Download What is Personality Disorder???

FEM4105
Psychology of Personality & Human Dynamics
BS(PM)-PJJ
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
& PSYCHOTHERAPY
Week 14
INSTRUCTOR:
SITI NOR BINTI YAACOB, PhD.
[email protected]/012-2841844
*A kind of psychological disorder that can be distinguish by its
rigid and on-going patterns of feeling, thinking, and behavior
which often lead to serious personal and social difficulties, as
well as a general functional impairment in negative tone, such
as aggressive, withdrawal, antisocial or neurotic.
*A pervasive pattern of experience and behavior that is abnormal.
*Most personality disorders begin as problems in personal
development and character which peak during adolescence and
then are defined as personality disorders.
*Rigid and invasive in many condition as such behavior is egosyntonic, that is the pattern consistent with person’s ego
integrity, due to their past childhood experience.
*The individual just felt that is appropriate, and just diagnosed as
disorder when their behavior become unbendable, maladaptive
and disruptive.
2
*Great difficulty dealing with others
due to their rigidity, narrow in
vision of the world, and view their behavior as “normal” or “right”.
*The DSM-IV-TR: Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders (APA,2000):
*“An enduring pattern of inner experience
and behavior that deviates markedly from
the expectation of the individual’s culture,
is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset
in adolescence or early adulthood, is
stable over time and leads to distress or
impairment.”
3
* Paranoid Personality Disorder
* Schizoid Personality Disorder
* Schizotypal Personality Disorder
* Antisocial Personality Disorder
* Borderline Personality Disorder
* Histrionic Personality Disorder
* Narcissistic Personality Disorder
* Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCD)
* Dependent Personality Disorder
4
*Often distrust others and regular and continuous
suspicious of other people intentions and motives.
*Feel they are much better than others, i.e. have
better knowledge and abilities, thus they usually
avoid close relationships with other people.
*Always searching for hidden meanings and read
antagonistic intentions in other people behavior.
*Often appears cold and aloof, and quick to
challenge their friends and loved ones
faithfulness.
*Like to blame others, as well as have long and
severe resentment towards others.
5
*Avoid relationships and do not show much
emotion
*Their social skills are often weak and they do not
show a need for attention or acceptance from
other
*They prefer to be alone and do not seek
popularity
*When looking for jobs, their tendency is to find
types of occupation that require little social
contact
*“Loners”- i.e. other people often perceived them
as distant and humorless
6
*Represents a type of mild schizophrenia.
*Often seek isolation from others
*Have odd forms of views, thinking and perceiving
than others
*Often believe own have ‘superpower’ or sixth
sense ability
*Have very short attention span for long periods of
time.
*Often engaging and exhibiting eccentric behavior
*Difficulty in verbal communication (speech) and
sometimes difficult to follow.
7
*Lack of conscience.
*Prone to criminal/delinquent behavior, believing
that their victims are weak and deserving of being
taken advantage of.
*Tend to cheat, steal and lie.
*Usually act without thinking, and often have hasty
attitudes towards money and wealth – develop
‘easy come easy go’ attitude.
*Do not think or care about other people needs.
They are more concern about what they want.
*Often behave aggressively.
8
*Display unstable mood and have poor self-
image, i.e. they tend to be short-tempered and
have constant mood swings.
*Often injure themselves due to their constant
feelings of anger (short-tempered) and selfblame.
*Suicidal ideation, intention, threats and actions
are not uncommon.
*Quick to reach in aggressively when what they
want are not met (fulfilled) accordingly.
9
*Constant attention seekers and be the center of
attention
* Often interrupt others from talking, just so
they can dominate the conversation
* Want others to praise them, so use bombastic
and grandiose language to describe everyday
events
*To gain attention, dress provocatively or
exaggerate illnesses
*May exaggerate friendships and relationships
with others to believe that they are being loved
and liked by everyone
*Very manipulative in nature
10
*Very self-centeredness, self is more important
than anything or anyone else.
*Like to be the centre of attention and be
praised by others.
