 1776
 Second Continental Congress; Philadelphia
Writing of the Articles of
Confederation
 Occurred at the Second Continental Congress
 Created a new form of government for the
independent colonies
 Included one branch – a Congress
 Each state had one vote
 Created a very weak government with no executive
Major Battles of the American
Revolution
 Lexington and Concord: Shot ‘heard round the world;
first battles of the American Revolution; April 19, 1775
 Saratoga: turning point of the war; France joined the
colonists after this victory, tipping the scales in their
favor
 Yorktown: surrender of Cornwallis to the British
Enduring the Winter at Valley Forge
Winter, 1777
 After suffering several defeats, Washington took his army to Valley
Forge for the winter of 1777
 Outbreak of small pox
 Martha Washington came to help care for the men
 The men were trained by Frederick von Steuben to become a more
professional army rather than militias
 Thomas Paine wrote “American Crisis” to encourage the men to stay
the course and follow through with the revolution to the end
Treaty of Paris, 1783
1783
 Peace treaty that ended the American Revolutionary War and
recognized American independence
 Great Britain gave up almost all of its land claims in North America
 Boundaries extended to Canada in the north, the Mississippi River in
the west, and Florida in the South
Colonial Grievances listed in the Declaration
of Independence and how those grievances
were addressed in the U.S. Constitution
Grievance in Declaration of Independence
Constitution
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Taxation without representation
All states have representation in Congress, which sets taxes
King has absolute power
Congress has the power to override Presidential veto
Colonists not allowed to speak out against the King
1st Amendment – Freedom of Speech
Quartering Act forced colonists to house troops
3rd Amendment – No quartering of Troops
allowed homes to be searched without warrants
4th Amendment – No unwarranted search & seizure
No trial by jury of peers
6th amendment—Speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury
7th amendment—Right of trial by jury
Unalienable Rights
Fundamental rights, or natural rights, guaranteed to
people naturally instead of by the law.
In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson
said these are the right to “life, liberty, and the pursuit
of happiness.”
Civil Disobedience
*The concept of refusing to follow laws within a community or ignoring
the policies and government of a state or a nation when a person
considers the laws unjust.
*Refusing to follow laws considered to be unlawful and/or
unconstitutional.
*Examples include boycotts, protests, refusal to pay taxes
*Boston Tea Party is an example of civil disobedience.
Different Points of View of Interest
Groups During the American
Revolution
 Loyalists – these were colonists who remained loyal to
the British monarchy and did not feel taxation was a
reason to declare independence or break away from
the mother country.
Different Points of View of Interest
Groups During the American
Revolution
 Patriots were colonists who favored breaking away
from Great Britain and becoming an independent
country
John Paul Jones
 Founder of the United States Navy
 Led raids on British vessels during the American
Revolution
 During a fight with a British vessel he was told to
surrender. Instead, Jones said, “I have not yet begun to
fight” and was able to defeat the attacking British ship.
French and Indian War
 Engraving of the Boston Massacre by Paul Revere
 March 5, 1770
 Event in which British soldiers fired into a crowd of unarmed citizens
of Boston
 Killed five
 This engraving was used as propaganda to encourage patriotic
sympathies and support for American Independence
 Paul Rever, a silversmith and engraver, was also a member of the
Boston Sons of Liberty
Yankee Doodle
 *Song sung by British military to mock the
unorganized colonial “Yankees” who served in the
French and Indian War with British soldiers.
 *The meaning of the song implies that the Americans
are so “simple” they think simply sticking a feather in a
cap would make them fashion leaders.