Download The History of Architecture

The History of Architecture
Egyptian Architecture
Mastabas 3000 BC
Step Pyramids 2600 BC
Straight Pyramids
2000 BC
Greek Architecture
Temple to Athena at the Acropolis,
The Parthenon
448-432 BC
Temple to Nike
420 BC
Roman Architecture
The Coliseum 72AD
The Pantheon
Medieval
Gothic
Notre Dame Cathedral, France
1145-1220 AD
Ancient Far East
Most commoners lived in one room mud huts
Forbidden City: Imperial Palace, Beijing
1200-1400 AD built/ rebuilt
1st Century AD stacked Pagoda
Early Southwest and South
American
Dwellings/Structures
Aztec Burial Pyramid 1100 AD
Mesa Verde, Colorado 1100 AD
India
Taj Mahal 1630-1650
Baroque
Palace of Versailles, France
Originally a hunting lodge, 1624
Louis XIV, rebuilt it in later 1600’s
American Architecture can fit
into four main categories
• Renaissance Revival -based on English, Italian, French and
Dutch Architectural Methods of the 14th+ Century
• Classical Revival -based on Greek and Roman Architecture
• Medieval Revival -based on Dark Ages/Medieval Architecture
• Modern -based on putting aside the past and looking toward the future
Renaissance Revival:
(Colonial 1607-1830)
1775—1783: American Revolutionary War.
Despite winning their independence, the
colonies continue to model their architecture
on English forms for many years.
1789: US Constitution Ratified. George
Washington becomes 1st President.
1801: Thomas Jefferson becomes President of
the United States. Rise of Federal Era.
English Colonial
Seventeenth-century
settlers from
England brought
with them a rural
English architecture
that resembled late
medieval forms. The
familiar New England
Saltbox and Cape
Cod styles were
common to this era.
Dutch Colonial
Houses in the Dutch
colonies incorporated
steeply pitched
gambrel roofs, batten
doors and paired
chimneys — details
common to the
architecture in their
homeland.
French Colonial
Elements of French
Colonial architecture
still exist in southern
Louisiana and
Mississippi. French
Colonial homes
featured tall, narrow
doors and windows.
The roofs were hipped
or side gabled, and
windows often had
paired shutters.
Spanish Colonial
One story, low-roofed
dwellings characterized
the homes and public
buildings of Spain's
American colonies. These
homes often had a
number of external doors
but few windows. Stucco
and adobe walls and flat
or red tile roofs gave
these dwellings their
distinctive appearance.
This style continues to
influence the architecture
of the American
Southwest
Georgian
Square, symmetrical shape
Paneled front door at center
Decorative crown over front door
Flattened columns
on each side of door
Five windows across front
Paired chimneys
Medium pitched roof
Minimal roof overhang
Georgian homes
incorporated characteristics
of the well-known English
Colonial homes along with
paneled doors with ornate
crowns and support
pilasters. Georgian homes
were designed to be highstyle formal dwellings. They
were typically symmetrical
and evenly proportioned,
with gabled or hipped roofs
and double-hung windows
with nine to twelve panes
for each sash.
Mostly found in the
southern states.
Federalist/Adam
Low-pitched roof, or flat roof
Windows arranged symmetrically around a
center doorway
Semicircular fanlight over the front door
Narrow side windows flanking the front door
Decorative crown or roof over front door
Tooth-like dentil moldings in the cornice
Palladian window•Circular or elliptical windows
Shutters•Decorative swags and garlands
Oval rooms and arches
Shortly after the adoption of
the U.S. Constitution, the
Federal, or Adam, style
became widely popular
throughout the newly
unified country. Based on
the designs of British
architect Robert Adam, this
style incorporates many
features found in Georgian
homes, such as cornices with
tooth-like dentils or other
decorative molding and
double-hung windows with
six panes in each sash.
Additionally, they often
incorporate an elliptical
fanlight over the front door,
with side lights and
decorative crowns as
ornamentation
Classical Revival (1780-1940)
Significant Dates
• 1800: Completion of first White House -Federal style heavily influenced
by Georgian architecture.
• 1803: Louisiana purchase. America's territory expands past the
Mississippi River. Westward immigration begins.
• 1812 — 1815: War of 1812. The war marks a shift from America's
dependence on English trade and architectural forms.
• 1814: British forces burn the first White House and much of
Washington DC.
• 1825: Erie Canal is completed, speeding the immigration of European
settlers into the western territories.
• 1861—1865: US Civil War. The war marks the end of the popularity of
Federal architecture. Much of the historical architecture of the
Southern states is destroyed during the war
Greek Revival
Pedimented gable
Symmetrical shape
Heavy cornice
Wide, plain frieze
Bold, simple moldings
Entry porch with columns
Narrow windows around front door
America began to define its
own emerging architectural
independence from its
European heritage. Greek
Revival exteriors may
include an entry porch
supported by square or
round columns, decorative
pilasters, hipped or gabled
roofs, transom windows and
side lights surrounding the
front door. These buildings
often had flat roofs and
colonnades inspired by the
monuments of ancient
Greece.
