Download Macromolecules Review 1. What is the function of starch and

Macromolecules Review
1. What is the function of starch and glycogen?
2. What process splits polysaccharides into disaccharides?
3. The formation of a disaccharide from two monosaccharides is a reaction called?
4. Which common polysaccharide cannot be used by humans as an energy source? Explain.
5. Which one of the following molecules is a disaccharide
a) cellulose (b) glycogen (c) maltose (d) amylase
6. Why is fibre considered to be an important part of a healthy diet?
7. Name the building blocks of triglycerides.
8. How does the structure of an unsaturated fatty acid differ from the structure of a saturated fatty
acid? Give an example of a food that contains each.
9. Which type of organisms tend to make saturated fatty acids?
10. Why is a protein called a polypeptide?
11. A peptide bond is always formed between the ____ group of one _____ and the _____ group
of the next.
12. Name three functions of proteins in a living organism.
13. Which of these things is not like the others?
a) fiber (b) sugar (c) starch (d) cellulose (e) fat
14. Which elements are found in proteins but not in either carbohydrates or lipids.
15. The basic building units for the organic compound
a) Protein _____ (b) Triglyceride _____ (c) Carbohydrate _____ (d) Nucleic acids _____
16. Proteins are to amino acids as polysaccharides are to ________.
Enzymes Review
1. State at least three characteristics of enzymes.
2. All EXCEPT one of the following are characteristics of an enzyme
a) lower the activation energy (b) can be used in many different chemical reactions
(c) involved in but not changed by the reaction (d) allow chemical reactions to occur at
moderate temperatures
3. An enzyme reduces the _____ of a chemical reaction.
4 Explain how changing the pH and/or salt concentration of a solution containing an enzyme can
destroy the enzyme activity.
5. Explain how heat can sometimes destroy enzyme activity.
6. Using an example, describe how most enzymes are named.
7. The area on the enzyme which acts as a "docking site" as it matches up to the substrate
molecule is
a) the catalyst (b) the reactant (c) the peptide bond (d) the active site (e) docking site
8. How is it that an enzyme has only one "specific" function?
Cellular Respiration Review
1. What two molecules are formed when a phosphate is removed from ATP?
2. Describe how photosynthesis and cellular respiration are reverse processes.
3. What is the function of ATP?
4. Describe how ADP is converted into ATP.
5. Differentiate between oxidation and reduction reactions.
6. Why is an electron transport system important to living organisms?
7. In the reaction ADP + P forms ATP is energy stored or released?
8. Compare and contrast ATP production in anaerobic versus aerobic environments.
9. The primary source of energy for the cell is
a) starch (b) cellulose (c) glucose (d) ATP (e) sunlight
10. Why must glycolysis occur before the steps of aerobic respiration can begin?
11. What is the purpose of the phosphorylation of glucose in glycolysis?
12. As glucose is broken down into pyruvate, the hydrogen atoms and their electrons are picked
up by
a) NAD (b) NAD+ (c) NADP+ (d) NADP
13. Explain how energy is released in useful packets through the ETC.
14. When do plant cells perform photosynthesis?
15. When do plant cells perform cellular respiration?
16. Under what conditions does lactic acid fermentation occur in muscles? How can we tell that
the fermentation is occurring?
16. Complete the chart below:
Anaerobic Respiration
Aerobic Respiration
a) net amount of ATP produced
b) terminal electron acceptor
c) location in cell
d) final products
Photosynthesis Review
1. The energy conversion in photosynthesis occurs in two stages. What are they?
2. Summarize the events of the light reactions.
3. What are the products of the light reactions?
4. In what part of the chloroplast do the light reactions take place?
5. Where in the chloroplast is chlorophyll located?
6. What is the term for the stacks of disks seen in plants?
7. What is the term for the fluid surrounding these stacks?
8. What function is served by chlorophyll?
9. What molecule carries hydrogen and electrons during photosynthesis?
11. Where does the Calvin cycle occur?
12. What is the function of the Calvin cycle?
13. State the products of the Calvin cycle.
14. What is the source of the oxygen released during photosynthesis?
15. Where does the carbon for making glucose come from?
17. How are the general formulas for photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?
Organelles Review
1. Describe the current model of the cell membrane.
2. How are the functions of mitochondria and chloroplasts similar?
3. By comparing a bee's body mass to its wing span, it has been calculated that a bee should not
be able to fly. Cell biologists have since found that the muscles which control the wings of the bee
have a huge number of mitochondria. Explain why this discovery may help explain why bees are
able to fly.
