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Chapter 5 Operating System
• Operating system software is in the broader
category of “system software”.
• Categories of operating systems
• Operating system (OS) tasks:
– Providing the user interaction
– Managing the processor, memory, hardware
– Interacting with application software
– Starting the computer up
– Utilities programs
• Windows features and file management
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Tasks of operating system 1/2
• Controls computer functions (hardware,
processor, memory, peripheral devices)
• Provides means for software to work with
CPU
• Responsible for management, scheduling,
and interaction of tasks
• Provides user interface
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Tasks of operating system 2/2
• Utilities programs - small programs that
perform computer housekeeping tasks
related to:
– Backup
– Security
– Diagnostics
– Maintenance
– Recovery
– Etc.
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Real-Time Operating Systems
• An operating
system with a
specific purpose.
• Also called
embedded system
• Found in:
– Automobiles
– Printers
– VoIP phones
– Medical devices
– Robotic equipment
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Network Operating Systems
• Most OS’s have networking capabilities
which implies the following:
– The OS allows access to the computer
system by more than one user
– The OS manages user requests
• OS’s with network capabilities include:
– UNIX (designed for mainframe)
– Linux (variety of mainframes and
supercomputers)
– Actually OS’s for PCs such as Windows XP through Windows
10, Mac OSX, and Linux PC OS also have networking
capabilities!
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UNIX OS
• Unix operating system is primarily for
mainframes.
• UNIX was developed by AT&T Bell Labs.
They licensed it to Santa Cruz Operating
Group.
• Vendors can modify UNIX code. Some
vendor versions:
– Hewlett-Packard has HP/UX
– Sun version has Solaris
– IBM’s has AIX
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Commercial computers OS’s
• On Mainframes, the OS network
capabilities handles hundreds or
thousands of users simultaneously.
• Examples:
– z/OS is an OS for the IBM zSeries
mainframe.
– Linux OS for mainframe
– Linux OS for supercomputers
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Smartphones OS’s
(single user multitask OS)
• Old cell phone + old PDAs = new
Smartphones
• Some smartphone OS’s:
– Microsoft Windows Phone 7
– iPhone iOS
– Google Android (is Linux based)
• It is a computer, phone, camera, Internet
browser. Runs apps, including GPS
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Desktop and Notebook
Operating Systems
• An operating system combined with a
processor is known as a platform
– Microsoft Windows OS with Intel and AMD
processors
– Apple Macintosh OS with Motorola, IBM, and
Intel processors
• OS not interchangeable between platforms
• Most Applic. software is platform specific
• Note Macs and Windows PCs can be
networked tog.
9
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Microsoft Windows
• Originally a single-user OS, but starting
with Windows XP, is multi-user OS
because it include networking capabilities
• Windows 10 is newest version
• Some systems have touch screen
functionality
• Microsoft strived to increased functionality,
improve user-friendliness, Internet, and
privacy and security
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Mac OS
• First commercially available OS with pointand-click technology (GUI)
• Excellence in Graphics display, Processing,
System reliability, File backup
• Fewer applications avail than for Windows
• More expensive
• Can run Windows in “boot camp” utility
• Networkable (making it multi-user)
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Mac vs. Windows
• Similar functionality
• Streamlined user interface
• Window-like work areas on the desktop
Mac
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Windows
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Linux
• Linus Torvalds created as a
student in college, Finland ‘91
• Open-source operating system
(source code is avail.)
• Stable system based on UNIX
• Code tweaked by Gnu Project
• Free (download from Internet)
– Linux distributors (Red Hat, Ubuntu,
Fedora, Suse) sell versions for the
support they provide..
• Linux is Open Source software
(other such OpenOffice, MySQL)
• networkable
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What the OS Does
Next 8 slides…
• Provides a user interface (see next slide)
• Manages the CPU
• Manages memory and storage
• Manages hardware and peripheral
devices
• Coordinates application software with
the CPU
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The User Interface
• Enables you to
interact with the Command-driven
computer
• Types of interfaces:
– Command-driven interface
(In Windows 8: START
button > All Apps >
Windows System
Category > Command
prompt; Or search on
“cmd”, press <enter>.)
