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Chapter-10 Summary and Main Conclusion 10.1. Summary 666 10.2. Main Conclusion 670 10.3. Achievement of The Objectives 671 10.4. Testing of Hypotheses 671 10.5. Limitations of The Study 672 Contemporary Relevance of Economic Thoughts of Kautilya 10.1 Summary Kautilya is the greatest person with wisdom and knowledge. He is considered the pioneer in the field of Economics. His foresight and wide knowledge combined with political economics expediency helped found Mauryan Empire. He was a key advisor and councilor of Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of Mauryan Empire. Kautilya was chief architect of his rise to power so he is called kingmaker too. A man full of vision; he was always prepared for the worst. He had the guts to speak his heart out even in front of the rulers. He himself lived such a life, refusing all adornments, compassion towards the poor and evil to deceit when needed which shows some of his good characteristics of nature. Kautilya reminds us that he is not just history but he created history. His life, teaching and works will continue to guide us and inspire to follow him. Kautilya collected his lifelong work in Arthāŝastra. Kautilya is traditionally known as the author of Arthāŝastra. It means “Science of Politics”. This Sanskrit classic was written in the end of the 4 th century B.C. The Arthāŝastra was believed to have been lost more than 1400 years and it was known through only references and word, from it in subsequent works in politics in Sanskrit. In 1905, one Brahmin who was from Tanjore district of South India gave a hand written work of „Kautilya‟s Arthāŝastra‟ as a gift to Mysore government. At that time, in library R. Shamashastri was a chairman. He studied it carefully and introduced it. Thus it was rediscovered in 1905 and published in 1909 in Sanskrit and the first English translation with critics of Bhattaswamy in 1915 by R. Shamashatri in Mysore and immediately it caused reaction large discussion on the nature of its contents and their effect for understanding the traditional Indian polity. The book is divided in 15 Adhikarnas and 180 Prakarnas. It is divided into 15 parts and it contains 6000 hymns (shlokas) which is an inclusive manual on a method of a state to be ruled and administrated by a king. Now many English translations are available. Kautilya is political realist and gives effect of being amoral. The Arthāŝastra is an ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, political economics and military strategy. Kautilya envisioned that a system of government must be spread, efficient, skilled and honest. The king is the middle point of vast empire and Kautilya‟s strong desire to him is to be the guard at all times. It also reveals growth of Indian rulers during the Pre- Gupta period. Kautilya‟s book came to be the guide for Chandragupta. Kautilya‟s Arthāŝastra is a book of political realism, a book of analyzing how the political world does work and not very often stating how it ought to work, a book that frequently measures; he must carry out to preserve the state and common good. Chandragupta Maurya was the founder of the Mauryan Empire in India. He is credited with bringing together the 666 Contemporary Relevance of Economic Thoughts of Kautilya small fragmented kingdom of the country and combining them into a single large empire. A major part of the credit for building of Maurya Empire goes to Kautilya. Kautilya was the key advisor and the genius of the strategy undertaken by the Chandragupta, who defeated Nanda kings, stopped the advance of Alexander. Kautilya was responsible for this so he called king maker. He was the chief advisor and councilor of Chandragupta. Kautilya did not start any new system of governance, but he began a new direction in political thought by giving to the world what we called realism. We know him “The First Political Realist”. Kautilya influenced later social changes in India. Kautilya‟s Arthāŝastra was a science of politics intended to teach Chandragupta Maurya how to govern. In this work Kautilya guided wide ranging and truly fascinating discussions on various fields related to the king. More than eight-tenths of the Kautilya‟s Arthāŝastra is devoted to explaining the internal working of the state and what can be done to improve it. The Mauryan Empire established by Chandragupta and continued by his son Bindusara (293268 B.C.E.) whom also Kautilya advised and by his grandson Ashoka (268-232 B.C.E.) was, and still is astonishing with a population of fifty million people, the Mauryan Empire was larger than Mughal Empire 2000 years later and even larger than the British Empire in India, extending in fact all the way to the border of Persia and from Afghanistan to Bengal. Thus Kautilya‟s progressive secularization of the state and society prepared the country for the great moral transformation brought in by king Ashoka who was the third king of Mauryan Empire. He is regarded as the most glorious of all Mauryan rulers. He brought social changes which he believed had a great impact on the politics of the country. Kautilya‟s Arthāŝastra is known for the way of financial management and economic governance. Thus we say, even