4. What is the function of the ER?
5. Describe the function of the Golgi apparatus.
6. What is the function of the ribosome?
7. Cells of the stomach lining have large numbers of ribosomes and Golgi. Explain.
8. What are the functions of lysosomes?
9. A Biology 20 student has observed an amoeba and made a drawing. You are marking the
drawing and notice that he has drawn in a chloroplast. Do you take marks off or not? Explain.
10. The ER is called "rough" if it has what organelle attached to it?
Membrane Transport Review
1. Describe the difference between active and passive transport.
2. What is a selectively permeable membrane?
3. Define diffusion.
4. Explain the process of osmosis.
5. What factor determines the direction in which molecules will move during osmosis?
6. What happens to the size of a cell placed in a hypotonic solution?
7. You are fertilizing the lawn one day and spill some fertilizer in one spot. What do expect to
observe over the next few days? Explain.
8. How does facilitated diffusion differ from normal diffusion and osmosis? Why is it a benefit to
cells?
9. Which of the following conditions describe a hypotonic solution that a cell is placed in?
(a) a higher solute concentration outside the cell
(b) a lower solute concentration outside the cell
(c) a equal solute concentration both inside and outside the cell
(d) none of the above
10. Identify whether each of the following is passive or active transport.
a) osmosis (b) exocytosis (c) diffusion (d) phagocytosis (e) active transport (f)
endocytosis (g) facilitated diffusion
11. A marathon runner collapses after running on a hot day. Although the runner consumed
adequate water along the route, blood testing showed that many of his red blood cells had burst.
Why was this the case? (hint: on hot days, runners drink fluids that contain sugar and salt.)
Muscle Review
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Define the following: Belly, cartilage, tendon, ligament, and muscle fibres.
What is a sarcomere? Sarcoplasmic reticulum? Myofilaments? And what do they do?
What is the role of calcium in contraction relaxation cycles?
What is actin, myosin, troponin, tropomyosin? How is each important to contraction?
What is the relationship of myosin, actin, and ATP?
What triggers the "ratcheting" of actin and myosin?
What is an involuntary muscle? A skeletal or striated muscle? What is cardiac muscle?
What are the physical characteristics of smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, or cardiac muscle?
Which fiber types are specialized for power or for endurance? How do fiber types compare as
to blood supply,
Digestive System Review
1. Differentiate between mechanical and chemical digestion and state the function of each.
2. Define ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.
3. Why are you able to swallow water while standing on your head?
4. How do the teeth and tongue function in digestion?
5. What prevents food from entering the trachea?
6. What is the purpose of saliva?
7. What prevents self-digestion of the stomach?
8. What is the combined effect of sphincter muscles and peristalsis in the stomach?
9. What would be the result if the stomach did not have sphincter muscles?
10. How are stomach acids neutralized by pancreatic secretions?
11. What are villi and what function do they serve?
12. Explain why the small intestine is the most important organ of the digestive tract.
13. What happens after digested food is absorbed in the small intestine?
14. What causes pepsin to become inactive in the small intestine?
15. In cases of extreme obesity, surgical procedures can be used to control weight. For each,
state the effect on the patient:
a) a section of the small intestine is removed.
b) the size of the stomach is reduced.
16 A person can live without a gallbladder but not without a liver. Explain.
17. Why is cellulose considered to be an important part of the diet?
18. The incidence of colon cancer is highest in countries where people eat the greatest quantities
of animal fats and proteins. Individuals who live in countries where cereal grains form the basic
diet have a much lower incidence of colon cancer. What conclusion might you draw from these
data? Can colon cancer be eliminated by a change in diet?
19. Why are pepsin and trypsin produced and stored in inactive forms?
20. If a person were suffering from gallstones, what foods might they have difficulty digesting?
Super easy fill-in-the-blanks
1. _____ secretes bile which emulsifies _____.
2. _____ secretes saliva which _____ food and contains an enzyme which breaks down _____.
3. _____ churns food; secretes mucus, enzymes, and _____.
4. _____ secretes trypsin, which break down _____ lipase, which breaks down _____; and
_____, which breaks down starch.
5. _____ begins the process of mechanical digestion.
6. _____ is the exit for solid wastes, called _____.
7. _____ moves food from the mouth to the stomach by means of _____.
