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Chapter 8 Launching A New Nation "First in war - first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen..." ◦ In 1799, Congressman Henry Lee said this about George Washington. ◦ Based on this quote, how do you think people felt about George Washington? The First President ◦ Inaugurated in April of 1789 Ceremony in which the President takes the oath of office ◦ The Executive Branch When Washington took office the government was very small 75 post offices, a few clerks, and 672 soldiers in the army Washington’s first job was to build a working government Congress passes laws setting up three departments for Washington Treasury State War Each department was to be led by a secretary that Washington would appoint Washington also appointed an Attorney General ◦ The first Cabinet Alexander Hamilton – Treasury Thomas Jefferson – State Henry Knox – War Edmund Randolph – Attorney General ◦ Over time, Washington met with these men regularly for advice They became known as the president’s cabinet Judicial Branch ◦ Judiciary Act of 1789 established a Supreme Court 3 circuit courts were also created as well as 13 district courts Main job of federal courts was to hear appeals from state courts ◦ John Jay – first Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Judicial Branch ◦ Judiciary Act of 1789 established a Supreme Court 3 circuit courts were also created as well as 13 district courts Main job of federal courts was to hear appeals from state courts ◦ John Jay – first Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court An Economic Crisis ◦ Revolution left the nation deeply in debt We owed $52 million Mostly in bonds Many bonds were sold by the original owners to speculators People who invest in something risky hoping to make a large profit Should the federal government pay off debts from states? ◦ No matter what, the government did not have enough money to operate Washington even had to borrow money from a friend to pay his moving expenses from Virginia to New York ◦ A National Bank Jefferson argued with Hamilton against this Jefferson said the Constitution does not give government the power to create a bank (strict interpretation) Hamilton said that the “necessary and proper” clause allowed government to do what it must to operate (loose interpretation) Was a bank unconstitutional? Either way, congress passed a law in 1791 establishing the bank, and the president signed it Even today, people debate on a loose or strict interpretation of the Constitution. ◦ A High Tariff Would raise money for the government and protect American businesses The tariff was never passed by congress The south argued that the tariff only benefited the north where industry was and would make the south pay more for goods which they needed Whiskey Rebellion ◦ Congress passed a tax on all whiskey in 1791 Many farmers turned the extra gains they had left into whiskey and sold it for a small profit Farmers compared it to the taxes the British had placed on the before the war Many farmers had protests and refused to pay In 1794 the farmers burned the house of the tax collector and marched in the streets of Pittsburgh ◦ Washington responded quickly He sent the militia to quell the uprising 13,000 troops The protestors scattered ◦ Very important event – Washington established the power of the federal government Hamilton’s Plan ◦ Alexander Hamilton had a plan to solve the money problem U.S. Government would pay off all state debts Create a National Bank to deposit government funds Place a high tariff on all goods coming into the country ◦ Paying the debt Huge problem, but it had to be done because it would build confidence in America Southerners opposed the idea of paying off the state debts Many of them had already paid theirs They reached a compromise Southerners would endorse Hamilton’s plan if the new capital were located in the south Political Parties Emerge ◦ Framers hoped that government leaders would rise above personal interests People did not refer to political parties, but rather factions Many leaders disliked the idea… at first Including Jefferson, Hamilton, Madison, and Washington Washington was very hostile to factions Despite Washington’s efforts, two political parties began to form One group supported Jefferson and Madison The other group supported Hamilton Republicans vs. Federalists ◦ Republicans Led by Thomas Jefferson Believed the people should have the power – strong state governments Emphasized agriculture Strict interpretation of the Constitution Opposed the national bank and protective tariffs Pro-French ◦ Federalists Led by Alexander Hamilton Believed the wealthy and educated should lead – strong national government Emphasized manufacturing, industry, and trade Loose interpretation of the Constitution Supported the national bank and protective tariffs Pro-British Election of 1796 ◦ Washington decides not to seek a third term as president Sets an important precedent ◦ Republicans choose Thomas Jefferson to run for office ◦ Federalists choose John Adams (was