Download Invasive Species - University of Windsor

Non-indigenous Species
or exotic-, alien-, invasive-, non-native, foreign, harmful...
a global problem
What is non-indigenous species?
• Non-indigenous species are organism that occurs
outside their native range
• Non-indigenous organisms can be viruses, bacteria,
animals, plants, marine, terrestrial, etc.. even man
• This lecture focuses mainly on aquatic invaders
Why worry?
Number of aquatic invaders
in San Francisco Bay
1. Global problem
2. After habitat destruction the
leading cause of species
extinction
Number of marine invaders
North America
Ruiz GM, Fofonoff PW et al (2000)
Aquatic plants in the
Mediteranean
Cohen AN, Carlton, J.T. (1998)
Ribera Siguan, M.A., 2002.
What’s the problem ?
• “Invader” can harm the invaded ecosystem through:
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Resource competition with local species
Preying on local species
Carrying diseases which harm local wildlife
Secondary impacts
• “Invader” can affect humans
– Economic impact through fisheries, shell fisheries, biofouling
and tourism
– Spread of human diseases
McNeely JA, Mooney HA, et al (2001)
How does an invasion happen?
• Any movement by humans can be a potential vector
• Common ways of introductions are:
– intended introduction for economic
or “beneficial” purpose
– release/escape from “captivity”
– accidental transport within other material
– breaching of natural barriers
– ballast water and ship fouling communities
Multitude of vectors
aquarium
oyster transfer
algae culture
ballast
fouling
fishing
Suez Canal
Example of ratio for the different
vectors for non-native plants in the
Mediterranean Sea
Ribera Siguan, M.A., 2002.
Number of invasions caused
by which vector on the
North American coast
Ruiz GM, Fofonoff PW et al (2000)
The brown tree snake
(Boiga irregularis)
• Its native in Australia and was introduced accidentally in the 1950’s
• Overall responsible for the extinction of 3 out of 4 pelagic birds; 9 out
of 13 forest birds; 3-5 out 12 reptile species on the Island of Guam.
• This snake caused the extirpation or serious reduction of most of the
island's 25 resident bird species on the main island of Guam.
• Twelve species were likely extirpated as breeding residents on the main
island, 8 others experienced declines of greater than or equal to 90%
throughout the island or at least in the north, and 2 were kept at
reduced population levels during all or much of the study.
• Declines of greater than or equal to 90% occurred rapidly, averaging
just 8.9 years along three roadside survey routes combined and 1.6
years at a 100-ha forested study site.
Wiles GJ, Bart J, et al (2003) Fritts TH, Rodda GH (1998)
Nile Perch (Lates niloticus)
•
Introduced to Lake Victoria in 1954 to increase fish
yield
•
Caused extinction of 200+ endemic fish species
through predation, and competition
•
Fish caused indirect increased erosion on land,
causing higher nutrient levels in the lake.
Hauser L, Carvalho GR, Pitcher T, Oguto-Ohwayo R (1998)
Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)
• Introduced as ornamental plant around the world
• Now in 50 countries on 5 continents including US
• In California it replaced the native pennywort (Hydrocotyle
umbellata) which occupies a similar habitat, leading to a marked
decrease in invertebrate communities
• Limits water transport, reduces oxygen and light levels in the water
• Biological control used successfully against water hyacinth in some
cases (water hyacinth weevil Neochetina spp.)
Albright TP, Moorhouse TG, et al 2004 / Toft JD, Simenstad CA, et al (2003)
Caulerpa Seaweed (Caulerpa taxifolia)
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•
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•
•
•
•
Introduced into Mediterranean by Monaco Aquarium in 1984 by dumping aquarium waste
into the sea.
Hardier clone than the tropical species which seemed to have developed in the aquarium.
Smothers natural seagrass beds while being toxic to herbivores
Spreads via small fragments or planktonic zygotes attached to anchors, ropes, nets or
boats
By 2000 covered 131km2 in several Mediterranean countries.
Bio-control attempts using tropical seaslugs were made but unsuccessful so far.
Recently it was discovered and eradicated (?) along the Californian coast, as well as near
Sydney.
