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The Rise of Dictators
TEKS
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► Economic
conditions in Europe and Russia following the end of World
World War I and the Russian Revolution
were devastating. Conditions were ripe for the rise to power of new leaders, totalitarian in approach,
who promised to relieve countries of poverty and chaos. Joseph Stalin in Russia, Adolf Hitler in
Germany, and Benito Mussolini in Italy each took actions, ostensibly
ostensibly to revitalize their countries, which
would result in further devastation and vast destruction.
► The prevailing mood in the United States during the 1930s was isolationist
isolationist as Americans coped with the
economic crisis of the depression. But when Japanese forces struck
struck Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941,
the United States could remain neutral no longer.
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the 1920s and 1930s, totalitarian governments that took total control over the
nations appeared in Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union. These governments used
terror and force to suppress opposition. Fascism,
Fascism, a philosophy adopted by Adolf Hitler in
Germany and Benito Mussolini in Italy, stressed nationalism (the importance of an ethnic
group) and the supreme authority of the leader.
► In
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► To
stem the economic failures of communism, the Soviet dictator Josef Stalin tried to
modernize agriculture and industry by placing all family farms into
into collectives under state
control. His methods caused famine and starvation. To keep control,
control, Stalin conducted a
series of purges,
purges, killing or imprisoning political enemies and possible opposition.
opposition.
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►Mussolini
improved Italy’s failing economy, but suppressed individual
individual rights
and established a fascist dictatorship. In Germany Adolf Hitler, a discontented
World War I veteran, rose to power through the Nazi party, whose philosophy,
Nazism,
Nazism, included fanatical ideas of nationalism and German racial superiority.
superiority.
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►As
depression hit Germany, Hitler vowed to rebuild the economy and
and restore
lands lost after World War I. In defiance of the Treaty of Versailles,
Versailles, Hitler and
the Nazis began rearming Germany. Neither Britain nor France tried
tried to stop
Hitler when Germany invaded Austria and Czechoslovakia. Britain and France
adopted a policy of appeasement,
appeasement, giving in to Hitler’s demands to keep
peace.
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►In
Spain the military was waging a brutal war against a new republican
republican
government. General Francisco Franco overthrew the government and
and
established a fascist state in Spain that lasted until 1975.
The Rise of Dictators
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Begin Taking Notes
1. How
did Stalin change the government and the economy of the Soviet
Soviet Union?
2. What were the origins and goals of Italy’s fascist government?
3. How did Hitler rise to power in Germany and Europe in the 1930s?
4. What were the causes and results of the Spanish Civil War?
Totalitarian Rulers in Europe
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► During
the 1930s, totalitarian governments gained power in Germany, Italy, and the
Soviet Union. These governments exerted total control over a nation,
nation, using terror to
suppress individual rights and silence all opposition.
► Adolf Hitler in Germany and Benito Mussolini in Italy ruled their totalitarian
totalitarian states with a
philosophy called fascism.
fascism. Fascism emphasizes the importance of the nation or an ethnic
group and the supreme authority of a leader.
Stalin’s Soviet Union
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Stalin’s Economic Plans
► Stalin’s state takeover of farmland resulted in a dramatic fall in agricultural production as well as mass starvation.
► Stalin poured money and labor into industrialization rather than basic necessities such as housing and clothing.
► Due to Stalin’s policies, the Soviet Union soon became a modern industrial power, although one with a low standard of living.
Stalin’s Reign of Terror
► To eliminate opposition, Stalin began a series of purges,
purges, the removal of enemies and undesirable individuals from positions
positions of
power.
► Stalin’s purges extended to all levels of society. Millions were either executed or sent to forced labor camps.
► Nearly all of those purged by Stalin were innocent. However, these
these purges successfully eliminated all threats to Stalin’s
power.
Fascism in Italy
► Benito
Mussolini gained power in Italy both by advocating the popular
popular idea of Italian
conquest in East Africa and by terrorizing those who opposed him.
him.
► Once appointed prime minister by the king, Mussolini, calling himself
himself Il Duce, suspended
elections, outlawed other political parties, and established a dictatorship.
dictatorship.
► Mussolini’s rule improved the ailing Italian economy. Under Mussolini,
Mussolini, the Italian army
successfully conquered the African nation of Ethiopia in May 1936.
1936.
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Hitler’s Rise to Power
Hitler’s Rise to Power 1919–
1919–1934
► Hitler’s
Background: Adolf Hitler, an Austrian painter, hated the way the Versailles Treaty
Treaty humiliated
Germany and stripped it of its wealth and land.
