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The Nation
Divided by War
How did the civil
warbegin?
L€ssonOutline
. Northversus
south
. Battleof Bull Run
. The FirstModernWar
BUITDBACKGROUND
Lincolntookofficeon March4,
WhenPresident
1861,he promisedto "hold,occupy,andpossess"
all federalpropertyin the Southernstates.This
includedthe militarypostof FoytSumterin
SouthCarolina.
Angryat Union
Charleston,
troopsfor occupyingwhattheyconsidered.l
confederateland,the Confederatearmy
firedon FortSumter.TheUniontr
red the nextday.
READING
STRATEGY
(opythe(hart
below.
Then
compare
and(ontrast
the
advantages
ofthe
North
andtheSouth
during
the(ivilWar.
YouAreHere
1861-1862
I{ORTHVERSUSSOUTH
Fort Sumterwasthe fust battleof the
Ctvil War, A civil war is a war between
two groupsof citizensof the samecountry.No onewaskilled at Fort Sumter.
Howeve!the battleshookthe nation.
Afterthe battle,Virginia,North Carolina,
left the Union.
fukansas,andTennessee
thought
With 1I states,the Confederacy
it would win a quick victory.
Strengthsof the Confederacy
Both the North and the Souththought
the war would be overin months. Both
sidesalsobelievedtheyhad the advantage.The South'sgrcateststrengthwas its
army.Southernboysgrewup riding horses
andusinggunsto hunt.TheSouthalso
had many well-trained officers.Among
them was Robett E, I,ee ofvirginia. Lee
graduatedftom the United StatesMilitary
Academyat WestPoint and had servedin
dle military for morc than 30 yea$. \^Ihen
thewarbegan,LincolnaskedLeeto command the Union army.Leedid not like
Leecloyalr)to Virginia
slaveryHowever.
was important to him, "I camot fight
againstmy birthplace."Leesoonbecame
commanderof the Confederatearmy.
Only about one-fourthof Southerners
who
Yetmany Southerners
ownedslaves.
did not oumslavesvolunteercdto fight.
Theybelievedthey werefightingto protect their way of life.
(l€ft),
AftertheBattleof FortSumter
(above)
(omE.lee
be(ame
Robert
ofthe
Confederate
armv.
mander
Strengthsof the Union
The North had a largerpopulationand
more resourcesthan the Confederacy.
This madeit possiblelor the North to
build and supplya largerarmy.
Youcan seefrom the graphon page
451that most ofthe country'speopleand
factoriesnerein tie \ofth. The lacLories
would be usedto makeweaponsand uniformsfor the Union army.In addition,
rheNorthwasbetterableto feeda large
army.AlthoughdreSouthwasa farming
area,the Nofih grewmost ofthe country'sfood.Finally,the North had most of
the country'slaiLoads,which couldbe
usedfor movingsoldiercand supplies.
ts
Whatwerethe strengthsof
the North?Whatwerethe
strengthsof the South?
435
BATTLEOF BUIL RUN
Citizens ofboth the Union and the
lhoughrof the war as a
Confeder acy
short, glorious struggle.However,the
commander ofthe Union army knew tha:
he had to plan carefllly.
A PlanforVictory
To defeat the Confederacy, President
Lincoln and General wlnlield Scott had
made a plan for winning the war. Scott
called it the Anaconda Plan, after the
anacondasnake,which squeezedits prel'
to death. The flowchart on the left shou's
how the plan would wor\.
Scott'splan was not popular at first.
Many Nonherners thought that ifthe
Union army could capture the Confederate capital ofRichmond, Virginia, the uawor d be over quickly. Only later would
people realizethe importance ofthe
Anaconda Plan.
1. Whatdid the firststeDofthe AnacondaPlanhopeto accomplish?
2. Why doyou think Generalscott
thoughthis planwouldsucceed?
436
Cotton Diplomacy
JeffersonDavis,Presidentofthe ConfederateStatesof America, knew that a
Union blockade of major Southern ports
could be very damaging to the Confederacy.Davis hoped that GreatBdtain and
France,whose industry depended on
Southern cotton, would come to the aid
ofthe Confederacy.This diplomatic effori
cam eto be knowna\ "cottondiplomacl .'
Britain and France did give the Confederacy severalarmed warships,but that was
all. The South would have to fight alone.
Northern diplomats were successfulin
convincingturopeans nor to recognize
the Confederacyas an independent
nation. Perhapsmost important of all,
Bdtain and Francewould not fight for the
South unless the Confederacycould sho\r
that it might win the war.
T
I
J
l. Whichslavestatesdid not secede?
