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Chem 1103: Lecture 1: The Growth of Oceanography and The Planet Oceans: Chaps 1 & 2 Administrative stuff Syllabus Website Grading Expectations Basic Math and Science - review Homework Project Field trip Responsible to read chapters and labs before class and bring the necessary items (calculator, rulers, colored pencils, graph paper etc.) What is Oceanography? Different types – biological, chemical, geological, physical Overlap between types Also strong connections with atmosphere, because wind and sun provide forcing and heat and gas exchange, also the DMS that causes cloud formation and adsorption of CO2 by plants in ocean Why bother? Why is it important? Exploration - long ago Military – lost battles (Spain vs. England), landings (D-Day), subs (US defense cold war) Commerce – lost ships due to storms, fastest routes (Ben Franklin) Coast – storms, loss of beaches and erosion Fishing –where to find fish, loss of fish stock Pollutants – fates and impacts - where they go, what happens to them, what problems do they cause Structures – stresses, corrosion Climate – weather and climate forecasts (also atmosphere) How to do Oceanography? Institutions: Scripps, WHOI, UW, Lamont, OSU Use ships – measure along track, leave moorings Also in polar regions leave moorings on ice and use ice camps Remote sensing from land stations, airplanes, and satellites History Not going to cover much of this, you guys read and are responsible for Developed from navigation, to descriptive, to scientific techniques Future Research supported by government, some industry (oil cos., Ocean Routes, Icecasting) Now using computer models to simulate physics and chemistry and biology Systems are complex and interactive, so need collaborative projects and interdisciplinary Scientific Method Procedure Question about Reality 1 Examination of available data Formulation of Hypothesis Making a Prediction Conduct a test Disagreement between expectations and observations Hypothesis fails Back to Formulation of Hypothesis Agreement between expectation and observation Hypothesis remains valid Back to Making a Prediction If one disagreement, hypothesis fails (or must be amended) Can’t break physical laws Example-? Scientific Notation Powers of ten, orders of magnitude, count the zeros or digits Graphs Plot the no. of days per month Density Mass per unit volume Example with ordering kids Gasses, liquids, solids: atmosphere, ocean, land Oceans Cover 71 % of the earth, 97% of the surface water Wet basketball break Core, Mantle, Crust Know the structure from earthquakes, variations in gravity and magnetism, release of heat Crust Outermost low density rich in silicon, aluminum, and oxygen Mantle To depth of 2900 km Hot dense rock Rich in iron, magnesium, silicon, and oxygen Core Innermost and largest portion – thickest layer Iron and nickel Outer core – 2200 km - liquid Inner core – 1300 km - solid Physical state determined by pressure and temperature Increasing pressure raises melting point 2 Increasing temperature provides additional energy to atoms and molecules of matter allowing them to move further apart and out of their crystal structure, causing material to melt Lithosphere – combined rocks of crust and outer rigid mantle where the pressure has raised the melting point above the ambient temperature and the rocks are solid Athenosphere – portion of mantle below lithosphere to ~350 km where the temperature is high enough to melt a fraction of the rocks causing them to be weak and flow plastically Mesosphere – mantle below the athenosphere where the pressure has raised the melting point of the ambient temperature and the rocks are rigid Outer core – liquid portion of the core where the temperature is higher than the melting point of the rock Inner core – solid part of the core where the pressure has raised the melting point of rock Three fluid spheres Hydrosphere – free water = ocean, lakes, rivers, snow, ice, water vapor, and ground water Atmosphere – gas around the earth – nitrogen and oxygen Biosphere – all living organisms Bathymetry = topography of ocean floor Continental Margin Submerged edge of continents Mainly sediment eroded from land Continental Shelf – flat (0.5o) to 130-200 m depth (500 m in Antarctic) Continental Shelf break – shelf turns to slope Continental Slope – steeper ~4o depth of 2-3 km Cut in places by submarine canyons Continental rise – sedimentary plain, flat (~1o) merges with deep ocean at 4 km Deep Ocean Basins Between continental margin and mid-ocean ridges Abyssal plains – flat sediment up to 1000 m thick Abyssal hills – domes and elongated hills < 1000 m high, volcanoes partially buried by sediment Seamont – submerged volcanos > 1000 m high Guyots – flat topped seamounts Trenches – steep long depressions, deepest parts, near volcanic island arcs, earthquakes Mid-Ocean Ridges Submarine ountain ranges Cover ~1/3 of ocean floor Extend 60,000 km around the earth Spreading centers Rift valley in middle where spreading occurs Geologically active Transform faults Boarded by faults Geologically active, earthquakes 3 Fracture zones – inactive parts of the transfer faults that extend beyond opposite sides on the ridges and across part of the basin End Bring Xerox of syllabus, survey, lab cover sheets etc Density items and tank Balls of 3 different substances Granite and basalt 4 Lecture 1: Chem 1113 Attendance is mandatory, contact me (email) before the class or bring doctor’s excuse Lab Reports Turned in at the end of the lab class Can tear pages out of the book, so you can write in it Include a cover page Write legibly Put your name on it Extra Credit If you are done early, you can start on other labs in the book Units We will use metric except where explicitly mentioned in book to use English units. 5 Isobath Rules Never cross At canyons, isobaths have V shapes, with the point of the V heading toward shallow water Isobaths separate depth zones completely Close spacing indicates steep slopes or abrupt changes in bathymetry/topography Widely spaced isobaths indicates gradual slopes or flat regions Isobaths close on themselves or run off the edges of charts 6