Meinesz A, Belsher T,et al 2001 / Thibaut T, Meinesz A
Meinesz A, Belsher T,et al 2001
Common crab (Carcinus maenas)
• Introduced to USA as early as 1800s on northern east
coast, recently in California
• Competes with native molluscs and crustaceans for food
and/or eats them
• Impact on oyster culture and local crab fishery
• Estimated annual damage in US $44 million
Grosholz ED, Ruiz GM (1996) / Audet D, Davis DS, Miron G, et al., (2003).
Zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)
• Spread from its native range in the Baltic Sea via
ballast water
• Spreads in Europe and North America
• Kills native molluscs, changes ecosystems and
causes major biofouling
• Estimated annual damage in US $3 billion
Napela T.F., Schloesser, D.W., 1992
Zebra mussel distribution in North America
Is an invasive meltdown occurring in the Great Lakes?
• It has been suggested that Ponto-Caspian foodwebs are being
reconstructed in the Great Lakes
• Large zebra mussel populations provide habitat for the invasive round
goby
• The invasive Echinogammarus is a deposit feeder living within zebra
mussel clumps
• The invasive hydroid Cordylophora caspia markedly increased in
population densities after the arrival of the zebra mussel
• The increase of water clarity by the filter feeding zebra mussels
fascilitates native and invasive macrophytes, which provides
substrate for juvenile mussels
Ricciardi A, Maclsaac HJ (2000)
North American Crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus)
The North American Crayfish has been introduced to Great Britain
to replace the fisheries for the native species Austropotamobius
pallipes, supported by governmental funds.
The North American Crayfish is more aggressive and larger and
ejects the native crayfish out of its shelters
North American Crayfish carry the fungal Crayfish plague which has
little effect on the invader but kills many native European crayfish
Holdich DM, Reeve ID (1991) Soederbaeck B (1991)
‘Jellyfish’ in the Black Sea
In the 1960’s the jellyfish eating mackerel (Scomber
scombrus) became rare due to over-fishing and
eutrophication.
In the 1980 the resident Aurelia aurita reached 300-500
million tons biomass, making it the top-water column
predator.
In the late 1980’s the more euryhaline Mnemiopsis leidyi got
introduced from the Atlantic via ballast water, and replaced
Aurelia during a period of lowered salinity reaching 300-500
ind/m3.
During the same period commercial fisheries in the Black
Sea crashed, most likely due to a combination of comb jelly
predation on juvenile fish and overfishing
Another accidentally introduced ctenophore, Beroe ovata,
seems to reduce number of Mnemiopsis in some areas by
predation, but the long term effect has to be established
Guseinov MK, Osmanov MM, Guseinov KM(2005) / Mills CE (2001)
Californian cordgrass Spartina foliosa, and its nonnative sibling species Spartina alterniflora.
• The Californian native S. foliosa is a wetland
species with low tolerance to tidal submersion.
• S. alterniflora was introduced in the 1970’s
purposely in San Francisco bay.
• It is larger, faster growing and has a high tolerance
to submersion and therefore survives lower on
intertidal mudflats.
• This has detrimental effects on humans as well as
birds, fish, and native and cultivated shellfish by
replacing open mudflats with dense cordgrass
stands
• Hybrids of both species were observed which could
out-compete the native species in its original
habitat
• The delphacid planthopper Prokelisia marginata was
recently introduced into Willapa Bay, Washington
for biological control of S. alterniflora with some
success.
Ayres DR, Garcia-Rossi D, et al(1999) / Grevstad FS, Strong DR, et al (2003).
The invasion history of Cercopagis pengoi in the
Great Lakes
Native to the Caspian and Black Sea, the Sea
of Azov, and Aral Lake
Spread to the Baltic Sea and the lower Rhine
via canals opened in the 19th century
In 1998 it was found in Lake Ontario,
since then it has spread to Lake
Michigan, Lake Erie, Muskegon Lake
and the finger lakes (NY)
It reduces the native zooplankton
community significantly
mtDNA markers were used to assess
the source of the North American
population
A severe genetic bottleneck was
found
Cristescu MEA, Hebert PDN, et al (2001) / MacIsaac HJ, Grigorovich IA, et al(1999)
Cercopagis pengoi
Cristescu MEA, Hebert PDN, et al (2001)
The Chinese mitten Crab, Eriocheir sinensis
• Spread from China to Europe in 1912 were it reached a widespread
distribution by the 1930’s
• In the 1990’s it arrived in San Francisco bay and reached high
population levels there
• European population is most likely caused by ballast water introductions,
but this species is also a valuable aquaculture organism
Herborg L-M, Rushton SP, et al (2003)
Eriocheir sinensis
0.4
Schelde
0.2
Malaeren
Thames
0.0
PCA 2
• Microsatelite study showed a
population bottleneck in all
European populations.