– Menu-driven interface
– Graphical user interface
Menu-driven
Graphical
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Processor Management
(“interrupt”, “stacks” etc (details) of this slide not required)
• Controls the timing of events the
processor works on
– Multitasking
– Interrupts
– Interrupt handler
– Interrupt table
– Stack - OS puts reminder where it left off
when it was interrupted and did other event
(task)
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System Requirements - Windows 8
Windows 8.1
• 4GB for x64 (64-bit) systems
• [ 2GB of RAM for x86 systems (32bit)],
• __MB of video RAM
• other
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Upgrade to Windows ??
Considerations/research needed
• Is support for your current OS expiring soon?
• Many times current OS is best fitted to your equipment
• Make sure your software and devices are compatible;
Recommended that you use Windows ?? “Upgrade
Advisor”
– Can download this program. It scans your computer
to see what software (and drivers for hardware) are
on your computer and whether compatible with Win 7.
– Then if software not compatible, you need to research
it to find its update -- or uninstall it.
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Virtual Memory
• Instructions and data are stored in RAM
temporarily as program is running. From
there they go to CPU to be executed.
• IF RAM GETS FULL, the data is forced to
get stored on hard drive
• This hard drive location is called Swap file
(= Page file)
• Terms: swapping = paging
– Thrashing – excessive paging or swapping
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Hardware and Peripheral
Device Management
• Device drivers - software for your hardware
– Software (program) that enables the
operating system to communicate with a
peripheral devices.
– Provided by the manufacturer of the device
• Plug and Play
– Hardware/software standard (since Wins 95)
– Facilitates the installation of new hardware
b/c Windows OS has many drivers “on file”
(So you do not have to install them w/ disc.)
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Device Manager
•Windows 8: Rightclick ThisPC, Props,
link at left is Device
Manager
•Or right click on
START and select
Device Manager
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Starting the Computer
The boot process
BIOS - Basic Input Output System
1. BIOS is activated from
ROM chip connected to
on switch.
2. A POST checks
attached hardware.
3. The OS loads from hard
drive into RAM.
4. Configuration and
customization settings
are checked.
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Handling Errors in the
Boot Process (this slide not required)
Safe mode
• When Windows does not
boot properly, one can
boot into safe mode
• It is a diagnostic mode
where minimal drivers are
started up – allowing you
to troubleshoot. For ex,
from safe mode, you can
uninstall any new devices
or software that were
causing the current issues
and then try reinstalling.
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The Desktop
This is older
Windows Vista
Desktop!
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Covered in
Windows 8
Chapter
24
Windows
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Covered in
Windows 8
Chapter
25
in
File Management Covered
Windows 8
Chapter
• The operating system provides an
organizational structure for the computer’s
contents.
• Hierarchical structure of directories:
– Drives
• Folders
Subfolders
» Files
• Windows 8: ThisPC (Documents, Pictures,
Videos)
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File Management
Covered in
Windows 8
Chapter
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Viewing Files and Folders
• Many views available
Covered in
Windows 8
Chapter
– Details (Can sort on various columns,
shows additional info - details)
– Large Icon view PPT slides (shows title
slide)
– Extra Large Icon view
– Tiles view (default view of Computers)
– List view
– Small and Medium Icon views
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File Name Extensions 1/2
Extension
Type of Document
Application
.doc
Word processing document
Microsoft Word 2003
.docx
Word processing document
Microsoft Word 2007
.xlsx
Spreadsheet
Microsoft Excel 2007
.accdb
Database
Microsoft Access 2007
.pptx
PowerPoint presentation
Microsoft PowerPoint 2007
.pdf
Portable Document Format
.txt
Text
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Adobe Acrobat or Adobe
Reader
Any program that can read
text documents
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File Name Extensions 2/2
Extension
Type of Document
Application
Hyper Text Markup Language for
a Web page
Joint Photographic Experts
Group (JPEG) image
Graphic Interchange Format
(GIF) image
Any program that can read
HTML
Most programs capable of
displaying images
Most programs capable of
displaying images
.bmp
Bitmap image
Windows
.zip
Compressed file
WinZip
.htm or .html
.jpg
.gif
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Naming Files
• File name: Name assigned plus file name
extension
– Ex: You type my paper and Word 2013 saves
it as my paper.docx
• Up to 255 characters
• Characters not legal in Windows file
names: “ / \ * ? < > | :
• Character not legal in Mac file names: :
• Mac file names are case sensitive
• (I like to avoid a dot in my file name.)
