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Terms Used in the Theatre (2nd version, reorganization) 1 0/0 9 General beginning terms: actor directing director dramaturg playwright A person, male or female, who performs a role in a play or an entertainment. The art and technique of bringing the elements of theatre together to make a play The person who oversees the entire process of staging a production. A person who provides specific in-depth knowledge and literary resources to a director, producer, theatre company, or even the audience. A person who writes plays. curtain theatre The drapery that shuts off the stage from the audience The imitation or representation of life performed for other people; the performance of dramatic literature; drama; the milieu of actors, technicians, and playwrights; the place where dramatic performances take place. play royalty script text The stage representation of an action or a story; a dramatic composition. A payment made to a playwright for permission to perform his or her play The written text of a play. The printed words, including dialogue and the stage directions for a script. acting areas arena stage ('theaterin-the-round') backstage center stage downstage offstage proscenium See center stage, downstage, stage left, stage right, and upstage. A stage that is entirely surrounded by the audience The Theatre and stage proscenium stage rake stage stage left stage right thrust stage upstage wings The area behind the set or backdrop that is not seen by the audience The center of the acting area. The stage area toward the audience. All parts of the stage not visible to the audience The enlarged hole cut through a wall to allow the audience to view the stage. It is also called the proscenium arch. The archway is in a sense the frame for the action on the stage. A conventional stage where the audience views the play through a permanent framed opening which is usually curtained The angled floor of the audience, or sometimes the stage The area where actors perform. The left side of the stage from the perspective of an actor facing the audience. The right side of the stage from the perspective of an actor facing the audience. A stage that is surrounded by audience on three sides the area of the stage farthest from the audience; used as a verb, to steal the focus of a scene. The offstage areas to the left and right of the acting area, usually curtained so as not to be visible to the audience borders fly legs teaser tormentors A short curtain hung across the stage, blocks audience vision of lights The area above the stage where lights, drops and scenery may be suspended Narrow drapes, hung in pairs, stage left and right, to mask the backstage areas The curtain hung across the proscenium opening Legs placed just upstage of the proscenium opening box office greenroom Where tickets are purchased for performances Backstage room where actors assemble before and after performances, and await for their cues during performances The auditorium, or seating area, where the audience views the performance house Play types and play analysis antagonist climax complication conflict context conventions of theatre crisis denouement drama exposition pacing plot protagonist rising action comedy farce genre masks melodrama musical theatre mystery period play (period piece) puppetry reader’s theatre tragedy critique production values style theatrical conventions The character or situation working against the protagonist The point of highest dramatic tension or a major turning point in the action. See rising action. The opposition of persons or forces giving rise to dramatic action in a play. The interrelated conditions in which a play exists or occurs. See theatrical conventions. A decisive point in the plot of a play on which the outcome of the remaining actions depends. The final resolution of the conflict in a plot. A play that considers serious issues and proposes solutions Detailed information revealing the facts of a plot. The tempo of an entire theatrical performance The events of the story organized to achieve dramatic effect The main character of a play and the character with whom the audience identifies most strongly. The middle part of a plot consisting of complications and discoveries that create conflict. A play with a happy ending and humorous treatment of characters and situations A comedy with exaggerated characterizations, abundant physical or visual humor, and, often, an improbable plot. Literally, “kind” or “type.” In literary and dramatic studies, genre refers to the main types of literary form, principally tragedy and comedy. The term can also refer to forms that are more specific to a given historical era, such as the revenge tragedy, or to more specific subgenres of tragedy and comedy, such as the comedy of manners. Coverings worn over the face or part of the face of an actor to emphasize or neutralize facial characteristics. A dramatic form popular in the 1800s and characterized by an emphasis on plot and physical action (versus characterization), cliff-hanging events, heart-tugging emotional appeals, the celebration of virtue, and a strongly moralistic tone. A type of entertainment containing music, songs, and, usually, dance. A type of play that focuses on crime or a situation that requires clues A play that is set in a particular historical period with speech patterns, manners, and