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Download AP PSYCH: Units 3 and 4 Review Guide Sensation, Perception, and
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AP PSYCH: Units 3 and 4 Review Guide Sensation, Perception, and Consciousness CONCEPTUAL/APPLICATION UNDERSTANDINGS ! Contrast sensation and perception, and explain the different between bottom-‐up and top-‐down processing ! Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds and discuss whether we can sense stimuli below our absolute thresholds and be influenced by them ! Describe sensory adaptation, and explain how we benefit from being unaware of unchanging stimuli ! Define transduction, and specify the form of energy our visual system converts into the neural messages our brain can interpret ! Describe the major structures of the eye, and explain how they guide an incoming ray of light toward the eye’s receptor ! Contrast the two types of receptor cells in the retina and describe the retina’s reaction to light. ! Discuss the different levels of processing of visual information traveling from the eye’s retina to the brain’s cortex ! Define parallel processing, and discuss its role in visual information processing ! Explain how the Young-‐Helmholtz and opponent process theories help us understand color vision ! Explain the importance of color constancy ! Describe the pressure waves we experience as sound ! Describe the three regions of the ear, and outline the series of events that triggers the electrical impulses sent to the brain ! Contrast place and frequency theories and explain how they use to understand pitch perception ! Describe how we pinpoint sounds ! Contrast the two types of hearing loss and describe some of their causes ! Describe how cochlear implants function, and explain why Deaf culture advocates object to these devices ! Describe the sense of touch ! State of the purpose of pain, and describe the biopsychosocial approach to pain ! Describe the sense of taste, and explain the principle of sensory interaction ! Describe the sense of smell, and explain why specific odors so easily trigger memories ! Distinguish between kinesthesis and the vestibule sense ! Describe the interplay between attention and perception ! Explain how illusions help us to understand some of the way we organize stimuli into meaningful perceptions ! Describe Gestalt psychology’s contribution to understanding of perception ! Explain the figure ground relationship, and identify principles of perceptual grouping in form perception ! Explain the importance of depth perception, and discuss the contribution of visual cliff research to our understanding of this ability ! Describe two binocular cues for perceiving depth, and explain how they help the brain to compute distance ! Explain how monocular cues different from binocular cues, and describe several monocular cues for perceiving depth ! State the basic assumption we make in our perceptions of motion and explain how these perceptions can be deceiving ! Explain how the research on distorting goggles increases our understanding of the adaptability of perception ! Define perceptual set and explain how it influences what we do or do not perceive ! Explain why the same stimulus can evoke different perceptions in different contexts ! Discus the history of psychology’s study of consciousness, and contrast conscious and unconscious information processing ! Distinguish between four types of biological rhythms and give an example of each ! Describe the cycle of our circadian rhythm ! List the stages of the sleep cycle and explain how they differ ! Explain why sleep patterns and duration vary from person to person ! Discuss several risks associated with sleep deprivation ! Identify four theories of why we sleep ! Identify the major sleep disorders ! Describe the most common content of dreams ! Compare and contrast major perspectives on why we dream ! Discuss the characteristics of people who are susceptible to hypnosis, and evaluate claims that hypnosis can influence people’s memory, will, health, and perception of pain ! Give arguments for and against hypnosis as an altered state of consciousness ! Discuss the nature of drug dependence and identify three common misconceptions about addiction ! Name the main categories of psychoactive drugs, and list three ways these substances can interfere with neurotransmission in the brain ! Identify the major stimulants, and explain how they affect neural activity and behavior ! Describe the psychological and physiological effects of hallucinogens, and summarize the effects of LSD and marijuana ! Discuss the biological, psychological, and social-‐cultural factors that contribute to drug use DEFINITIONS ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Sensation Perception Bottom-‐up processing Top-‐down processing Psychophysics Absolute threshold Difference threshold Signal detection theory Subliminal Priming Weber’s law Sensory adaptation Transduction Wavelength Hue Intensity Pupil Iris Lens Accommodation Retina Acuity Nearsightedness Farsightedness Rods Cones Optic nerve Blind spot Fovea Feature detectors Parallel processing Young-‐Helmholtz theory Opponent-‐process theory Color constancy Audition Frequency Pitch Middle ear Cochlea Inner ear Place theory Frequency theory Conduction hearing loss Sensorineural hearing loss Cochlear implant Gate-‐control theory Sensory interaction Kinesthesis Vestibular sense ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Selective attention Inattentional blindness Visual capture Gestalt Figure-‐ground Grouping Depth perception Visual cliff Binocular cues Monocular cues Retinal disparity Convergence Perceptual constancy Perceptual adaptation Perceptual set Consciousness Biological rhythms Circadian rhythms REM sleep Alpha waves Hallucination Delta waves Insomnia Narcolepsy Sleep apnea Night terrors Manifest content Latent content REM rebound Hypnosis Posthypnotic suggestion Dissociation Tolerance Withdrawal Physical dependence Psychological dependence Addiction Depressants Barbiturates Opiates Stimulants Amphetamines Methamphetamines Ecstasy Hallucinogens LSD THC Dualism