Chandragupta Maurya needed someone like Kautilya to guide him in shaping his administration. Chandragupta never did anything to achieve without Kautilya.” This trend toward formalization has continued and accelerated, even as the behaviorist revolution has subsided. At the same time, because of the interdependence of all social life, Kautilya‟s Arthāŝastra also moved towards a closer working relationship with other disciplines, especially sociology, political science, history, anthropology, psychology, public administration, law, and statistics without losing its own identity. Over the past generations, the discipline placed an increasing emphasis on relevance and the use of new approaches to increase scientific knowledge in the field and provide explanations for empirical outcomes. Because all Sciences are essentially a study of human behavior, in all aspects of life, observations in controlled environments are often challenging to reproduce or duplicate, though experimental methods are increasingly common. 667 Contemporary Relevance of Economic Thoughts of Kautilya There are numerous relationships between economics and political science. Political science is concerned with the state, government, agencies, etc. Economics has to do with the system. Basically Kautilya‟s Arthāŝastra is in form of Politics so it is connected with the politics. As A. K. Shah (1981) has convincingly shown in the case of Kautilya‟s Arthāŝastra, the four goals of life made sense only in their interrelation; when separated from each other, the pursuit of pleasure (kama) was bound to degenerate into lust, the striving for achievement (artha) into greed, just as virtue (dharma) could turn into mechanical ritual and salvation (moksha) into a form of escapism (see also 1996). It was only in later periods that this harmonious relation fell apart and gave way to conflict. Parel attributes this decay mainly to the so-called “renouncer” (sramana) movements which elevated moksha above all else and even made dharma less accessible. As he writes: “In Buddhism, as in ascetic Brahminism and Jainism, artha and kama came to be marginalized to the point of being treated as negative values”—adding: “The radical separation of moksha and nirvana from the other purusharthas had had disastrous consequences for Indian civilization taken as a whole.” Against this background, Gandhi emerges as a major figure—perhaps the major figure—struggling against past decay and restoring harmony to the goals of life: “He belongs to the group of forward-looking thinkers who want to explore new ways in which the theory of the purusharthas might be made to work.” Having overcome the older “sramana” ways, what comes into view is a “new Gandhian paradigm” postulating “the coordinated pursuit of all the purusharthas”. The social sciences comprise the application of scientific methods to the study of the human aspects of the world. Psychology studies the human mind and micro-level (or individual) behavior; sociology examines human society; political science studies the governing of groups and countries; communication studies the flow of discourse via various media; economics concerns itself with the production and allocation of wealth in society; and social work is the application of social scientific knowledge in society. Social sciences diverge from the humanities in that many in the social sciences emphasize the scientific method or other rigorous standards of evidence in the study of humanity. In the Indian philosophy, the objective of every being is the pursuit of dharma. State, a human artifact, is constituted to get the human race out of the state of nature. State enables the citizens to follow their respective dharma and to enjoy private property rights. King is viewed as a protector of dharma, but not the sole interpreter of it. There is separation between secular and ecclesiastical power. State has many autonomous associations and guilds in its jurisdiction and the ensuing polycentric arrangements checks the rise of absolute power. Arthāŝastra visualizes a huge bureaucratic structure, a complex tax structure, and an intricate intelligence system. Thus Kautilya‟s Arthāŝastra is related with political science, social science, ethics and theology. 668 Contemporary Relevance of Economic Thoughts of Kautilya The Arthāŝastra divides the economy of the state into three basic types of the activities- agriculture, cattle rearing and trade. The governance structures then projected the potentialities of centralized administration, but having adjusted to the socio economic patterns and differentiations. Urban administration had its hierarchy of officers, supporting supervision of production and exchange in urban centers, presumably to control revenues. The state, even those days, exhibited a closely controlled and orderly financial accounting system. The chancellor was responsible for collecting revenue from the whole country, along with his delegates, the Governor Generals in each city. Significantly, Kautilya was concerned, at least to some extent with accountability. Kautilya identified quality of governance, human exertion, accumulation of physical capital, acquisition of land, and knowledge as the sources of economic prosperity. Two