Download chapter 12 study guide rev9-22

Chapter 12 study guide
Below are listed some Key Topics or terms to aid in focusing your study time. More topics then these may appear on the exam but these are a good place to start. Check each box as you review the concept Be able to explain how living organisms are classified Know the difference between domains and kingdoms Know the divisions of the taxonomic system (kingdom, phylum, class etc…) Know the different domains of life Know what the 5 kingdoms are Phytoplankton Zooplankton Nekton Benthos Pelagic Know how organisms size and shape (body design) affect its ecological success Understand osmosis and how it affects sea life Know how salinity and temperature impacts where an organisms can exist Know the divisions of the marine environment Know what part of the ocean most life is found in and why Know where and what the photic zone Chapter 12 study guide
Chapter 12
Marine Life and the Marine Environment
1. Describe the classification of living organisms including the following taxonomic distinctions: A. domain (1). Archaea (2). Bacteria (3). Eukarya B. kingdom (1). Monera (2). Protista (Protoctista) (3). Fungi (4). Plantae (5). Animalia C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
phylum (= division for organisms with cell walls) class order family genus species 2. Describe the classification of marine organisms as a function of their habitat including: A. plankton
(1). classified according to nutrition and cell type (a). phytoplankton (b). zooplankton (c). bacterioplankton (2). classified according to size (a). macroplankton Chapter 12 study guide
(b). picoplankton (c). holoplankton (d). meroplankton B. Nekton C. Benthos
3. Discuss the distribution of marine life in the zonation of the oceanic water column including: A. pelagic environment B. benthic environment 4. Outline the physical and physiologic adaptations of organisms to life in the marine environment including: A. strategies for body support B. strategies to prevent sinking (1). surface area to volume ratio (2). increasing surface area by adding appendages, spines, projections, etc. C. streamlined body shape 5. Compare and contrast thermal tolerance in marine organisms including stenothermal and eurythermal organisms. 6. Compare and contrast euryhaline and stenohaline organisms. Give an example of a euryhaline and stenohaline marine/estuarine organism and describe the environment in which it would live. 7. Distinguish between diffusion and osmosis. How does the type of environment (living versus non‐
living) and the state of matter affect these processes? 8. Distinguish between hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions in terms of net water movement. What are the implications for living cells placed in each of these environments? 9. Discuss the strategies employed by marine and freshwater fish to maintain salt and water balance. 10. Detail the strategies employed by marine organisms to accomplish gas exchange. 11. Explain the relationship between the transparency of water and the kinds of color patterns exhibited Chapter 12 study guide
by open ocean organisms. How do the strategies of countershading, disruptive coloration, and transparency affect predation? 12. Describe the relationship between depth and atmospheric pressure in the ocean. 13. The ocean environment is divided into two distinct zones: open water (pelagic) and bottom (benthic). 14. The pelagic environment is divided into two provinces: the neritic (coastal) province and the oceanic province. The oceanic province is further subdivided as a function of depth: A. epipelagic zone B. mesopelagic zone C. bathypelagic zone D. abyssopelagic zone 15. Distinguish among the following oceanic zones as a function of light availability: A. euphotic (photic) zone B. disphotic zone C. aphotic zone Sample questions
1. Describe the lifestyles of plankton, nekton, and benthos. Why is it true that plankton
account for a much larger percentage of the ocean’s biomass than benthos and nekton?
2. Discuss some adaptations other than size that are used by organisms to increase their
resistance to sinking.
3. List the differences between cold‐ and warm‐water species in the marine environment. 4. Describe the process of osmosis. How is it different from diffusion? What three things can occur simultaneously across the cell membrane during osmosis? 5. What is the problem requiring osmotic regulation faced by hypotonic fish in the ocean? How have these animals adapted to meet this problem? 6. How does the depth of the deep scattering layer vary over the course of a day? Why does it do this? Which organisms comprise the DSL?