TheFirstMajor Battle
On lrily 21,1861,the Union army
troopsat a streamin
foughtConfederate
Virginia,calledBUURun.At
\4anassas,
to be winllrsr,rheUnionarmyappeared
beganto flee,
ning.As someConfederates
Cenan officernoricedftat Lonfederate
eralT.J.Jacksonwas standingfirm with
like a
his troops."TherestandsJackson
stonewalll"he cried.Jacksonsoonwas
known as Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson.
regroupedaround
The Confederates
Jacksonin what cameto be kno\,Tlasthe
FirstBattleofBull Run.Soon,lrightened
N o herntro o p sb e ganrunni ngauayi n
s0ldier
hadhisphotograph
ThisC0nfederate
full
battle
uniform.
taken
wearin0
2. Whatwasthe statusofKansas?
panic.The Union troopsretreatedto
Washington,D.C.Thewa/s first major
battleendedwith a victoryfor the South.
planfor
*.1Pff; wny*"s theUnion's
\y3
victorYcalledthe Anaconda?
THE FIRSTMODERNWAR
The CivilWarhasbeencalledthe fust
modernwar becauseit changedthe way
warswerefought.New technologymade
the war more deadlythan earlierwars.
The Gatlingmachinegun couldfirc 250
bulletsin a minute.Iron-coveredbatdeships,calledironclads,madewooden
Cast
ironram
shipsseemoutdatedovernight.
Gunoew
Bowgu n
TotalWar
TheCivilWarwasa total war.
A totalwaris wheneachsidenot
only strikesagainstone
another'ssoldiers,but
against civlnans and the
economicsystemof the enemy.
A civilianis a personnot in the
armedforces.
Eachsideusedall of *re resources
availableto them. The war introduced the
TheTelegraph
Morse
invented
adevice
Inthe1830s,samuel
lt was(alled
the
tosend
messages
byeledridty.
0f
lt sentamessage
using
aselies
telegraph.
Morsealso
develoDed
theMorse
dids,orsounds.
(ode-analphabet
oflong
andsh0rt
bursts
of
eledridty
that5t00d
forl€tters
andnumbe6.
Before
thetelegraph,
it (ould
takewe€kfora
toarrive.
Withthetelegraph,
amessage
letter
whes
inminutes.
Soon,
telegraph
wasr€ceived
ountry.
By
andoff(es
sprang
upalloverthe
hadinstalled
1861,
theWestern
Union
Company
miles
oftelegraph
lines
67,000
acoss
theountry.
Whydidthetelegraph
popular
beom€
soqui&ly?
l. Howwerethe sailorsfiring
the cannonprotected?
2. How manycannonsdid
the Virginiq have?
useofironcladships,mines,and submarines.Railroadsald telegaphs changed
how generalsmadebatdefielddecisions.
BuildingNewShips
By 1B64almost700shipswerein the
Union na!y. In contrast,the Southhad
few ships.Soit decidedto improvethe
raiseda
shipstheyhad.The Confederates
sunken Union ship namedthe Merrima*
and coveredit with thick metalplates.On
MarchB, 1862,the Merrimack,now
renamedthe yirgrnia,sanktwo Northern
shipsand defeatedthreeothersnear
Virginia.
HamptonRoads.
The ner\.tday a strangelooking Union
ship appearedin the harbor.It was the
Monitor, a\ftor'clad Union ship.For
smokestad (onfederate
flas\
ITTOGETHER
PUTTING
the Civilwar began,almost
'r4/hen
everyonethoughtthe war would be
Airintakefor
decided quickly. However,after the
steam
engtne5
FirctBattleof Bull Run,people
realizedthe war couldlast
for years.Althoughthe
Rudder
North had more soldiers,
factories,and
resources,
railroads,the Southhad
soldiers
more e)'.perienced
and military leaders.
The first modernwar saw
thatmadelong-range
Propeller neu technology
fightingcommonand more deadly.Iron6 (annons,
guns
Twosteam 4 rifled
cladships,mines,machineguns,and
engines
submarinescausedvastdestruction,
bottom
Wood
in theSouth.OLhercounlries
especially
werebeginningto realizethe growing
more than four houm the Monitor and the
military power ofthe United States.
Virginfubattled.ln the end, neither one
could damagethe other
"w
How did newtechnology
changethe way war was
fought?
Writeonesentence
for eachvocabulary
word,
blockade civilian totalwar
ffi
Planandhowit was
Describe
theAnaconda
to work.
supposed
begin?
HowdidtheCivilWar
Howdid newte(hnology changehowwars
werefought?
Choose
the pointof viewofeitherthe
whyyourside
Northor the South.Tell
expects
to win.
UsingtheAtlasmapon pageR16,
General
drawyourownmapshowing
Plan.Which
Confeder
Scott's
Anaconda
atecitieswereports?Howwouldthese
ciriesbe affectedby Scott! Plan?
3l
might
u ,p"".h ,hatLincoln
"
havegivenexpldiningwhy the Confeder*ri
ate attackon FortSumtermeantwar.
439