costumes Almost anything brought to life by human hands to create a performance. Types of puppets include rod, hand, and marionette. A performance created by actors reading script rather working from memory. A play in which the main character ('protagonist') has a major flaw, or is caught in a circumstance that must be overcome, or it will destroy the character's life Opinions and comments based on predetermined criteria that may be used for selfevaluation or the evaluation of the actors or the production itself. The critical elements of a production, such as acting, direction, lighting, costuming, sets, and makeup. The distinctive and unique manner in which a writer arranges words to achieve particular effects. Style essentially combines the idea to be expressed with the individuality of the author. These arrangements include individual word choices as well as such matters as the length and structure of sentences, tone, and use of irony. The established techniques, practices, and devices unique to theatrical productions. Acting: audition bit (bit part) callback casting cold reading extras repertory ('rep') stage fright stock characters walk-on actor’s position blocking body positions counter-cross cross cue dialogue dress rehearsals gesture memorization monologue pantomime props (properties) reading read-through rehearsal run run-through scene stage business steal the scene (upstage) subtext upstage character characterization collaboration context empathy ensemble improvisation mime motivation objective An opportunity to try out for a play A character with very few lines in a play Asking selected actors to audition for a second time for a part in a play The process of selecting actors for the particular roles in the production A reading of a script done by actors who have not previously reviewed the play. Actors who have no lines and serve as background in scenes. A sequence of plays performed over a period of time The feeling of nervousness or anxiety before a performance Established characters, such as young lovers, neighborhood busybodies, sneaky villains, and overprotective fathers, who are immediately recognizable by an audience. A small part for an actor that does not include speaking lines The orientation of the actor to the audience (e.g., full back, full front, right profile, left profile, ¼; ¾. The planning and working out of the movements of actors on stage. See actor’s position. An actors movement in the opposite direction to the cross made by another actor An actor's movement from one part of the stage to another A signal, either verbal or physical, that indicates something else, such as a line of dialogue or an entrance, is to happen. The conversation between actors on stage. The final few rehearsals just prior to opening night in which the show is run with full technical elements. Full costumes and makeup are worn. An expressive movement of the body or limbs. Committing the lines of the script to memory A long speech by a single character. Acting without words through facial expression, gesture, and movement. Items carried on stage by an actor; small items on the set used by the actors. A staging of a play done with scripts in hand, without memorization A rehearsal at which the play is read by the members of the cast Practice sessions in which the actors and technicians prepare for public performance through repetition. The continuous series of performances of a production A rehearsal moving from start to finish without stopping for corrections or notes. A small segment of a play usually containing one central idea or line of action The actions performed by actors on stage involving the use of props To divert attention away from the actor who should be the center of attention Information that is implied by a character but not stated by a character in dialogue, including actions and thoughts. Used as a noun, the stage area away from the audience; The personality or part an actor re-creates. The development and portrayal of a personality through thought, action, dialogue, costuming, and makeup. The act of working together in a joint intellectual effort. The interrelated conditions in which a play exists or occurs. The flow of emotion from the actor to the audience A group of theatrical artists working together to create a theatrical production. A spontaneous style of theatre in which scenes are created without advance rehearsing or scripting. An ancient art form based on pantomime in which conventionalized gestures are used to express ideas rather than represent actions; also, a performer of mime. A character’s reason for doing or saying things in a play. A character’s goal or intention. Voice: articulation diaphragmatic breathing diction inflection pitch (inflection) projection range rate resonance vocal projection vocal quality volume The clear and precise pronunciation of words. Deep breathing using the full capacity of the lungs and muscle between the rib-cage and abdomen, necessary for the production of strong voice on stage The pronunciation of words, the choice of words, and the manner in which a person expresses himself or herself. See pitch The highness or lowness of the voice. The placement and delivery of volume, clarity, and distinctness of voice for communicating to an audience. The distance in pitch between the lowest and highest tones the actor can produce The speed of speaking The