Download Ch 11 – Gender, Sex and Sexuality PRESENTATION

Gender, Sex and Sexuality
AP Psychology
Alice F. Short
Hilliard Davidson High School
Chapter Preview
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Defining Sex and Gender
Theories of Gender Development
Gender Differences
Sexual Orientation
Sexual Behaviors and Practices
Sexual Variations and Disorders
Sexuality and Health and Wellness
• sex - properties that determine
male or female
– 23rd pair of chromosomes: XY or XX
• pair of genes
Defining
Sex
– gonads = glands (part of endocrine system)
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ovaries (either side of abdomen)
testes (in scrotum, the pouch of skin below the penis)
gonadal hormones: estrogens or androgens
gametes – the ova and sperm  will be used in
reproduction
– internal reproductive structures
– hormone levels
• females: more progesterone and estrogen
• males: more androgens (common = testosterone)
– DOCUMENTARY: It’s a Girl
Defining Sex
• external genitalia
– female: vulva
• mons pubis – a fleshy area just above the vagina
• labia – lips surrounding the vaginal opening
• clitoris – a small sensory organ at the top where the labia meet
– male
• penis
• scrotum
• secondary sex characteristics (at puberty) – traits that
differ between the two sexes but are not part of the
reproductive system
– breasts
– facial hair
• sex may not equal psychological experience (gender)
Female and Male Internal Sex Organs
and External Genitalia
Fig 11.2, p. 347
Pubertal Growth
Fig 11.3, p. 347
Defining Gender
• gender - social and psychological aspects of being
female or male
– goes beyond biological sex
– includes a person’s understanding of the meaning to
his or her own life of being male or female
• gender identity – an individual’s multifaceted
sense of belonging to the male or female sex
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masculinity (instrumentality)
femininity (expressiveness)
androgyny (both)
undifferentiated (neither)
COMFORT: pressure to conform
Defining Gender: Masculine vs. Femine
• gender identity
– masculinity (instrumentality)
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assertive
brave
independent
dominant
– femininity (expressiveness)
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nurturing
warm
gentle
sensitive to others
– androgyny (both)
– undifferentiated (neither)
A SHORT Time to Ponder
• How do you feel about the characteristics
associated with being masculine or feminine?
Sexual Development
• embryonic development of gonads and genitalia
– SRY gene  testes  androgens  male physiology
– female is “default” condition
• gender differences in regards to the brain
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size of brain parts
function of brain parts
corresponding cognitive function
which part of brain involved in particular behaviors
INTERSECTION
Gender and Neuroscience: Are There
His and Hers Brains
p. 349
Sexual Development
• Disorders of Sexual Development
– formerly called intersex conditions / hermaphroditism
– congenitally atypical chromosomal, gonadal, or
anatomical development
– questions of relation of DSD to gender development
– CASE STUDY:
• Researcher: John Money… “success” story
• John/Joan (p. 350)
• Book: As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a
Girl, by John Polapinto
• Conclusion: 2004 suicide
Sexual Development:
Transgender Experience
• transgender – experiencing one’s psychological
gender as different from one’s physical sex, as in the
cases of biological males who identify as female, and
biological females who identify as male
• Gender Identity Disorder (GID) – strong, persistent
cross-sex identification and a continuing discomfort
with, or sense of inappropriateness of, one’s assigned
sex
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not considered a disorder in France or Great Britain
gender dysphoria – distress over one’s born sex
sex reassignment surgery
cannot have experienced disorder of sexual development
(DSD)
– distress must interfere with daily life
Gender Development: Biological
• Biological Accounts
– genes, gonads, hormones (esp. prenatal
hormones), brain structures and functions
– behavioral difference in newborns and infants
– 1-day-old girls: human face
– 1-day-old boys: mobile made out of face
Gender Development: Evolutionary
• Evolutionary Accounts
– sexual selection – according to Darwin’s theory of
evolution, the differentiation between the male
and female members of a species because of the
differences between the two in competition and
choice
– selection pressures for gendered behaviors
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competition for mate (usually by male)
preferences/choice for quality mate (usually by female)
reproductive challenges: quality v. quantity
human infants = helpless  adaptive for men to invest
in their offspring
• is it mine? (younger ladies)
Gender Development: Social Cognitive
• Social Cognitive Accounts
– experience influences sense of gender
– socialization (rewards, punishments, modeling)
– Albert Bandura – modeling is an especially potent
mechanism for transmitting values
– gender schema (mental framework)
– gender-nonconforming behavior
• peers = harsher than family after age 6
– DOCUMENTARY: Miss Representation
• (You can’t be who you can’t see.)