• A mt DNA study found that the
Californian population is closer
related to the European ones
than the Native ones.
• This has important management
implications.
Elbe
Weser
-0.2
-0.4
Tagus
-0.6
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
PCA 1
Hanfling B, Carvalho GR, et al (2002) / Herborg L-M, Rushton SP, et al (2003)
0.4
The paradox of the Argentine Ant (Linepithema
humile)
• The Argentinean Ant was introduced to the US in 1891 and
spread by 1907 to California.
• Once established this species replaced almost all native ant
species, which is in contrast with its behaviour in the native
range
• In the native range this species shares it habitat with other
ant species and strongly compete between con-specific
colonies.
Tsutsui ND, Suarez AV, et al (2000)
The invasion of the brown anole lizard, Anolis sagrei.
• Native to Cuba, with several distinct populations.
• Invaded Florida, Hawaii and several other locations in the
last century.
• Genetic diversity actually increased in the invasive
populations versus the native populations.
mean 3.5%
mean 1.7%
Sequence divergence
Kolbe, Glor et al, 2004
Summary
• Many different vectors can lead to an introduction
• The types of impact can be as far reaching as remodelling a
whole ecosystem
• Genetics can identify source populations, vectors and
propagule supply
• The degree of genetic diversity varies widely between
invaders
References
Vectors
Impacts
•
Ribera Siguan, M.A., 2002. Review of non-native plants in the Mediterannean SeaIn: Leppaekoski E, Gollasch S, Olenin S (eds)
Invasive aquatic species of Europe. Distribution, impacts and managment. Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp 217-231
•
Guseinov MK, Osmanov MM, Guseinov KM(2005). Characteristics in the pelagic ecosystem of the Dagestan region of the
Caspian Sea under the impact of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi (A-agassiz) OCEANOLOGY 45 (1): 62-65
•
Mills CE (2001) Jellyfish blooms: are populations increasing globally in response to changing ocean conditions? Hydrobiologia
451: 55-68
•
Bilio M, Niermann U (2004) Is the comb jelly really to blame for it all? Mnemiopsis leidyi and the ecological concerns about
the Caspian Sea. MARINE ECOLOGY-PROGRESS SERIES 269: 173-183
•
Soederbaeck B (1991) Interspecific dominance relationship and aggressive interactions in the freshwater crayfishes Astacus
astacus (L.) and Pacifastacus leniusculus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 69: 1321-1325
•
Grosholz ED, Ruiz GM (1996) Predicting the impact of introduced marine species: Lessons from the multiple invasions of the
European green crab Carcinus maenas. Biological Conservation 78: 59-66
•
Toft JD, Simenstad CA, Cordell JR, Grimaldo LF (2003). The effects of introduced water hyacinth on habitat structure,
invertebrate assemblages, and fish diets. ESTUARIES 26 (3): 746-758
•
Fritts TH, Rodda GH (1998) The role of introduced species in the degradation of Island ecosystems: A Case History of Guam.
Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 113-140
•
Ricciardi A, Maclsaac HJ (2000) Recent mass invasion of the North American Great Lakes by Ponto-Caspian species. Trends
in Ecology & Evolution 15: 62-65
Genetics
•
Kolbe JJ, Glor RE, Schettino LR, Lara AC, Larson A, Losos JB (2004) Genetic variation increases during biological invasion by
a Cuban lizard. Nature 431: 177-181
•
Cristescu MEA, Hebert PDN, Witt JDS, MacIsaac HJ, Grigorovich IA (2001) An invasion history for Cercopagis pengoi based
on mitochondrial gene sequences. Limnology and Oceanography 46: 224-229
•
Hanfling B, Carvalho GR, Brandl R (2002) mt-DNA sequences and possible invasion pathways of the Chinese mitten crab.