Complete the following table
Nutrient
Digestion Begins
Digestion Completed
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
Complete the following table
Organ
Enzyme(s)
Function of enzyme(s)
Salivary Glands
Stomach
Pancreas
Small Intestine
Excretory System Review
1. List the three main roles of the kidney.
2. What is deamination and what is the implication of the process for the body?
3. What waste compound is produced from the metabolism of protein?
4. What are the primary components of urine?
5. How does urine reach the bladder?
6. Through which tube does urine exit the body?
7. What are the tubes called that carry urine from the kidney to the bladder?
8. Name some ways water is lost from the body.
9. What is the role of thirst in maintaining homeostasis of the water in the body?
10. Into what part of the nephron do small molecules pass from the capillaries of the glomerulus?
11. List some of the molecules that leave the glomerulus and move into the nephron.
12. Describe the function of each of the following, and list them in the order that a molecule of
urea would pass through them on its way from the blood to the outside of the body:
a) renal pelvis
f) urethra
b) loop of Henle
g) ureter
c) bladder
h) Bowman's capsule
d) proximal tubule
i) distal tubule
e) collecting duct
j) renal artery
13. Under what conditions would you produce very small quantities of urine?
14. Describe each of the three processes involved in the formation of urine, being sure to state
the role of each.
15. How is blood entering the nephron different from blood leaving the nephron?
16. Describe the role and effect of ADH and aldosterone
17. What mechanism regulates the release of ADH and aldosterone?
18. Describe the problems caused by both diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus.
19. Imagine that a blood clot lodges in the renal artery and restricts blood flow to the kidney.
Explain why this condition would lead to high blood pressure.
20. What is edema, and under what conditions might it occur?
21. For every 100 mL of seawater consumed, 150 mL of body water is lost. The solute
concentration of seawater is greater than that of blood. Provide a physiological explanation for the
loss of body water. (Hint: consider the threshold level for salt reabsorption by the cells of the
nephron)
Circulation and Gas Exchange Review
1. What purpose is served by the pulmonary system?
2. Why is the pulmonary surface for terrestrial organisms inside rather than outside the body?
3. How does the human pulmonary system achieve a large surface area?
4. Explain the process of breathing.
5. How does the brain monitor the need for oxygen?
6. How is breathing rate set?
7. How is oxygen carried in the blood?
8. What are the cause and symptoms of anemia?
9. Outline the effects of smoking on the pulmonary system.
10. Distinguish between systemic and pulmonary circulation.
11. Describe the differences between arteries and veins.
12. What function do capillaries serve?
13. What causes a pulse?
14. What is an aneurysm? Why are they dangerous?
15. What is the function of the pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves?
16. In what kind of vessel is blood pressure highest?
17. If blood pressure is low in the veins, explain how blood is returned to the heart.
18. It is not unheard of for soldiers to faint after standing at attention for a long period. Explain.
19. Define vasoconstriction and vasodilation.
20. Differentiate between systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
21. What is the function of the pacemaker?
22. How can the basic heart rate set by the pacemaker be modified?
23. Explain why the ventricles have thicker walls than the atria.
25. Why does the left ventricle have thicker walls than the right
26. What is the only artery in the body that carries deoxygenated blood?
27. Describe the disease atherosclerosis and explain how it can result in high blood pressure.
28. Occasionally, a child is born with an opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles.
Explain how such a defect might affect the child?
29. Imagine that you are a doctor and that you have diagnosed one of your patients as having
high blood pressure. You prescribe a low salt diet. Why?
30. Imagine now that you became bored with the mundane life of a family physician and decided
to become an Emergency Medicine Technician. At the scene of a car accident, a victim has lost a
great deal of blood and is going into shock. The symptoms you observe are weak and rapid
pulse, and falling body temperature. Explain
31. Define cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate.
Blood and Immunity Review
1. Describe the two main components of blood.
2. What are the proper name for white blood cells and red blood cells?
3. State the name and function of each of the three blood proteins.
4. How do platelets function?
5. After arriving at a high altitude ski resort from your home at sea level, you notice that during the
first week of skiing you are short of breath and lacking energy. Gradually, these symptoms
disappear. Explain.
6. What is the Rh factor?
7. Agglutination problems may occur when an Rh-negative woman is pregnant with an Rhpositive fetus. Why is there generally no problem when an Rh-positive woman carries an Rhnegative fetus?
8. Describe the way in which the human blood types can be distinguished from one another.
9. Describe the four blood types.
10. What would happen if a person with type A blood received a transfusion of type B blood?
11. Explain the differences and similarities between whole blood and plasma, lymph, and
interstitial fluid.
