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AKS 44:
Industrialization, Nationalism,
and Imperialism
CHAPTER 24.3 – PAGES 692-697
CHAPTER 25 – PAGES 717-741
CHAPTER 28.2 – PAGES 810-813
Industrialization in England
Contributing Factors:
• Agricultural Revolution:
– Wealthy bought more land
 experimentation
– Results:
• Tried new agricultural
methods
• Small farmers forced to
become tenant farmers or give
up farming & move to cities
– Ex: Jethro Tull invented
seed drill
Jethro Tull’s Seed Drill
Industrialization in England
Contributing Factors:
• Crop Rotation:
– Improved medieval 3-field
system
– Ex:
• Year 1: Wheat (exhausted soil
nutrients)
• Year 2: Root crop like turnips
(restore nutrients)
• Year 3: Barley
• Year 4: Clover
Industrialization in England
Contributing Factors:
• Why Britain?:
– Natural Resources:
• Water power & coal –
fuel machines
• Iron ore – construct
machines, tools, buildings
• Rivers – inland
transportation
• Harbors – merchant
ships set sail
Industrialization in England
Contributing Factors:
• Why Britain?:
– Economic Expansion:
• Investment in new inventions
• Highly developed banking system
• Growing trade, economic prosperity,
climate of progress  increased
demand for goods
Industrialization in England
Contributing Factors:
• Why Britain?:
– Political Stability:
• No wars on British soil
• Positive attitude
• Laws to encourage business
• Britain had factors of production (land,
labor, and capital)
Industrialization in Germany
Contributing Factors:
Natural Resources:
– Obstacle = political
disunity
– Coal-rich Ruhr Valley
– Led to importation of
British equipment,
engineers
– Sent children to England
to learn industrial
management
Industrialization in Germany
Contributing Factors:
• Railroads:
– Built linking manufacturing cities to Ruhr
Valley
Industrialization in Japan
Contributing Factors
• Meiji Reform:
– Meiji = “enlightened rule”
– Mutsuhito – symbolized pride & nationalism
– Took over gov’t after Tokugawa shogun
stepped down
Industrialization in England
Process:
• Transportation:
– James Watt – improved steam engine
– Robert Fulton – put steam engine in
steamboat
– England – canals built – slashed cost of
transporting goods
– Improved roads where wagons would not
sink when it rained
– Steam-powered locomotives
Industrialization in England
Process:
• Rise of Cities:
– Growth of factory system  city building
and people shift toward cities
(urbanization)
– Built near sources of energy (coal &
water)
– London most important
Industrialization in England
Process:
• Living & Working Conditions:
– No development plans, sanitary & building
codes
– Lacked housing, education
– Sickness widespread
– Avg. worker = 14 hrs/day, 6 days/wk
– Factories not clean or safe – no aid in
case of injury
– Coal mines most dangerous – children and
women employed here b/c they were cheap
Industrialization in Germany
Process:
• Transportation:
– See above
• Economy & Military:
– Economic strength spurred ability to
become military power
Industrialization in Japan
Process:
• Transportation:
– Followed industrialization
– Early 1900s = modern economy
– Built railroads
Industrialization in Japan
Process:
• Westernization:
– To counter western influence = modernize
– Diplomats sent to Europe, N. America to
study Western ways
– Chose best & adapted
– Modernized military
Industrialization in Japan
Process:
• Modernization:
– Coal production grew
– Built thousands of
factories
– Expanded unique
production (tea & silk)
– Shipbuilding to be
competitive with west
Industrialization
Working Conditions:
• Industry created many new jobs
• Factories were dirty, unsafe, dangerous
• Factory bosses exercised harsh
discipline
• Long-Term Effect:
– Workers won ↑ wages, shorter hours,
better conditions
Industrialization
Social Classes:
• Factory workers – overworked, underpaid
• Overseers & skilled workers rose to lower
middle class. Factory owners & merchants
formed upper middle class.
• Upper middle class resented those in
middle class who became wealthier than
they were.