A SHORT Time to Ponder
• In what ways in your life have you been
encouraged to behave more like your sex?
What do you see in society?
Gender Development: Social Role Theory
• Social Role Theory
– Alice Eagly
– division of labor
• natural differences become expected/valued differences
• gender roles – expectations for how females and males
should think, act and feel
• gender stereotypes – overly general beliefs and
expectations about what women and men are like
• institutional structures
• patterns of opportunity that perpetuate gender differences
– women have resources  less likely to prefer men with resources
– TED Talks: Sheryl Sandberg
– Fig. 11.5: Summary of Gender and Gender
Development Theories on p. 357
A SHORT Time to Ponder
• Look at the table on p. 357. Which perspective
do you think is MOST correct? Why?
Gender Differences
• Who are more ___________?
• For each adjective on the next slide, answer as
quickly as you can with either “men” or
“women”.
Gender Differences
• Who are more . . .
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assertive
rational
emotional
aggressive
strong
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sexually adventurous
creative
reserved
verbal
active
Gender Differences
• Cognitive Differences
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math and science?
verbal performance (female advantage)
visuospatial ability (male advantage)
general intelligence (no advantage)
• Differences due to:
– social expectations and support v. evolved roles
– gender similarities hypothesis – Janet Shibley Hyde’s
proposition that men and women (and boys and girls)
are much more similar than they are different
A SHORT Time to Ponder
• Is the career you are interested in pursuing
going to give you the life you want?
• Do you have a role model that holds that
career?
Gender Differences
• Differences in Aggression
• overt aggression (physical/verbal harm)
– males more than females
• relational aggression (harm social standing w/ females)
– females more than males
– severely damaging psychologically
• why the difference?
– testosterone?
– evolutionary pressures?
– socialization?
• conduct disorder – a pattern of offensive behavior that
violates the basic rights of others (3x more like in boys)
Gender Differences
• Differences in Sexuality (p. 360-361- Inquiry)
– females more selective in regards to casual sex
• “bed” = none, “apartment” = very few, “going out” = 50%
– males more often aroused, stronger sex drive, less fidelity
• “bed” = 75%, “apartment” = 70%, “going out” = 50%
– women more likely to engage in bisexuality or be aroused
by bisexual stimuli; show changes in their sexual
patterns/desires
• Explanations:
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biological - genetic/hormonal differences
evolutionary - sexual selection
social cognitive - learned behavior
social role - culturally constructed
Sexual Orientation
• sexual orientation - direction of erotic
interests - refers to more than just sexual
behavior
• Orientations: (operational definition matters)
– heterosexual (90% of population)
– homosexual (1500 animal species)
• 2-10% of population, greater in males
• exists in every culture (no matter how intolerant)
– bisexual
• Lisa Diamond (2008) – stable bisexual identity
• orientation does change  behavior often does (stable
relationships)
A SHORT Time to Ponder
• “In some cultures, engaging in same-sex
sexual activity is not viewed as an indication of
the person’s identity, but in Western societies,
there is a strong belief that sexual orientation
is a stable personal attribute.”
• Why do you think this is the case?
Sexual Orientation
• Orientation is not influenced by…
– being reared by a gay parent
– parenting style
– childhood sexual experimentation
Origins of Sexual Orientation
• Thinking critically about sexual orientation:
– probably not a single cause
– within-group variation
– research challenges such as recruitment
• gay pride events… what problem?
– meaning of cross-sex similarities
• gay men are men
• lesbian women are women
– consideration of more than just homosexuality
Sexual Orientation
• Orientation is influenced by
– genetics
• 35% in men
• 19% in females
– corpus callosum thickness and hemispheric symmetry (in
general)
• heterosexual men and lesbians have larger right hemispheres
• heterosexual women and gay men have similar patterns of similarity
• gay men have thicker corpus callosum
– prenatal hormones
• 2D:4D ratio
– women have the same length
– men / “butch” lesbian women have a ring finger longer than their pointer
(male prenatal androgens)
– ACTIVITY: Look at your hands!!!
– cognitive factors
– social factors (gender non-conforming behavior)
• gender non-conforming more predictive in boys… why?
