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Ch. 2 (Sec. 2)
Ancient Egypt
I. Nile River
“Giver of Life” “Gift of the Nile”
A. 4,160 miles long
* longest river in world
Hymn To The Nile
“If the Nile smiles the earth
is joyous, every stomach
is rejoicing.”
B. Neolithic people settle Nile Valley
6000 years ago
C. Natural Barriers
* protected from invasion
Libyan Desert Red Sea
Nubian Desert Med. Sea
Cataracts *rapids
D. Sinai Peninsula
connects Egypt & Western Asia
E. Kemet Black Land (black soil)
name given to Ancient Egypt
Egypt “House of the Spirit”
(Aegyptus)
*Greeks gave Egypt it’s name
II. 2 Kingdoms of Ancient Egypt
A. Upper Egypt
Land upstream to south
Cobra *symbol
* White Crown
B. Lower Egypt
closest to Med. Sea
Vulture *symbol
*Red Crown
C. Menes 3100 BC
*1st Pharaoh of Egypt
united 2 kingdoms
1. Pharaoh Great House
son of Amon-Re *Sun God
2. Memphis *1st capital city
“City of White Walls”
3. Dynasty
family of rulers
passing of crown based on heredity
30 Egyptian Dynasties
4. Vizier “steward of the whole land”
chief administrator & judge
5. Nomes
42 Egyptian provinces
III. Periods of Ancient Egyptian History
A. Old Kingdom 2700 BC - 2200 BC
1. Pyramid Age
*greatest period of Egyptian History
90 Pyramids still stand
2. Step Pyramid at Sakkara 2650 BC
*world’s oldest building
Pharaoh Zoser (or Djoser) “The Most Sacred One”
Imhotep *architect Step Pyramid
3. Great Pyramid at Giza
Pharaoh Khufu 2450 BC
2,300,000 stone blocks / 5,000 lbs. each
481 ft. high covers 13 acres
Stone
Sarcophagus
Great
Pyramid
4. Sphinx “Guardian of Sacred Places”
lions body & human head
Pharaoh Khafre *face on Sphinx?
B. Middle Kingdom 2050 BC - 1800 BC
Golden Age
1. Mummification for lower classes
2. Canal links Nile & Red Sea
3. Thebes “City of a 1,000 Gates”
*2nd capital city
4. Hyksos Princes of the Desert
*1st invasion of Egypt 1652 BC
crossed Sinai Peninsula
Horses & War Chariots
5. Tale of Sinhue
basis for: Sinbad the Sailor
C. New Kingdom 1570 BC - 1090 BC
Empire Age
1. Queen Hatshepsut “Queen Pharaoh” 1473 BC – 1458 BC
*1st female ruler in history
wore ceremonial beard
2. Thutmose III “Napoleon of Egypt”
empire reaches its greatest size
conquers Syria & Persia
Obelisks “symbol of the sun”
pointed stone pillars
3. Amenhotep IV “The Heretic” 1353 - 1336 BC
religious revolution
Polytheism to Monotheism
many gods
one god
Aton provider of entire world (new god)
sun disc *symbol
Akenaton
It goes well with Aton
Amenhotep changed his name to this
Amenhotep
4. Queen Nefertiti “The beautiful one that has come”
wife of Amenhotep IV
restored polytheism?
5. King Tutankhamen 1332 - 1322 BC
King Tut / Boy King
died at age 18
Howard Carter 1922 AD
discovered Tut's Tomb
at Valley of Kings
3,200 years untouched
5,000 works of art
Howard Carter
Curse of the Pharaohs
death to those who enter the tomb
Lord Carnarvon, who funded the Tutankhamun excavation
in 1922, died a year later. As he died, the lights in Cairo
failed and his dog back home howled.
"It's a curse!" superstitious people claimed.
Lord Carnarvon
6. Ramses II “Ramses the Great”
strongest of Pharoahs 1304 BC – 1237 BC
war vs. Hittites
1st written treaty in history 1280 BC
Moses 1263 BC
*led Hebrew Exodus from Egypt
7. Civil Wars 1090 BC
power declines / allowed invasions
Sea Peoples
Assyrians
Persians
8. Alexander the Great 331 BC
conquered Egypt
9. Cleopatra 31 BC
*last Pharaoh of Egypt
Alexandria
*3rd capital city and last of Ancient Egypt
Lighthouse at Alexandria
Augustus Caesar
defeated Cleopatra
Egypt became Province of Rome
IV. Egyptian Gods
1. Amon-Re Sun God
2. Osiris God of Nile & underworld
judge of the dead
3. Isis wife of Osiris
brought him back to life
4. Horus Falcon god
God of Heaven
5. Anubis god of embalming
jackal head
6. Hapi god of Nile flooding
B. Maat
*divine cosmic principle of universe
keeps truth & justice in world
sacred animals:
cat, bull, crocodile, & scarab beetle
C. Life after Death
Book of the Dead
Spells & prayers
Negative confession
Good actions
Osiris weighed your sins using a feather
Feather *symbol of truth
Happy Field of Food
*Egyptian Heaven
Eater of Dead
destroyed soul if bad
D. Mummification
Embalming & drying corpse
Physical body & Ka spiritual body
Canopic Jars
held internal organs
Natron salt used to dry body
Hatshepsut
Nefertiti
V. Social Classes
A. Pharaoh
B. Priests & Nobles
C. Middle Class
merchants
artisans
doctors
skilled workers
D. Peasants
E. Slaves
VI. Accomplishments
A. Hieroglyphics “Sacred Signs”
system of writing
pictograms symbols for words 700
ideograms
Rosetta Stone 1799
Jean Champollion
translated stone
Champollion
B. Papyrus
reed used make paper
Papyrus
C. Engineering * greatest builders ancient times
D. Heliopolis “City of the Sun”
center for learning