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Hitler’s Rise to Power
► The
Nazi Party: Hitler joined and soon led the Nazi Party in Germany. Nazism,
Nazism, the philosophies and
policies of this party, was a form of fascism shaped by Hitler’s fanatical ideas about German nationalism
and racial superiority.
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Hitler’s Rise to Power
► Mein
Kampf: While imprisoned for trying to take over the government in November
November 1923, Hitler wrote
Mein Kampf (“My Struggle”). In this book, he proposed that Germany defy the
the Versailles Treaty by
rearming and reclaiming lost land. He also blamed minority groups,
groups, especially Jews, for Germany’s
weaknesses.
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Becomes Chancellor: Between 1930 and 1934, the Nazi Party gained a majority in the Reichstag,
the lower house of the German parliament. Hitler became first chancellor
chancellor and then president of
Germany. He moved to suppress many German freedoms and gave himself
himself the title Der Führer, or “the
leader.”
► Hitler
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Germany Rearms and Expands
►To
boost the German economy and to prepare for territorial expansion,
expansion, the
Nazi Party began spending money on rearming Germany.
►On March 7, 1936, German troops entered the Rhineland, a region in
western Germany that the Versailles Treaty explicitly banned them
them from
occupying. However, neither Britain nor France took any action.
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Germany Rearms and Expands
► Also
in 1936, Hitler and Mussolini signed an agreement, beginning
beginning an alliance between the two
nations. Germany, Italy, and later Japan, became known as the Axis Powers.
Powers.
► In March 1938, Germany took over Austria. Several months later, Hitler demanded the Sudetenland,
a region of Czechoslovakia. Following the policy of appeasement,
appeasement, or giving into a competitor’s
demands in order to keep the peace, British Prime Minister Neville
Neville Chamberlain agreed to allow
Hitler to occupy the Sudetenland.
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Germany Rearms and Expands
►Hitler
saw expansion as a way to bolster national pride. He also
also longed to see
Germany return to a dominant position in the world. To do this, he believed,
Germans needed more territory, or what he called lebensraum (“living
space”), to the east. Hitler’s main goal, therefore, became the conquest of
eastern Europe and the Soviet Union.
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The Spanish Civil War
►In
1936, military rebels in Spain led by General Francisco Franco
Franco
attempted to take over the Spanish government. These rebels
became known as the Nationalists.
►The resulting struggle between the ruling Republicans and the
rebelling Nationalists led Spain into a civil war.
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The Spanish Civil War
►Germany
and Italy supported the Nationalists, while the Soviet Union
Union
supported the Republicans.
►In March 1939, the Nationalist army took over the Spanish capital
capital of
Madrid and ended the civil war, making Franco the ruler of Spain.
Spain.
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The Rise of Dictators—
Dictators—Assessment
Which of the following describes one way in which the policies of
of Hitler and Mussolini were similar?
(A) Both were allies of Britain and France.
(B) Both believed in freedom of speech.
(C) Both wanted to expand their nations’ territory.
(D) Both thought the treaty of Versailles humiliated Germany.
Which of these best describes appeasement?
(A) Rebelling against a government
(B) Industrializing a rural economy
(C) Giving into a competitor’s demands in order to avoid war
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(D) Rearming a nation in anticipation of expansion
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The Rise of Dictators—
Dictators—Assessment
Which of the following describes one way in which the policies of
of Hitler and Mussolini were similar?
(A) Both were allies of Britain and France.
(B) Both believed in freedom of speech.
(C) Both wanted to expand their nations’ territory.
(D) Both thought the treaty of Versailles humiliated Germany.
Which of these best describes appeasement?
(A) Rebelling against a government
(B) Industrializing a rural economy
(C) Giving into a competitor’s demands in order to avoid war
(D) Rearming a nation in anticipation of expansion
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QUIZ
►Put
your name, date, and period on a piece of binder paper – number it 1 to
10.
►Make
sure to title the quiz.
►Complete
the quiz.
►QUIZ
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Work
Look over your notes from today.
1. Answer the 4 questions from today’s lecture.
2. In five sentences, write a brief summary of what we went over in class today. Use the highlighted key
terms in your summary!
► Title the paper the same as the Lecture Notes.
► Make sure to put your Name,
Name, Date,
Date, and Period in the upper right hand corner of your page.
► Turn this in at the beginning of class tomorrow – put it in the handhand-in/collection basket.
► Worth 25 out of 100 points for this week’s Daily grade.
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