• Long-Term Effect:
– Standard of living rose
Industrialization
Size of Cities:
• Factories brought job
seekers to cities
• Urban areas doubled,
tripled, or quadrupled in
size
• Many cities specialized
in certain industries
• Long-Term Effect:
– Suburbs grew as people
fled crowded cities
Industrialization
Living Conditions:
• Cities lacked
sanitary codes or
building controls
• Housing, water, &
social services were
scarce
• Epidemics swept
through the city
• Long-Term Effect:
– Housing, diet, &
clothing improved
Impact of Industrialization
Rise of Global Inequality:
• Widened wealth gap b/w industrialized
& non-industrialized countries
• Industrialized saw poor countries as
markets for manufacturing products
• Began seizing colonies for economic
resources  imperialism
Impact of Industrialization
Transformation of Society:
• Industrialization = tremendous economic
power
• Population, health, wealth rose
dramatically in all industrialized
countries
• Development of middle class –
education & democratic participation
 social reform
Important Writings
Adam Smith:
• Basic Ideas:
– Economic liberty
guaranteed economic
progress
– Government need not
interfere in the economy
• Wrote “Wealth of
Nations”
Important Writings
Karl Marx:
• Predicted destruction of
the capitalist system &
creation of a classless
communist state in which
the means of production
would be owned by the
people
• Wrote “Communist
Manifesto”
Impact of Urbanization on Women
Mixed Blessing:
• Good: Factory work = higher wages than
work done at home
• Bad: Women usually made 1/3 the
amount men made
Impact of Urbanization on Women
Reform Movements:
• Women formed unions in womendominated fields
• Served as safety inspectors in womendominated factories
Impact of Urbanization on Women
Jane Adams:
• Ran a settlement house to provide social
services to residents of a poor
neighborhood
Nationalism
Unification of Germany:
• Led by Prussia
• Otto von Bismarck – Prime
Minister under Wilhelm I
– Policy of Realpolitik:
• Tough power politics - no idealism
• Issues not decided by resolutions,
but by “blood and iron”
• Allowed him to expand Prussia &
achieve dominance
Germany
Seven Weeks’ War (1866)
• Bismarck provoked Austria to declare war
on Prussia
• Prussia (superior training & equipment)
humiliated Austria
• Austrians lost Venetia – given to Italy
• Had to accept Prussian annexation of more
German territory
• Prussia took control of N. Germany – for
1st time, E & W Prussia joined
Germany
Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
• Bismarck manufactured “incident” that
caused France to declare war on Prussia
• Final stage in German unification
• S. Germans (Catholic) accepted Prussian
(Protestant) leadership
• King Wilhelm I crowned “Kaiser” – emperor
– Called empire “Second Reich” (HRE was the 1st)
• Bismarck achieved Prussian dominance by
“blood and iron”
Nationalism
Unification of Italy:
• Led by Sardinia
• Camillo di Cavour –
Prime Minister under
King Victor Emmanuel II
– Worked to expand
Sardinian Empire
– Succeeded through war,
alliances, & help of
nationalist rebels
– Unified Italy in process
Germany & Italy - Similarities
• Leaders were aristocrats
• Nations united by nationalism
• One state led unification
Japan
Modernization Pays Off for Japan
• By 1890, Japan had:
– Several dozen warships
– 500,000 well-trained, well-armed soldiers
– Became strongest military power in Asia
Japan
Japan Gains Western Favor as a
Nation-State
• Constitution & legal codes similar to
European nations
• Wanted to eliminate extraterritorial rights
of foreigners
• 1894 – foreign powers accepted it
• Strength & feeling of equality rose
• Became more imperialistic
Reaction to Foreign Domination
Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905):
• Causes:
– Russia refused to
stay out of Korea
– Japanese led
surprise attack on
Russian navy
anchored off
coast of
Manchuria
Reaction to Foreign Domination
Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905):
• Results:
– Destruction of Russian navy
– Territorial gains for Japan
– Withdrawal of Russia from Manchuria &
Korea
Reaction to Foreign Domination
Young Turks:
• Progressive group that believed in
liberalism, constitutionalism, materialism,
centralized government, and nationalism
• Opposed imperialism
• Impact:
– Tradition of dissent shaped political and
intellectual life in late Ottoman period
– State was instrument for social/political change
– Ideals helped form early modern Turkish state
Forces of Imperialism
Motives:
• Economic competition for markets &
raw materials
• National pride
• Racism
• Missionaries' desire to Christianize &
“civilize” non-European peoples
Forces of Imperialism
Technological Advantages over