Gay and Lesbian Functioning
• similarities to heterosexual population
– attitudes, psychological adjustment
• difference from heterosexual population
– hobbies, activities, occupations
• coping with prejudice and discrimination
– 1984: 24% knew someone gay; 2006: 70% knew
someone gay
– Generation Next (1981-1988): 58% homosexuality
should be accepted, just under ½ thought same-sex
marriage should be legal
– coming out
Gay and Lesbian Functioning
• Relationships
– report greater satisfaction than heterosexuals
• kids  reduce happiness / relationship satisfaction
– more likely to end relationships than
heterosexuals
• legal tie of marriage  associated with relationship
stability
• Families
– less likely to have children
– children of gay couples have not shown
differences from other children
American Psychological Association
• “… the American Psychological Association
issued a press release supporting ay marriage
and opposing discrimination against gay men
and lesbian women in matters such as
parenting, adoption, and child custody.”
(2004)
Sexual Behavior
• What constitutes sexual behavior?
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infidelity or loss of virginity
activities involved in reproduction
arousal and sexual response
unusually intimate and personal activity as defined by
the participants
• What do you think constitutes sexual behaviors?
Does that definition change when you think
about cheating?
A SHORT Time to Ponder
• What do you think most people in your peer
group would define as sexual behavior?
Sexual Behavior: Kinsey Scale
• Kinsey’s (1948) research (father of sexology)
– 12% men, 7% women = bixsexual
– are most people promiscuous or faithful?
• 50% men = unfaithful
• later research: 85% women, 75% men = faithful
Sexual
Behavior
• does marriage decrease sexual activity? p. 370
• what percentage of the population are virgins?
– aged 15-44: men 10%, women 8%
– aged 25-44: 3%
• how often do we have sex (on average)? who masturbates the
most?
– men (per month):
• vaginal intercourse: 5 times
• masturbation: 4.5 times
• oral sex: 2 times
– Women (per month)
• vaginal intercourse: 5 times
• masturbation: fewer than 2 times
• oral sex: 2 times
Sexual Response Pattern
Human Sexual Response Pattern, William Masters and Virginia Johnson 1966
1. excitement – begins the process of erotic responsiveness
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plateau – continuation and heightening
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increased breathing, pulse rate, blood pressure
penile erection / vaginal lubrication complete
orgasm
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several minutes to several hours
engorgement of blood vessels, increased blood flow to genital areas, partial
penile erection
3-15 seconds
explosive charge of neuromuscular tension
release of neurotransmitter oxytocin
resolution/male refractory period
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blood vessels return to normal state
• Helen Singer Kaplan (1974): initials stage of desire should be added
– some patients lacked sexual desire
Sexual Cognition
• Cognitive factors in sexual behavior
– sensation and perception
– self-monitoring and self-regulation
– fantasy and imagery
– sexual scripts – patterns of expectancies for how
people should behave sexually
• males and females have different scripts
• males – focuses on genitals and orgasm
• females – expression of intimacy, orgasm an optional
feature
Influences on Sexuality
• Influence of Culture
– John Messenger (1971)
– Inis Beag (island off Ireland)
• knew nothing about tongue kissing or hand stimulation
of penis
• detested nudity
• premarital sex = out of the question for both sexes
• men avoided sex (bad for health)
• sex occurred at night and as quickly as possible
• female orgasm = incredibly rare
Influences on Sexuality
• Influence of Culture
– Donald Marshall (1971)
– Mangaia
• young boys taught about masturbation (encouraged)
• at 13, boys instructed on sexual strategies by elders
• 2 weeks later, intercourse with experienced woman
– help them hold back from ejaculation until she experienced
orgasm
• later: sex every day
• women report high frequency of orgasm
A SHORT Time to Ponder
• Consider the two case studies, what do you
notice about the long-term outcomes on
sexual behavior as influenced by culture?
• What might you expect based on this for
American culture?
Influences on Sexuality: Sex Education
– abstinence-only v. comprehensive
• goals: encourage the very young to delay sexual activity, reduce
teen pregnancy, reduce STIs
– abstinence-only – becoming increasingly common in
United States (US has the highest rate of teen pregnancy of
the developed world)
• emphasize that any sexual behavior outside of marriage is harmful
to individuals of any age
• present contraceptives and condoms only in terms of failure rates
• promotes the notion that abstinence is the only effective way to
avoid pregnancy and STIs
– comprehensive sex education – involves providing
students with comprehensive knowledge about sexual
behavior, birth control and the use of condoms in
protecting against sexually transmitted infections
• encourages students to delay sexual activity and practice
abstinence
A SHORT Time to Ponder
• Which type of sex education program do you
think would be the most effective? Why?
• What kind of sex education did you have in
school? Was it adequate? Explain.
• In the critical controversy (p. 374), what was
the importance of role-playing?