quality of the voice that amplifies and enriches tone See projection. The characteristics of a voice, such as shrill, nasal, raspy, breathy, booming, and so forth. The degree of loudness or intensity of a voice. History of theatre: Commedia Dell’arte Elizabethan Theatre Epic Theatre Greek Theatre Kabuki Noh Theatre Of The Absurd A professional form of theatrical improvisation, developed in Italy in the 1500s, featuring stock characters and standardized plots. The theatre of England during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I and often extended to the close of the theatres in 1640. Theatrical movement of the early 1920s and 1930 characterized by the use of such artificial devices as cartoons, posters, and film sequences distancing the audience from theatrical illusion and allowing focus on the play’s message. Theatrical events in honor of the god Dionysus and occurred in Ancient Greece and included play competitions and a chorus of masked actors. One of the traditional forms of Japanese theatre, originating in the 1600s and combining stylized acting, costumes, makeup, and musical accompaniment. One of the traditional forms of Japanese theatre in which masked male actors use highly stylized dance and poetry to tell stories. Theatrical movement beginning in the 1950s in which playwrights created works representing the universe as unknowable and humankind’s existence as meaningless. Tech theatre: batten backdrop (drop) box set cyc (cyclorama) flat floor plan (ground plan) fly (v.) platform rails scenery scrim stiles ellipsoidal fresnel gel light plot lighting designer scoop throw character makeup corrective makeup (see straight makeup) greasepaint (cream makeup) makeup makeup designer pancake makeup straight makeup (corrective makeup) borrow build costume costume designer pull grip house manager stage crew stage manager mixer sound designer props (properties) prop manager dress (the stage) Long piece of wood or pipe from which scenery, lights and curtains are suspended Large piece of cloth on which scenery is painted, hung from battens at the back of a stage setting Common type of set constructed to represent the walls of a room Background drop, or curtain, that covers the back of the stage and the sides Wooden frame covered with canvas or wood panel, the basic unit of structure in a box set Drawing of the overhead view of the stage & set, showing the location of walls, openings and set pieces To raise or lower on lines in the fly space Set piece with a solid top to support actors, furniture and props The horizontal elements (top and bottom) of a flat Onstage decoration to help establish the time and place of the play Drop made of that seems opaque when lit from front, and semi-transparent when lit from behind Vertical part (sides) of a flat Lighting instrument with an elliptical reflector A spotlight, featuring a fresnel (stepped) lens; projects strong light with a soft edge Transparent color medium placed over a lighting instrument to color the light Detailed plan showing location of lighting instruments, areas of stage, and allocation circuits and dimmers Person responsible for design of lighting and operation of lights during production Large hemispherical unfocused light source; provides wide, soft lighting The distance from the lighting fixture to the area being lit Makeup that changes the appearance of an actor into that of the character being portrayed Oil-based stage makeup Cosmetics and sometimes hairstyles that an actor wears on stage to emphasize facial features, historical periods, characterizations, and so forth. Person responsible for design and application of makeup for the production Water-based stage makeup Makeup that enhances and corrects the features of the actor without changing his or her appearance Any clothing worn by an actor on stage during a performance. Person overseeing the design, acquisition, creation and storage of costumes for the production Use an item (prop, costume, set piece) from storage Stagehand who moves scenery Person responsible for all activities related to house and audience: seating, ticket sales, ushers, refreshments The backstage technical crew responsible for running the show. In small theatre companies the same persons build the set and handle the load-in. Then, during performances, they change the scenery and handle the curtain. The director’s liaison backstage during rehearsal and performance. The stage manager is responsible for the running of each performance. Electronic device that receives sound signals from various sources (mikes, CD, DVD, cassette and reel-to-reel tape decks)and combines them for the amplifier Person responsible for overseeing the design and acquisition of sound elements, and operation of sound equipment Items carried on stage by an actor; small items on the set used by the actors. Person responsible for the acquisition, repair, and storage of props The placement of pictures, fixtures, other objects to complete the scenery set set designer sight lines The scenery for an act or scene Person responsible for overseeing the design , construction, and storage of the set Lines indicating visibility of onstage and offstage areas from various points in the house dress rehearsal strike Uninterrupted rehearsal with costumes and props; final rehearsal before opening To dismantle the set after the play, and store the elements for future use