Marine Ecology-Progress Series 238: 307-310
•
Ayres DR, Garcia-Rossi D, Davis HG, Strong DR (1999) Extent and degree of hybridization between exotic (Spartina
alterniflora) and native (S-foliosa) cordgrass (Poaceae) in California, USA determined by random amplified polymorphic DNA
(RAPDs). Molecular Ecology 8: 1179-1186
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Tsutsui ND, Suarez AV, Holway DA, Case TJ (2000) Reduced genetic variation and the success of an invasive species.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97: 5948-5953
•
Hauser L, Carvalho GR, Pitcher T, Oguto-Ohwayo R (1998) Genetic affinities of an introduced predator: Nile perch in Lake
Victoria, East Africa. Molecular Ecology 7: 849-857
Spread / Distribution
• Holdich DM, Reeve ID (1991) Distribution of Fresh-Water Crayfish in the British-Isles, with Particular Reference to Crayfish Plague, Alien
Introductions and Water-Quality. Aquatic Conservation-Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 1: 139-158
• Audet D, Davis DS, Miron G, et al., (2003). Geographical expansion of a nonindigenous crab, Carcinus maenas (L.), along the Nova Scotian shore
into the southeastern Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada. JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH 22 (1): 255-262
• Meinesz A, Belsher T, Thibaut T, Antolic B, Mustapha KB, Boudouresque C, Chiaverini D, Cinelli F, Cottalorda JM, Djellouli A, El Abed A,
Orestano C, Grau AM, Ivesa L, Jaklin A, Langar H, Massuti-Pascual E, Peirano A, Tunesi L, de Vaugelas J, Zavodnik N, Zuljevic A (2001) The
Introduced Green Alga Caulerpa taxifolia Continues to Spread in the Mediterranean. Biological Invasions 3: 201-210
• Albright TP, Moorhouse TG, McNabb J 2004. The rise and fall of water hyacinth in Lake Victoria and the Kagera River Basin, 1989-2001.
JOURNAL OF AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT 42: 73-84
• MacIsaac HJ, Grigorovich IA, Hoyle JA, Yan ND, Panov VE (1999) Invasion of Lake Ontario by the Ponto-Caspian predatory cladoceran
Cercopagis pengoi. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56: 1-5
• Herborg L-M, Rushton SP, Clare AS, Bentley MG (2003) Spread of the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis, H. Milne Edwards) in
Continental Europe: analysis of a historical data set. Hydrobiologia 503: 21-28
• Wiles GJ, Bart J, Beck RE, Aguon CF (2003). Impacts of the brown tree snake: Patterns of decline and species persistence in Guam's
avifauna. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 17 (5): 1350-1360
• Ruiz GM, Fofonoff PW, Carlton JT, Wonham MJ, Hines AH (2000) Invasion of coastal marine communities in North America: Apparent
patterns, processes, and biases. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 31: 481-531
Control / Managment
• Thibaut T, Meinesz A, Amade P, Charrier S, De Angelis K, Ierardi S, Mangialajo L, Melnick J, Vidal V 2001. Elysia subornata (Mollusca) a
potential control agent of the alga Caulerpa taxifolia (Chlorophyta) in the Mediterranean Sea. JOURNAL OF THE MARINE BIOLOGICAL
ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM 81 (3): 497-504
• McNeely JA, Mooney HA, Neville LE, Schei P, Waage JK (2001) A Global Strategy on Invasive Alien Species. IUCN Gland, Switzerland, and
Cambridge, U.K., in collaboration with the Global Invasive Species Programme.
• Grevstad FS, Strong DR, Garcia-Rossi D, Switzer RW, Wecker MS (2003). Biological control of Spartina alterniflora in Willapa Bay,
Washington using the planthopper Prokelisia marginata: agent specificity and early results BIOLOGICAL CONTROL 27 (1): 32-42
Further reading:
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Alexander Meinesz, 1999. “Killer Algae”, p1-360, The University of Chicago Press.
Napela T.F., Schloesser D.W. eds, 1992. Zebra mussels, biology, impacts, and control,Lewis Publishers