Sexual Variations and Disorders
• fetishes – an object or activity that arouses sexual interest
and desire
– erotic materials (pornographic images and film) – NOT A
DISTORDER
– clothing
– physical objects
– transvestic fetish – sexual pleasure from wearing clothing of the
opposite sex
– dressing up as an animal or a baby
– sadomasochism – on person (the sadistic partner) gains sexual
pleasure from dominating another person (the masochist), who
in turn enjoys being dominated
• 3 principles of a fetish (all must be present)
– the individuals are consenting adults
– they do not experience personal distress
– they are not putting themselves in danger of physical harm or
death as a result of their activities
Sexual Variations and Disorders
• paraphilias – sexual disorders that feature recurrent
sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors
involving nonhuman objects; the suffering or
humiliation of oneself or one’s partner; or children or
other nonconsenting persons
– exhibitionism – exposing one’s genitals to another person
to gain sexual pleasure
– voyeurism – watching another person to experience sexual
pleasure
– frotteurism – touching and rubbing against a person who
has not given consent (example: on a subway train)
– sexual sadism (w/o the consent of the partner)
– pedophilia
• the etiology of paraphilias is unknown
– etiology – the causes or significant preceding conditions
– classical conditioning? associative learning?
Sexual Variations and Disorders
• pedophilia – a paraphilia in which an adult or an
older adolescent sexually fantasizes about or
engages in sexual behavior with individuals who
have not reached puberty
– more common in men
– more likely than other sex offenders to have been
abused as children
– associated with low self-esteem, poor social skills, low
IQ, and a history of head injuries (unconsciousness)
– cognitive distortions
• minimizing the harm of pedophilic activities
• believing that sexual impulses are uncontrollable
• thinking that sexual relationships with children are
consensual
A SHORT Time to Ponder
• Each state chooses its own age of consent. At
what age do you think it should be set? Why?
Try to use psychological evidence to support
your answer.
Sexual Variations and Disorders
• disorders of sexual desire/response
– female dysfunction in arousal and orgasm
• problems of autonomic nervous system  disrupts engorgement
of the labia and lubrication of the vagina
• symptoms occur, but no arousal
• causes / contributing factors:
– sexual abuse
– strict religious beliefs
– negative sexual attitudes
• treatment: androgens and psychotherapy
– erectile dysfunction – failure of the penis to become erect
• diabetes and age contribute
• treatment: Viagra
– premature ejaculation – the experience of orgasm before
the person wishes it
• most common sexual complaint in men under 40
Sexuality and Health and Wellness
• Sexually Transmitted Infections
– bacterial: gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia
– viruses:
• genital herpes
• human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)  acquired
immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) – destroys the
body’s immune system
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drug cocktails (6-22 pills a day)
2006 – first pill a day
50% not in treatment
25% do not know
Sexuality and Health and Wellness
• Safe Sex
– abstinence 100% effective
– risk reduction with condom use
• high success: HPV, gonorrhea, syphilis, Chlamydia and
HIV
• less success: herpes
• “Research has shown that programs to promote safe
sex are especially effective if they include the
eroticization of condom use—that is, making condoms
a part of the sensual experience of foreplay.” p. 379
Sexuality and Health and Wellness
• Psychological Well-Being
– motives for sex
• connect intimately with someone (healthy)
– related to having fewer sexual partners
– linked with enhanced well-being
• enhance their own self-esteem (unhealthy)
• to gain a partner’s or peers’ approval (unhealthy)
• avoid feeling distressed or lonely (unhealthy)
– cope with negative feelings 
– reduces likelihood of stable relationships
– increased likelihood of unsafe activities
– linked to decreased well-being
– sexual activity is predictor of satisfaction in
relationships
– sexual activity is a source of pleasure and intimacy
throughout the lifespan
Chapter Summary
• Define the terms “sex” and “gender”.
• Explain the biological, evolutionary, socialcognitive, and social role accounts of gender
development.
• Summarize the well-documented gender
differences.
• Describe the similarities and differences among
gays, lesbians, and heterosexuals.
• Discuss sexual variations and disorders.
• Explain how sexuality affects health and wellness.
Chapter Summary
• Defining Sex and Gender
• Theories of Gender Development
– biological
– evolutionary
– social-cognitive
– social roles
• Gender Differences
Chapter Summary
• Sexual Orientation
– influences on sexual orientation
– gay and lesbian functioning and relationships
• Sexual Behavior
– sexual activity
– human sexual response pattern
• Sexual Disorders
• Sexuality and Health and Wellness
– sexually transmitted infections