12. Describe the process by which blood clots form.
13. Complete the following chart to indicate whether a blood transfusion is possible in each case.
In each box, show the antigens present on the donors blood, and the antibodies present in the
recipients blood.
Blood type of recipient
A
B
AB
O
Blood A
type B
of
donor AB
O
14. What is anemia and how does it affect a person afflicted by it?
15. Describe the components of the first line of defense in the immune system.
16. What is the difference between an antigen and an antibody?
17. Why are patients with serious burns kept in sterile conditions?
18. How does the body distinguish it's own cells from foreign cells?
19. Why are transplanted organs often rejected by the body?
20. Why are babies especially susceptible to infection?
21. How does histamine function in fighting an infection?
22. How does a vaccine work to provide immunity?
23. How does the body improve the immune response to reinfection by the same pathogen?
Ecology Review
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What is the definition of ecology and population?
Name the different levels of organization within the biosphere, from smallest to largest?
How is sunlight important to most ecosystems?
Distinguish between autotrophs and heterotrophs and give an example of each.
Distinguish between producer, decomposer and consumer and give an example of each.
Define herbivore, carnivore and omnivore.
Why is the transfer of energy and matter in a food chain only about 10% efficient?
Describe the importance of biogeochemical cycling.
Distinguish between a food web and food chain.
List ways in which Carbon Dioxide is added to the atmosphere.
List the general characteristic plant and animal life in each biome.
What is the greenhouse effect?
Distinguish between abiotic and biotic factors and give an example for each.
Classification Review
1. What is taxonomy?
2. Give three reasons why is taxonomy important?
3. Who developed our current system of binomial nomenclature?
4. How are organisms named in this system?
5. Why is the use of scientific names important?
6. How did Linnaeus classify organisms?
7. What is phylogeny?
8. What is a species?
9. Many of the classifications used by Linnaeus are still in use today, even though he did not
know about evolution. Explain why this is so.
10. How was the introduction of classification keys a major contribution to taxonomy?
11. How is a heterotrophic organism different from an autotrophic one?
12. What things seem to be the most important for determining which kingdom an organism will
be placed in?
13. How has technology affected classification?
14. How many categories (taxa) are there in the modern classification system? List them in order.
15. Related genera are grouped together in a ______.
16. What is the relationship between a family and an order?
17. In addition to physical appearance, what else do modern taxonomists consider?
18. Which domains contains prokaryotic organisms?
19. If two organisms are in the same phylum, they must also be in the same _______.
20. What is the purpose of the classification key?
21. Homo is to genus as sapiens is to _______.
22. Panthera leo (lion), Canis latrans (coyote), Panthera tigris (tiger), and Procyon lotor (racoon)
are all members of the order Carnivora. Which two members are the most closely related?
23. To which of the five kingdoms does each of the following belong?
a) rose (b) Euglena (c) bald eagle (d) bacterium (e) mushroom (f) fern
24. Suppose you were a microbiologist who had just discovered a new organism. The organism
was unicellular, eukaryotic, lacked chloroplasts, moved and had no cell wall. Which kingdom
would you place it in?
25. Because the Amoeba belong to the kingdom Protista, they must be
a) autotrophic and prokaryotic (b) heterotrophic and prokaryotic (c) heterotrophic and
eukaryotic (d) autotrophic and eukaryotic
Complete the following table:
Characteristics
Ameoba
Mushroom
Crab
Bread
Mold
E.
coli
Violet
Plant
Paramecium
Unicellular
Multicellular
Autotroph
Heterotroph
Chlorophyll
Cell walls
Walls of
cellulose
Organelles lack
membranes
Evolution Review
1. Describe how a new species forms?
2. What is the role of genes in evolution?
3. Define convergent and divergent evolution?
4. How does natural selection lead to evolution?
5. Define gradualism, species, punctuated equilibrium, and adaptations.
6. Describe the difference between Lamarck and Darwin’s theories.
7. Define and provide an example for behavioral, structural, and physiological adaptations.
8. What is the difference between an organism’s habitat and niche?
14. Describe factors which play a role in population growth rate.
15. What is carrying capacity? Give an example.
16. Describe the long-term effects of competition on populations of two different species
competing for the same resources.
17. Describe how a predator-prey relationship can be a mechanism for population control?
18. Explain how density-independent limiting factors can affect populations.
19. Explain how a limited resource can affect the survival of a species.
20. Distinguish between density-independent and density-dependent factors.
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