*Exaggerate their achievements and hope others
aware about their accomplishment and
superiority
*Expecting they are superior than others, choosy
about who to be friend.
*Tend to make good impression, yet have
difficulty to maintain long-lasting relationships
*Like to take advantage on other people as more
care about own feeling than the others
11
*Similar to obsessive-compulsive anxiety
disorder
*Too focused or overly obsess on orderliness and
perfection, as well as wanting everything to be
“right”
*Their need to do everything “right” and
perfect often interferes with their productivity
*Obsession may cause them to loose out bigger
picture, as focus too much on the minute
details
12
*Need to be taken care of 
like to cling to people and
fear losing them
*They set unreasonably high standards for themselves
and others and tend to be very critical of others when
they do not live up to these high standards.
*Tendency to have suicidal inclination if some awful
event occurs, e.g. break-up in relationship
*Prefer others to make decision for them as they are
afraid of making mistakes
*Often have many relationship with other
*Although being abused, still remain as often felt
helpless and depressed
*Over-sensitivity
*Do not like team-work as believe other incompetent
*Difficulty in expressing their emotion
13
14
*The assessment and resolving problems relating
to human behavior which includes emotions,
overt behavior and thinking.
*The work of healing emotional pain and often
employed by mental health professionals to assist
individuals with emotional and behavioral
disorder.
*Techniques and methods used to help children
and adolescent who are experiencing difficulties
with emotion and behavior.
*For severe case, psychotherapy is often used in
combination with other treatments (medication,
behavior management or work with the school).
15
*Treatment may range from several hours of therapeutic
sessions to several years, rely upon complexity and severity
of client problems.
*Counseling brings about awareness and decision, while
psychotherapist assists patient in creating an ‘environment
filled with activities’ (process) that can produce change in
the client (patient).
*Assist people solve their problems, achieve goals, and
manage their lives.
*Communication (conversation) as basic tool in treating a
person’s feelings and behavior, e.g. 2-way communication
disclose roots of problem and enable client more understand
about themselves.
*Active process that demand both parties to give complete
concentration, energy, and commitment, but not magic to
show vast improvement.
*Process: check medical and family
history, perform physical
16
assessment, confirm information and make diagnosis.
*Goals for therapy may be specific
*change in behavior,
*improved relations with friends or family
*more general, such as less anxiety, better selfesteem, etc.
*The length of psychotherapy? Depends!!!!
17
*Why is psychotherapy being recommended?
*What are some of the results I can expect to see?
*How long will my child be involved in therapy?
*How frequently will the doctor want to see my child?
*Will the doctor be meeting with just my child or the entire
family?
*How much do psychotherapy sessions cost?
*How will we (the parents) be informed about our child’s
progress and how can we help?
*How soon can we expect to see some changes?
18
*Mood disorders (e.g. depression, bipolar disorder)
*Anxiety disorders (e.g. obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-
traumatic stress disorder, phobias, panic disorders)
*Eating disorders (e.g. bulimia, anorexia nervosa, obesity)
*Problems linked with substance abuse (e.g. drugs, alcohol)
*Problems associated to life conditions and events (e.g. loss and
grief, marital problems, abuse, traumatic events, problem
with elder parents and children)
*Mental and emotional problems related to non-psychiatric
medical illness (e.g. personality problem, sexual problem,
insomnia, lack of interpersonal skills, difficulties in developing
intimate relationships, work-based problem)
*Severe mental illness (e.g. schizophrenia,
psychotic disorder)
19
*Sharing feelings and resolving problems:
*Verbal communication (talking)
*Playing
*Drawing
*Building
*Pretending
*Decision on sessions needed depend on child’s
current problems, history, level of development,
ability to cooperate.
*Most crucial is relationship built between therapist
and patient so the trust make easier for child to
20
express if they felt safe and
comfortable.