Washington’s vice president) ◦ In 1796 elections were different than they are today 2nd place candidate became the vice president ◦ Adams wins the election Jefferson becomes his vice president This leads to trouble over the next four years Homework: Page 297 # 1 all parts Do Now: Page 294 key terms and people Northwest Territory: ◦ At the end of the revolution, the US won the land north and west of the Ohio River to the Mississippi River. ◦ The British promised to remove their forts, but A DECADE LATER, were still there Northwest Territory: ◦ Native Americans wanted to keep their land ◦ Several Native American groups joined together ◦ Many Native Americans refused to sell their land to Americans. The Americans believed the future country depended on this land Native Americans were attacking American settlers. By 1790, Washington sent troops to end the attacks. The Americans were defeated The following year, Washington sent a larger amount of soldiers, but again were defeated ◦ Over 900 soldiers were killed or wounded Wayne was a Revolutionary War hero He defeated the Native Americans in the Battle of Fallen Timbers By 1795, the Treaty of Greenville gave most of the Native Americans’ land up to the Americans (present day Ohio). Most of the Americans were supportive of the French Revolution when it began (1789) ◦ They felt the French were following in America’s footsteps A few years later, a period called the Reign of Terror made the French Revolution more controversial in the US French revolutionaries executed 17,000 people, including the king and queen Federalists view: bloodthirsty monsters Republicans(Jefferson) view: sometimes injustices are to be expected when people are oppressed US declares neutrality ◦ We wanted to trade with both Both countries saw this as a benefit to the other country Both sides began stopping US ships and seizing their cargo British began impressment of American sailors They purchase 75% of American exports and supply 90% of American imports Washington sends John Jay to London, he returns with the Jay Treaty ◦ Americans agree to pay debts to the British ◦ British agree to pay for the American ships it had seized, withdraw its troops from the Northwest territory (FINALLY), and stop aiding Native Americans Republicans: ◦ Angered because they were giving up too much in receipt of too little Federalists: ◦ Liked the fact that we were keeping peace with Britain Since Federalists controlled the Senate, Jay treaty won approval Read pages 295-296 minimum 1 paragraph (at least 8 sentences) ◦ Decide if you are a Federalist or a Republican (look back at page 291) ◦ Describe your beliefs ◦ Describe how you and your party feel about the Jay Treaty No Homework! Do Now: ◦ Please take out last night’s homework ( page 297 1 a & b) ◦ Please also have out your paragraphs from yesterday (Choose to be a Federalist or Republican and explain how you feel about the Jay Treaty) Chapter Do 8 test Friday Now: ◦ Make sure to hand in your Farewell Address! ◦ Page 298 key terms and people Definition: ◦ John Adams sends 3 people to France to meet with French officials (X, Y, Z) ◦ French officials demanded a $250,000 bribe plus a loan for several million dollars Cause: ◦ French were angry over America’s Jay Treaty with Britain. ◦ French attacked US ships over this and the US neutrality Effect: ◦ American Reactions: “War Fever” – Federalists wanted to declare war on France ◦ Adams’s action: Convinced Congress to increase size of army and navy Sent new mission – Napoleon stopped seizing ships Define: ◦ Increased the time an immigrant had to wait to become a citizen (14 years) ◦ President could deport any “alien” considered dangerous Define: ◦ Made it a crime for anyone to write or say anything negative about the President, Congress or government Cause: ◦ “War Fever” made federalists and Republicans split farther apart ◦ Federalists feared French immigrants – suspected them of bringing dangerous ideas Effect: (Republican view) ◦ Sedition act targeted the republicans – it took away their first amendment (free speech) ◦ It violated the Constitution Define: ◦ Written by James Madison (Virginia) and Thomas Jefferson (Kentucky) ◦ Stated that the Alien & Sedition Acts were unconstitutional and states could nullify a law passed by Congress Nullify: deprive of legal force Cause: ◦ The Supreme Court did not have power to declare law unconstitutional Effect: What happened to the resolutions? ◦ Had little immediate impact – no other state supported it ◦ Boosted state’s rights in the future 4 Define the Term 14 Matching Key Terms and People 10 Multiple Choice 4 Open Ended Short Responses Homework: ◦ Complete classwork – page 304 1-9, 12-14 Do Now: Please copy down the following questions, leave room to answer completely ◦ How did Americans respond to internal and external challenges? ◦ How did president Washington set the course for the new nation? ◦ How did two political parties form? ◦ How did problems with France intensify the split between Republicans and Federalists? ◦ How did the actions of Britain and France affect the US?