Africa:
• Superior weapons
• Railroads, cables, steamships
• Quinine (drug) to protect from malaria
Forces of Imperialism
Factors Making Africa Vulnerable:
• Africans’ great
diversity of
languages and
cultures
• Ethnic rivalries
• Lower level of
technology,
including weapons
Division of Africa
Berlin Conference of 1884 & 1885:
• Agreement among 14 European nations
about how to divide Africa among
European countries
• Outcomes:
– Random distribution of African ethnic &
linguistic groups among European nations
– Transformation of the way of life of
Africans
“From
Cairo
to Cape
Town”
Division of Africa
Clash in South Africa:
• Zulus
– Shaka – created large centralized state
– Successors unable to keep together against British
superior arms – British invaded 1879
– Fell to British control in 1887
• Boers (Dutch) – a.k.a. Afrikaners
– 1st Europeans to settle in S. Africa
• British
– Took over Cape Colony in early 1800s – clashed
with Boers over British policy regarding land &
slaves
Division of Africa
Boer War (1899-1910):
• Diamonds/gold discovered in 1860s & 1880s
• Boers launched commando raids & used guerilla
tactics
• British burned farms & imprisoned women &
children
• Britain finally won
• Outcome:
– Creation of self-governing Union of South Africa
controlled by British
French Control of Indochina
How Brought Under Control:
• Missionaries were
killed
• French army
invaded Vietnam
• Combined it with
Laos and
Cambodia
French Control of Indochina
Method of Control:
• Direct control
– French themselves filled all important
positions in gov’t
French Control of Indochina
Economic Policies:
• Discouraged local industry
• Rice became major export crop
French Control of Indochina
Colonial Impact:
• Imposed French culture
• All schools, courts, & businesses
followed French models
• ↓ of local industries
• Less food for peasants
Japanese in Asia
War with China (Sino-Japanese
War) (1894-1895):
• How it started:
– Rebellion broke out against Korea’s king, who
asked China for military help
– Chinese troops marched into Korea
– Japan protested violation of agreement & sent its
troops to fight the Chinese
• Consequences:
–
–
–
–
Destruction of Chinese navy
Beginning of Japanese colonial empire
Change to world’s balance of power
Emergence of Russia & Japan as major powers
(& enemies) in Asia
Japanese in Asia
Occupation of Korea:
• Annexed Korea – brought under
control
• Ruled Korea harshly
• Established very repressive gov’t that
denied rights to Korea
• Inspired Korean nationalist movement
Interaction with Westerners
Opium War (China):
• Setting the Stage:
– China self-sufficient, little
trade w/ west 
favorable balance of trade
– Europeans wanted to find
product Chinese would
buy in large quantities 
found it in opium
– Many Chinese became
addicted
Interaction with Westerners
Opium War (China):
• Causes:
– Chinese emperor wanted trade stopped 
Britain refused to stop
Interaction with Westerners
Opium War (China):
• Results & Effects:
– Chinese defeat & humiliation
– Cession of Hong Kong to Britain (Treaty
of Nanjing (Nanking)
– Continuation of opium trade
– Extraterritorial rights for foreign
citizens
– Chinese resentment against foreigners
Interaction with Westerners
Taiping Rebellion (China):
• Setting the Stage:
– Population provided major challenge growing
30% in only 60 years
Interaction with Westerners
Taiping Rebellion (China):
• Causes:
– Hunger/starvation caused by inability to
feed enormous population
– Increasing opium addiction
– Poverty
Interaction with Westerners
Taiping Rebellion (China):
• Results & Effects:
– Rebellion put down
– Restoration of Qing to power (with help
of British and French forces)
– 20 million people died
Interaction with Westerners
Commodore Matthew Perry (Japan):
• Perry Arrives in Tokyo:
– Arrives with letter from U.S.
President Fillmore
– Letter politely asked shogun to
allow free trade
– Perry gave threat that he would
return with larger fleet in one year
to get Japanese reply
– Purpose: shock & frighten
Japanese into accepting trade
with U.S.
Interaction with Westerners
Commodore Matthew Perry (Japan):
• Treaty of Kanagawa (1854):
– Japan opened two ports where ships could
take supplies
Interaction with Westerners
Commodore Matthew Perry (Japan):
• Benefits to U.S.A.:
– Gained rights to trade at those two ports
– Opened door for other W powers
Effects of Imperialism
Colonization:
• Europeans control land and people in
areas of Africa, Asia, and Latin America
Effects of Imperialism
Colonial Economics:
• Europeans control trade in the colonies
and set up dependent cash-crop
economies
Effects of Imperialism
Christianization:
• Christianity is spread to Africa, India,
and Asia