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Chapter 7
Politics and Society in the New
Republic, 1787-1820
The Political Crisis of the 1790s
• Thomas Jefferson vs. Alexander Hamilton
The Federalist Implement the Constitution
• Swept the election of 1788
• George Washington president
• John Adams vice president
Devising the New Government
• Executive department:
• Foreign Affairs (state)• Finance (treasury)• War• Judiciary Act of 1789-
The Bill of Rights
• Safeguarded fundamental personal rights like:
• This eased Antifederalists concerns of oppressive government
• Balance of national and state government
Hamilton’s Financial Program
• Enhance national authority and assist financiers and merchants
• Three path-breaking reports to Congress:
Public Credit: Redemption and Assumption
• Hamilton asked Congress to redeem at face value the $55 million in Confederation securities held by foreign
and domestic investors. Why?
• Created a “national debt” from paying wealthy speculators
• Accepted war debt from states
• Why was this criticized?
• How did he win political support in VA and MD?
Creating a National Bank
• Jointly owned
• Responsibilities:
• Thomas Jefferson and James Madison opposition
• Why?
Raising Revenue through Tariffs
• Raising revenue to pay interest
• Excise tax
• Whisky tax
• Higher protective tariffs vs. revenue tariffs
• Sold western land (Jefferson)
Jefferson’s Agrarian Vision
• The Federalists split into two factions
• Hamiltonians remained Federalists from the _______.
• Jeffersonians called themselves ___________ from the ______.
• The French Revolution 1789 helped Jefferson’s cause. How?
The French Revolution Divides Americans
• In 1793 President G. Washington issued the Proclamation of Neutrality
Ideological Politics
• Most Americans welcomed the Revolution. Why?
• Why did some condemn the Revolution?
• Whisky Rebellion created fear of domestic insurgency
• Washington raised army of 12,000 to disperse Whiskey Rebels
Jay’s Treaty
• Washington sent John Jay to England to protect merchant neutrality during war
• The U.S. -accepted Britain's right to stop neutral ships and required U.S. to pay pre-Revolutionary debt
• England• Federalists= pro-British foreign policy
The Rise of Political Parties
• The First Party System
• Most Americans were against parties. Why?
• John Adams (
) was elected president in 1796.
• The XYZ Affair 1798- French foreign prime minister Talleyrand solicited a loan and bribe from American
diplomats to stop the seizures.
• Effect:
Constitutional Crisis and the “Revolution of 1800”
• Naturalization Act
• Alien Act
• Sedition Act
• Republican outrage-
• Republicans set forth “states rights” interpretation of the Constitution
• States had a “right to judge” the legitimacy of national laws
The Election of 1800
• Thomas Jefferson (
) was elected president.
• Tie vote with Aaron Burr was a tie. Controversy similar to 2000 election.
• Significance-
The Westward Movement and Jeffersonian
Revolution
The Expanding Republic and Native American Resistance
Conflict over Land Rights
• Invoking the Paris treaty and regarding Britain's Indian allies as conquered peoples, the U.S. government
asserted both sovereignty over and ownership of the trans-Appalachian west, Indian nations rejected both
claims.
• Farmers moving to Indiana and Illinois territories sparked new conflicts with Native Americans.
Assimilation Rejected
Migration and the Changing Farm Economy
South Migrants
• Landlessness and opposition to slavery –
• Slaveholders from Carolinas• Increase in slavery; cotton gin
Innovation on Eastern Farms
The Jeffersonian Presidency
• Pirates in North Africa demanded tribute from merchants in the Mediterranean
• How was this issue resolved?
• Marbury vs. Madison (1803)• Reversing Federalist policies
• Alien and Sedition Acts
• Amended the Naturalization Act
• Shrinking government
• Abolished all internal taxes including Whiskey Tax
• Reduced size of army
• Repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801
Jefferson and the West
• Pinckney’s Treaty• Supported policies to make it easier for farmers to acquire land
The Louisiana Purchase
• Napoléon violated Pinckney’s Treaty
• Losing the Haitian Revolution
• Effect:
• Jefferson pragmatically accepted a loose interpretation of the Constitution
Secessionist Schemes
• Federalists threatened secession fearing western expansion
• Ex-vice president Aaron Burr conspired to seize territory in New Spain or establish LA as a separate nation
Lewis and Clark Meet the Mandan and Sioux
• 1804 Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore
• First maps with details of natural resources
The War of 1812 and the Transformation
of Politics
Conflict in the Atlantic and the West
• France and England blocked and seized American vessels trading the other
• English were involved in “impressment” of Americans
• 8000 American navy officers impressed
• Chesapeake attacked in 1803
The Embargo of 1807• Effect:
• James Monroe (
) elected in 1808
Western War Hawks
• England violates Treaty of Paris and Jay’s Treaty
The War of 1812
• Cause:
Federalist Oppose the War
• Why?
• By 1815, England grew tired of war
• Treaty of Ghent 1815
The Federalist Legacy
• After the war the Federalist split into 2 factions and eventually crumbled
Marshall’s Federalist Law
• John MarshallAsserting National Supremacy
• McCulloch vs. Maryland 1819• Gibbons vs. Ogden 1824-
Upholding Vested Property Rights
• Fletcher vs. Peck 1819• Dartmouth College vs. Woodward 1819-
The Diplomacy of John Quincy Adams
• The Adams-Onis Treaty 1819• Monroe Doctrine
• “Era of Good Feelings”