Neo-Classical
Very similar to Greek
Revival but may have
more elaborate column
work- Corinthian
columns rather than
Doric, always extending
the full height of the
house and with front
gable pediment.
Medieval Revival
1837 – 1914
Significant Dates
• 1837: Queen Victoria I begins reign in United Kingdom.
• 1848: European and American immigrants populate the
newly opened territories, spreading American
architectural forms into Texas, California, and the
Midwest.
• 1865: Transcontinental Railroad finished, speeding
America's industrialization and westward expansion.
• 1890: Louis Sullivan designs the Wainwright Bldg. —
considered by some the first skyscraper.
• 1914—1918: World War I marks the decline of Victorian
styles.
Gothic Revival
Steeply pitched roof
Pointed windows
Grouped chimneys
Asymmetrical floor plan
Veranda
Spires
Gabled roofs
Towers
Early Victorian houses drew
inspiration mostly from
Western Europe, usually
reinterpreting medieval
forms. Multi-colored and
textured walls, steeply
pitched roofs and
asymmetrical facades are
traditional features. Gothic
Revival homes are most
easily identified by the
elaborate “gingerbread”
trim below the gables, and
the strong vertical emphasis
of the windows and
rooflines
Italianate
Low-pitched hip or flat roof
Balanced, symmetrical rectangular shape
Tall appearance, with 2, 3, or 4 stories
Wide, overhanging eaves with brackets/corbels
Square cupola
Tall, narrow, double-paned windows with hood moldings
Side bay window
Heavily molded double doors
Roman or segmented arches above windows and doors
Italianate homes
featured elaborate porch
decoration, decorative
eaves, symmetrical
facades and arched
windows which were
often paired. Some
Italianate homes
featured a central square
tower or cupola, and
most had flat or lowpitched hipped roofs.
Second Empire
Mansard roof
Dormer windows project like eyebrows from roof
Brackets beneath the eaves, balconies, and bay
Cupola
Patterned slate on roof
Wrought iron cresting above upper cornice
Classical pediments
Paired columns
Tall windows on first story
Small entry porch
Inspired by the ornate
cityscapes of Paris,
Second Empire
architecture incorporates
rectangular or square
floor plans, tall flat
facades capped by
Mansard roofs with dormer
windows, and double
entry doors. Roofs are
frequently patterned and
bay windows are also
common.
The Voigt House
Victorian: Queen Anne
Steep roof
Complicated, asymmetrical shape
Often front-facing gable
One-story porch that extends across one
or two sides of the house
Round turrets or square towers
Wall surfaces textured with decorative shingles
Ornamental spindles and brackets
Bay windows
Queen Anne homes
frequently feature
irregular floor plans,
multiple steep roofs and
porches with decorative
gables. Dominant
octagonal or circular
towers, corbelled
chimneys, and highly
decorative windows and
entry doors with glass
panels.
Victorian: Eastlake
Hackley and Hume Homes in Muskegon
This colorful Victorian home is a Queen Anne, but the lacy,
ornamental details are called Eastlake or Stick. The
ornamental style is named after the famous English designer,
Charles Eastlake, who was famous for making furniture
decorated with fancy spindles.
Victorian: Shingle Style
A Victorian home covered
in shingles.
Typically found in New
England coastal
regions.
Asymmetrical
Shingles
Arches
Open Porches
Richardson Romanesque
Romanesque architecture
features massive stone
walls, large arched
windows, porches, and
entries, paired columns,
extensive use of sculptural
stonework, and grandly
scaled interiors reminiscent
of the great palaces of
Europe. Often found in
public buildings, rarely in
homes.
Constructed of rough-faced, square stones
Round towers with cone-shaped roofs
Columns and pilasters with spirals and leaf designs
Low, broad "Roman" arches over arcades and doorways
Patterned masonry arches over windows
Tudor Revival
Decorative half-timbering
Steeply pitched roof
Prominent cross gables
Tall, narrow windows
Small window panes
Massive chimneys
Decorative chimney pots
The inclination away from
standardization was
nowhere better portrayed
than in the ideals of the
Tudor Revival. Exterior color
schemes were typically of
brown, white and black,
sometimes combined with
red brick. Incorporating
exposed framing, thatch or
shingle roofs, and roughhewn stonework, Tudor
Revival homes were
intentionally made to
appear older than they
actually were. In fact, the
apparently primitive
construction details of such
houses were often purely
decorative
Modern 1890 – 1940+
Significant Dates
• 1830: Inventions of Railroad and Steam Power. Arts & Crafts movement is a
reaction against industrialization.
• 1849: California Gold Rush prompts many to go west. Spanish Colonial
architecture influences the rise of Mission style architecture.