* Behavioral Therapy/Behavior Modification
* Client-Centered/Person-Centered Therapy
* Cognitive Therapy
* Dialectical/ Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)
* Psychodynamic Psychotherapy (Psychoanalytic)
* Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
* Therapy methods:
* Individual Therapy: one-to-one basis treatment
* Group therapy: therapist guide few people with similar problem
* Family Therapy or Couples Therapy: thrash out and solve problem
* When is needed?
* People surrounding suspect something is not quite right with their
behavior and emotions
* Through proper examination and evaluation by physician or
21
psychiatrist.
Types of Psychotherapy
Behavioral Therapy
or Behavior
Modification
• Also known as Behavior Modification technique
• Emphasize on rewards and punishments concept to change
thinking patterns and shape behavior
• Used to tackle client’s specific behaviors, which requires
replacing negative or harmful behavior to the positive once.
• Substitute by rewards, reinforcement, and desensitization.
• In desensitization, patient must face elements/ factors that
cause their problem, i.e. overcome their fear and discomfort
• Obsessive compulsive disorder patient who fears of germs and
keep wash their hands can be trained relax, not wash hand
• Patient learn how to get more fulfillment and incentives
through own behavior and how to unlearn the unwanted.
• Cooperation from other people, such as family and friends is
very much needed to reinforce the desired behavior.
Client-Centered or
Person-Centered
Therapy
• Counseling therapy technique based on Carl Rogers
perspective in solving emotional and personality disorder.
• Belief all human being have authority on lives, and the nature
is inherently constructive and social.
• No judgment in client’s narration, let client talk and in the
process sort through their thoughts, feelings, ideas and
choices creatively. 22
• Unconditional positive environment, compassion and trust by
therapist, encourage transparency, etc. change in the person.
Types of Psychotherapy
Cognitive Therapy
• More emphasis on cognitive components
• Aims to assist patients awareness, and change their thinking
patterns which considered as negative and harmful.
• Patient will search for and identify the correct thinking
patterns.
• Therapist assists client to modify his or her belief along a
positive path, so as to make it less rigid or extreme.
Cognitivebehavioral therapy
(CBT)
• Recognize importance of both cognitive and behavioral
components in their therapy.
• Help client to recognize their own negative thought patterns
and behaviors.
• Once identified, help patient restore them with positive one.
• Most popular therapy used in treating depression, either using
it alone or in combination with medication.
• Main purpose is to diminish anxiety and depression by
removing negative beliefs and thoughts relate to problem
Rational Emotive
Behavior Therapy
(REBT)
• Formally known as rational therapy/ rational emotive therapy
• A comprehensive, philosophically and uses an action-oriented
approach which created by Albert Ellis to lead happier lives.
• Focuses on person’s ability to handle and ‘create’ their
23
emotions, conquer the past and focus on present, power to
select and put into appropriate actions to current patterns
Types of Psychotherapy
Psychodynamic
Psychotherapy
(Psychoanalytic)
• Based on Freud’s Psychoanalytic perspectives where human
mental well-being were said to be influenced by human
unconscious conflicts, significant childhood experiences, and
painful emotions that are veiled in the rear of an array of
defense mechanisms.
• Thus, based on the principles of psychoanalysis, human
behavior is determined by one’s past experiences, genetic
factors and current situation.
• To assist patient to understand themselves better.
• Patients are made to be aware of their emotions and their
unconscious motivation or conflict.
• Therapist may also bring patient “backward”, i.e. revisit
their past experience that might have some influence on
their current behavior, if therapist feels that is crucial for
patient to understand how some unpleasant early experience
have left them with low self-esteem, an incomplete feelings
or excessive anxiety that interferes with their present life.
• Therapist assists client ‘reveal’ unconscious motivations,
unsolved problems that were rooted since their early
childhood, and make them realize how those motivations
affect their present behavior and emotions.
24
• Takes very lengthy process,
and make take several years for
patient to recover.
* Personality play major roles in determining the CONSISTENCY
& DYNAMIC nature of attitude, feeling and behavior.
* Personality is the factor that people differ
* Personality can be abnormal and this is the role of
psychotherapy
25