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File Path
• File path or pathname (location of file):
• Use /’s or \’s . A colon follows the drive
name
Practice - navigate to the folder &/or file
specified:
C:\Users\your_name\Documents
S:\perel\CS101\old stuff\aa_prac\one.txt
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Working with Files
• File management actions
– Open
– Copy
– Move
– Rename
– Delete
• Recycle Bin (Windows) (only files
deleted from C: are recoverable such as from
Documents or Pictures folders.)
– Called Trash on Mac
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Utility Programs
• Utility program (definition) - small application
program that performs special functions
(“housekeeping” functions, to manage
resources, customize computer)
example: Display Properties Utility
• Change the appearance of: Desktop,
Win 7/Vista: Rt-click desktop, Personalization
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Utility – Programs and Features
Use Programs and Features:
• Win 8: Control Panel > Programs > Programs and Features (NOTE:
To get to control panel, right click START button)
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Utility - File Compression 1/2
Reduce the size of a file by removing
redundancies. This means repeated
patterns of characters in the file are
replaced with few characters. For example
in the sentence:
The rain in Spain falls mainly on the
plain.
the “ain” pattern might be replaced by the
single character “*”. Thus 1 character
replaces 3 characters and reduces the size
of the file.
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Utility - File Compression 2/2
Zip: Right click on file/folder, select
Send to > Compressed Folder
Unzip: To unzip is to extract or uncompress.
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System Maintenance Utilities
• Disk Cleanup
– Removes unnecessary
files; you can choose to
delete: downloaded
program files, temporary
Internet files, offline Web
pages, deleted files in
Recycle Bin
– Right-click C: drive, Props,
General tab,
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System Maintenance Utilities
• Disk defragmenter:
– Regroups related pieces of files
– Right-click C: drive, Props, Tools tab
• Error checker:
– Checks for lost files and fragments
– Right-click C: drive, Props, Tools tab
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System Maintenance Utilities
Task Manager:
• ctrl + alt + del
• Unfreeze frozen program
– Click End Task on non-responding
program
• See apps running
• See processes running
• If ctrl + alt +del doesn’t work,
turn computer off by power
button. Then turn it back on.
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System Restore
• Restores your
computer to previous
point in time.
– Choose the last restore
point or an earlier date when
you know your computer
was working okay..
– PC will restart . Process can
takes 3 - 60 minutes.
– Create restore points too. It’s in Control Panel:
System and Security > System,
– system restore vide??o System Protection link at left
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Other Utilities
• Utilities for “Maintaining your computer”
(separate notes)
– Disk clean up, error checking and defrag.
– Restore point and more drastic measures of Refresh your
PC and reset.
• Backup: Creates a copy of the hard drive (or
specific files) to another storage device
– Win 7/Vista: Control Panel > Sys & Security, Backup and
Restore
– Wins 8: Control Panel > System & Security > File History
• Utility - accommodates for disabilities:
– Win 7/Vista: Accessories folder > Ease of Access folder
They contain Magnifier, Narrator, speech recognition, etc
– Win 8: Start > AllCopyright
Apps >© Windows
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Access
Right-click START button for:
•
•
•
•
Control panel
Task Manager
File Explorer
Others:
– Programs and Features
– System
– Device Manager
– Command Prompt
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