points are noteworthy. First, according to Kautilya, most of the tax revenue should be used to the provision of infrastructure. He wrote, “The [total] salary [bill] of the State shall be determined in accordance with the capacity [to pay] of the city and the countryside and shall be [about] one quarter of the revenue of the State.” Kautilya wrote, “A king who observes his duty of protecting his people justly and according to law will go to heaven, whereas one who does not protect them or inflicts unjust punishment will not. It is the power of punishment alone, when exercised impartially in proportion to the guilt, and irrespective of whether the person punished is the King‟s son or an enemy, that protects this world and the next.” As such, the Arthāŝastra provides extensive coverage on the overall economy, which includes: infrastructure (roadwork, irrigation, forestry, and fortification), weights and measurements, labour and employment, commerce and trade, commodities and agriculture, land use and property laws, money and coinage, interest rates and loan markets, tariffs and taxes, and government expenditures and the treasury. Economic problems create most difficulties and dangerous situation in the entire world. The economic problems are very challenging. There isn‟t any country where economic problems have not been existing. For the solution of economic problems, sciences and scriptures of the entire world study in their different methods. When the study in Economics is occurred, there is inclusion of resistive factors of economic development, the problems of developing countries just like, inequality of income, poverty etc. Many problems are prevailed in today which are not given by economists so we cannot solve these problems like in economic policy, plans in economic program. At present time the problems of LPG are more serious, but we cannot get solution of LPG by modern Economics. Mainstream economics is totally failed to solve these problems which are prevailed in today. Mainstream Economics is just like partial economics contributed by classical economists to modern economists. Each 669 Contemporary Relevance of Economic Thoughts of Kautilya economist has contributed in the context of their time period. So there is no permanent Economics at all. Modern Economics is basically Economics for developed country so it is not useful in developing country. Mainstream Economics is the most theoretical Economics and its theory is not applicable to each country. Kautilya‟s Arthāŝastra has ability to become mainstream economics as a global economics which has capacity to solve all types of problems for all types of countries. We can get all the solutions of our difficulties not only in present time but also in future. Not only national level, but also abroad it is very helpful to solve economic problems. 10.2 Main Conclusion Main Conclusion of the study can be mentioned as under. 1. Kautilya is India's most illustrious political economist of all time. 2. Kautilya was a true statesman who bridged the gap between experience and vision. 3. Kautilya‟s Arthāŝastra is concerned with all the sciences. 4. Kautilian Economics is permanent which is ever time useful and important. 5. Kautilya‟s Arthāŝastra has ability to become mainstream economics as a global economics which has capacity to solve all types of problems for all types of countries. 6. Kautilian Economics is 100% practical and applicable for every nation. 7. Kautilian economic thoughts are superior to modern economists. 8. Kautilian economic thoughts are relevant for present day society. 670 Contemporary Relevance of Economic Thoughts of Kautilya 10.3 Achievement of The Objectives The main achievement objectives of the study can be mentioned as under. 1. We can examine Kautilya‟s thinking about Arthāŝastra. 2. We can compare thoughts of modern thinkers and Kautilya. 3. We can identify the solutions of present problems from Kautilya‟s Arthāŝastra. 4. We can examine the superiority of Kautilian Economics in the context of modern economics. 10.4 Testing of Hypotheses In order to get the objectives of the study, the following hypotheses had been formulated. And hypotheses are correct at the end of the study. 1. Kautilya‟s Arthāŝastra is very relevant for present day society. 2. In Kautilya‟s Arthāŝastra, there are ready made solutions for specific problems which are prevailed today. 3. Kautilya‟s Arthāŝastra is applied economics because it was written by Kautilya for Chandragupta. 4. Kautilya‟s Arthāŝastra contains truths which transcend the boundaries of time and space. 671 Contemporary Relevance of Economic Thoughts of Kautilya 10.5 Limitations of The Study There are following limitations in presented study. 1. It is too difficult to get the concern literature due to limited study on this subject of Kautilya‟s Arthāŝastra. 2. It was necessary to take support of other people who are in the field of education so collecting information was not happened fast due to lack of time by this people. 3. It is difficult to translate Kautilya‟s book because language of Kautilya‟s books is “Sanskrit”. 4. This research is based on only secondary information data, for this it affects errors and unconformity of concern study. 672