• 1865: End of Civil War and the beginning of Reconstruction mark the rise of Arts
and Crafts Movement in earnest.
• 1901: Gustav Stickley begins publication of "The Craftsman". The first issue is
dedicated to William Morris and the second to John Ruskin, leaders of the Arts &
Crafts movement in Europe.
• 1908: Sears Roebuck catalog introduces the mail order house: the average kit
home has 30,000 pieces. Between 1908 and 1940, 100,000 homes are sold.
• 1929 — 1939— The Great Depression: The comparatively affordable
bungalow gains popularity over more elaborate styles.
• 1935: Frank Lloyd Wright builds Fallingwater; modern architecture with elements
drawn from the Arts & Crafts Movement.
• 1941: Start of World War II marks the decline of Arts & Crafts movement.
Arts and Crafts:
Craftsman
/Bungalow
Wood, stone, or stucco siding
Low-pitched side gabled roof
Wide eaves with triangular brackets
Exposed roof rafters
Porch with thick square or round columns
Stone porch supports
Exterior chimney made with stone
Open floor plans; few hallways
Numerous windows
Some windows with stained or leaded glass
Beamed ceilings
Dark wood wainscoting and moldings
Built-in cabinets, shelves, and seating
Its greatest American
proponent was Gustav
Stickley, whose periodical
"The Craftsman" gave the
style its name. Craftsman
houses were generally one
and a half to two stories
tall. They were
environmentally sensitive
structures that made
exceptional use of their
surroundings.
Meyer -May House
Low-pitched roof
Overhanging eaves
Horizontal lines
Central chimney
Open floor plan
Rows of small windows
One-story projections
Arts and Crafts:
Prairie
Another stylistic variation
within the Arts and Crafts
Movement is the Prairie style,
popularized through the work
of Frank Lloyd Wright. Often
appearing to nestle into their
surroundings, Prairie forms
often are horizontal in
emphasis with low pitched
roofs and large over-hanging
eaves. Although firmly
grounded in the Arts and Crafts
tradition, their forward looking
use of materials such as
reinforced concrete and
dramatic expanses of windows,
have lead many to consider this
the first Modern style.
Arts and Crafts:
Four-Square Prairie
Symmetrical design
with a “box”
foundation, although
porch may be offcentered.
Most prominent
characteristic of prairie
would be the long
overhanging eaves.
Mission
Smooth stucco siding
Roof parapets
Large square pillars
Arcaded entry porch
Red tile roof
As populations in California
and America's Southwest
expanded, architecture
throughout America was
increasingly influenced by
the remnants of Spanish
colonial design. One
resulting style was Mission,
spanning not only
architecture but furniture
design and other decorative
arts. Mission architecture
showcases stucco walls with
decorative parapets, red tile
roofs, arched rooflines
above square piers, and
open, widely overhanging
eaves.
Art Nouveau 1890-1905
Known as the New
Style, Art Nouveau was
first expressed in
fabrics and graphic
design. The style
spread to interior
architecture and
furniture in the 1890s.
Art Nouveau buildings
often have
asymmetrical shapes,
arches and decorative
surfaces with curved,
plant-like designs.
Art Deco 1925-1935
These were the
buildings of the future:
sleek, geometric,
dramatic. With their
cubic forms and zigzag
designs, art deco
buildings embraced the
machine age and
scientific planetary
discovery.
Stream-line
Curved walls
Vertical juxtaposition against rectilinear
Glass walls
Horizontal or zig zag banding
International Style 1930’s Part of the Modern Movement.
Architects working in the
International style gave
new emphasis
to the expression of structure,
the lightening of mass,
and the enclosure of dramatic
spaces.
Form follows Function.
Box- like
White-typically
Glass
Open floor plan
Post WW 2 Homes
early 1950’s•
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Pos- war housing.
Cheap, productbased home.
Pre-manufactured
elements
Tight fit
neighborhoods
Limited decorative
exterior and interior
Mid Century Modern Ranch
Influenced by the Early
Modern Movement.
Homes are known for
being one story with
walk out. Open floor
plans with wood interior
and large south facing
glass exteriors to patio.
Large stone fireplaces
typically two sided.
Earth Friendly Homes -1960’s•
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Earth bermed/ earth sheltered /hay bail homes
Solar-Passive
Natural Materials that are native to the land
Directional placement
Wind powered
Current Trends in Architecture
• “Mc Mansions”
– Urban sprawl
– Building for the extremes
• New Urbanism
New Town of Kentlands, MD
– Combating urban
sprawl
– Building
communities through
intentional
architecture and
landscape
• Co-Housing
– Intentional
community
– Shared work and
resources
– Environmentally
conscious
• Sustainable and Green
Architecture
– Recycling of materials
– Advantages of the
systems of the earth
– Combating global
housing needs
– LEED certification
– Concern for environment
– Concern for social and
political issues